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Shi Q, Chen Z, Yang J, Liu X, Su Y, Wang M, Xi J, Yang F, Li F. Review of Codonopsis Radix biological activities: A plant of traditional Chinese tonic. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118334. [PMID: 38740108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Codonopsis Radix, commonly known as Dangshen in Chinese, is frequently used to treat deficiencies of spleen and lung Qi, gastrointestinal discomfort, fatigue, asthmatic breathing, sallow complexion, lack of strength, shortness of breath, deficiencies of both Qi and blood, as well as impairments to both Qi and body fluids in suboptimal health status. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review systematically expounds on the modern pharmacological studies related to the use of Codonopsis Radix in invigorating Qi and nourishing the body in recent years. The aim is to provide theoretical research and reference for the in-depth and systematic exploration and development of the applications of Codonopsis Radix in the fields of food and medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employs "Codonopsis Radix," "Codonopsis," and "Dangshen" as keywords to gather pertinent information on Codonopsis Radix medicine through electronic searches of classical literature and databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wiley, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Baidu Scholar. RESULTS From previous studies, activities such as immune system modulation, gastrointestinal motility regulation, cardiac function revitalization, lung function improvement, blood circulation enhancement, aging process deceleration, learning and memory augmentation, fatigue resistance enhancement, and liver and kidney damage protection of Codonopsis Radix have been reported. Recognized as an important medicine and food homologous traditional Chinese herbal remedy for supplementing deficiencies, its mode of action is multi-elemental, multi-systemic, multi-organ, multi-mechanistic, and multi-targeted. Furthermore, the benefits of its tonic surpass its therapeutic value, establishing it as an extraordinary preventive and therapeutic medicine. CONCLUSIONS With its long history of traditional applications and the revelations of contemporary pharmacological research, Codonopsis Radix exhibits great potential as both a therapeutic agent and a dietary supplement for further research in medicine, nutrition, and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuxia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuanjin Su
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiayu Xi
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fude Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Fang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Chu R, Zhou Y, Ye C, Pan R, Tan X. Advancements in the investigation of chemical components and pharmacological properties of Codonopsis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38632. [PMID: 38941387 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae) have a long history of application, acclaimed for its edible and therapeutic attributes. Scholarly inquiries into Codonopsis span botany, phytochemistry, quality assurance, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity, revealing a rich and comprehensive body of knowledge. This study synthesizes information from esteemed scientific databases like SciFinder, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese herbal classics to create a thorough scientific conceptual and theoretical framework for Codonopsis research. In this article, the phytochemical composition includes saccharides, polyacetylenes, polyenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, terpenoids, and organic acids was summarized. To date, over 350 monomeric compounds have been isolated and identified from Codonopsis, with recent studies primarily focusing on polysaccharides, aromatic derivatives, lignans, and polyacetylenes. Codonopsis exhibits broad pharmacological activities across various systems, including immune, blood, cardiovascular, central nervous, and digestive systems, with no significant toxicity or adverse effects reported. The existing research, focusing on various extracts and active parts without identifying specific active molecules, complicates the understanding of the mechanisms of action. There is an urgent need to advance research on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects to fully elucidate its pharmacodynamic properties and the basis of its material composition. Such efforts are crucial for the rational development, utilization, and clinical application of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chu
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiquan Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenjuan Ye
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Liu J, Yin X, Kou C, Thimmappa R, Hua X, Xue Z. Classification, biosynthesis, and biological functions of triterpene esters in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100845. [PMID: 38356259 PMCID: PMC11009366 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triterpene esters comprise a class of secondary metabolites that are synthesized by decorating triterpene skeletons with a series of oxidation, glycosylation, and acylation modifications. Many triterpene esters with important bioactivities have been isolated and identified, including those with applications in the pesticide, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. They also play essential roles in plant defense against pests, diseases, physical damage (as part of the cuticle), and regulation of root microorganisms. However, there has been no recent summary of the biosynthetic pathways and biological functions of plant triterpene esters. Here, we classify triterpene esters into five categories based on their skeletons and find that C-3 oxidation may have a significant effect on triterpenoid acylation. Fatty acid and aromatic moieties are common ligands present in triterpene esters. We further analyze triterpene ester synthesis-related acyltransferases (TEsACTs) in the triterpene biosynthetic pathway. Using an evolutionary classification of BAHD acyltransferases (BAHD-ATs) and serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases (SCPL-ATs) in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, we classify 18 TEsACTs with identified functions from 11 species. All the triterpene-skeleton-related TEsACTs belong to BAHD-AT clades IIIa and I, and the only identified TEsACT from the SCPL-AT family belongs to the CP-I subfamily. This comprehensive review of the biosynthetic pathways and bioactivities of triterpene esters provides a foundation for further study of their bioactivities and applications in industry, agricultural production, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengxi Kou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ramesha Thimmappa
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University, Noida, UP India 201313, India
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.
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Xie M, Luo Y, Gao T, Li R. Investigation on the lubrication component and mechanism for a biolubricant isolated from the agro-waste resource of Codonopsis pilosula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166014. [PMID: 37541498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Waste plant resource provides a new sustainable feedstock for the biolubricant, and purification of the effective components in biomass oil is vital to improve the performance of biolubricant. In this work, the crude extract of the aerial part of Codonopsis pilosula was divided into four different parts by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, respectively. Their thermal stability, lubricating performances and mechanisms have been systematically investigated. In the four extracts, the petroleum ether extract displays the best thermal stability and lubricating performance over the entire test conditions, and other three extracts are confronted with lubrication failure at high loads and elevated temperatures. Triterpenoid saponin, typical for n-butanol extract exhibit the best lubricity at room temperature, followed by the fatty acid derivatives as phosphatidylcholine; flavonoid, and sugar exhibit poor lubricity. At high temperature, only the petroleum ether extract retains the good lubricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Rongye Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
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Li J, Sun Y, Yang N, Zhang H, Hu Y, Wang H, Zhang R, Ge M. Protective effects of maternal administration of total saponins of Codonopsis pilosula in the mice offspring following diarrhea: role of immune function, antioxidant function, and intestinal inflammatory injury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:113903-113916. [PMID: 37858017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Total saponins of Codonopsis (TSC) are a kind of critical bioactive substances in Codonopsis, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory effects, and protective effects on ulcerative enteritis. In this study, TSC (3.75 mL/kg, gavage) was administered once a day to 13-day gestation Kunming mice for 5 days. On day 13 of birth, the offspring were given Escherichia coli solution (0.15 mL/mouse, intraperitoneal injection) and senna leaf decoction (0.15 mL/mouse, gavage) once a day for 6 days. The results showed that gestation maternal administration of TSC effectively reduced the diarrhea index, increased the content of sIgA, IgG, SOD, and GSH, inhibited the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in the intestine, reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, and alleviated intestinal injury in the littermates. The results provided a critical reference for the clinical application of TSC to control diarrhea in animal offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yiming Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Naixi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yihan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Dong J, Na Y, Hou A, Zhang S, Yu H, Zheng S, Lan W, Yang L. A review of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, analysis method and quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of codonopsis radix. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1162036. [PMID: 37089919 PMCID: PMC10117688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1162036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis Radix, a traditional Chinese medicine in China, has great medicinal and scientific value. Moreover, it can also be used as a health product in daily diet. This paper reviews the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, analysis method and quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics and toxicity related to Codonopsis Radix. The information of Codonopsis Radix is obtained from scientific databases (such as Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and SciFinder Scholar), Chinese herbal classics, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, PhD and MSc dissertations, and so on. The chemical components mainly include alkaloids, alkynes and polyacetylenes, flavonoids, lignans, steroids, terpenoids, organic acids, volatile oils, saccharides and other components, which have a wide range of neuroprotective effects, protection of gastrointestinal mucosa and anti-ulcer, regulation of body immunity, anti-tumor, endocrine regulation, improvement of hematopoietic function, cardiovascular protection, anti-aging and antioxidant effects. In conclusion, this paper summarizes in depth the shortcomings of the current research on Codonopsis Radix and proposes corresponding solutions. At the same time, this paper provides theoretical support for further research on the biological function and potential clinical efficacy of Codonopsis Radix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yexin Na
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ajiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Senwang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Lan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Lan, ; Liu Yang,
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Lan, ; Liu Yang,
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Xin A, Jin H, Yang X, Guan J, Hui H, Liu H, Cui Z, Dun Z, Qin B. Allelochemicals from the Rhizosphere Soil of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and Their Interactions with the Soilborne Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11151934. [PMID: 35893638 PMCID: PMC9331876 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the allelopathic effects of potato, seven compounds were isolated from the rhizosphere soil: 7-methoxycoumarin (1), palmitic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), chlorogenic acid (4), quercetin dehydrate (5), quercitrin (6), and rutin (7). Bioassays showed that compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6 had inhibitory effects on the growth of L. sativa and tissue culture seedlings of potato. The existence of the allelochemicals was confirmed by HPLC, and their contents were quantified with a total concentration of 9.02 μg/g in the rhizosphere soil of replanted potato. Approaches on the interactions of the allelochemicals and pathogens of potato including A. solani, B. cinerea, F. solani, F. oxysporum, C. coccodes, and V. dahlia revealed that compound 1 had inhibitory effects but compounds 2-4 promoted the colony growth of the pathogens. These findings demonstrated that the autotoxic allelopathy and enhancement of the pathogens caused by the accumulation of the allelochemicals in the continuously cropped soil should be one of the main reasons for the replant problems of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyi Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; (A.X.); (H.J.); (X.Y.); (H.H.); (H.L.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Hui Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; (A.X.); (H.J.); (X.Y.); (H.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; (A.X.); (H.J.); (X.Y.); (H.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinfeng Guan
- Institute for Food and Drug Control, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Heping Hui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; (A.X.); (H.J.); (X.Y.); (H.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Haoyue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; (A.X.); (H.J.); (X.Y.); (H.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Zengtuan Cui
- Cultivated Land Quality Construction and Management Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.C.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhiheng Dun
- Cultivated Land Quality Construction and Management Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.C.); (Z.D.)
| | - Bo Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; (A.X.); (H.J.); (X.Y.); (H.H.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-4968371; Fax: +86-931-4968019
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Jia W, Bi Q, Jiang S, Tao J, Liu L, Yue H, Zhao X. Hypoglycemic activity of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. in vitro and in vivo and its chemical composition identification by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS. Food Funct 2022; 13:2456-2464. [PMID: 35147627 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03761g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. (CPN), mainly planted in the northwest region, is a traditional Chinese medicine/good health food for nourishing qi and promoting blood circulation. This study firstly evaluated the inhibitory effects of the CPN extraction (CPNE) on α-glucosidase in vitro and in vivo, and tentatively confirmed its chemical ingredients by employing UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS. The CPNE had strong inhibitory activities against mammalian α-glucosidase (sucrase and maltase) and yeast α-glycosidase with semi-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.241 mg mL-1, 0.326 mg mL-1 and 1.167 mg mL-1, respectively. In addition, the CPNE could significantly decrease the postprandial blood glucose (PBG) levels in the sucrose/maltose/starch tolerance assays of diabetic mice. Furthermore, a total of 29 compounds, including 3 alkaloids, 13 phenolic acids, 8 alcohol glycosides and 5 alkynosides, were assigned based on comparison with the standards and references, as well as the analysis of main fragments. These results demonstrated that CPN could be used as an adjuvant therapy or dietary supplements to effectively control the occurrence and development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Jia
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qimao Bi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sirong Jiang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Tao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Liying Liu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Huilan Yue
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China.
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Li X, Yong H, Fan X, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Xie Z. Scalable Total Synthesis of (+)- and (-)-Codonopiloneolignanin A via Ti(IV)/NHC Cooperative Control Highly Enantioselective Dimerization of Multisubstituted Cinnamaldehyde. Org Lett 2021; 23:6573-6577. [PMID: 34324353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first gram-scale asymmetric total synthesis of (+)- and (-)-codonopiloneolignanin A has been achieved from multisubstituted cinnamaldehyde in four steps with 37% overall yield. The synthetically challenging tricyclic [5, 3, 0, 03,8] decane skeleton was efficiently constructed via a highly enantioselective dimerization of multisubstituted cinnamaldehyde, followed by a sequence of cascade reactions including Prins cyclization, cation mediated cyclization, and deprotection. Furthermore, the scope of NHC-catalyzed/Ti(IV)-mediated synergistic control multisubstituted cinnamaldehyde dimerization was investigated. Significantly, the bioactivity of codonopiloneolignanin A and its enantiomer, particularly scarce in nature, was tested and showed good anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huaya Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhixiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Luan F, Ji Y, Peng L, Liu Q, Cao H, Yang Y, He X, Zeng N. Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological properties of the polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117863. [PMID: 33766352 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., as a well-known homology plant of medicine and food, has the function of replenishing the Qi, strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lung, nourishing the blood and engendering the liquid in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the C. pilosula polysaccharides (CPPs) are one of the major and representative pharmacologically active macromolecules and present multiple biological activities both in vitro and in vivo methods, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, anti-hypoxia, renoprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and prebiotic. The purpose of the present review is to provide comprehensively and systematically reorganized information in the extraction and purification, structure characterization, biological activities and the underlying mechanisms of action as well as toxicities of CPPs to support their therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions. New valuable insights for the future researches regarding CPPs were also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Yafei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Lixia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Haijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, PR China
| | - Xirui He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, PR China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China.
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11
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A New Cycloartanyl Ester from the Roots of Codonopsis pilosula and Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Chem Nat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-021-03295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Shen W, Zeng C, Zhang H, Zhu K, He H, Zhu W, He H, Li G, Liu J. Integrative Physiological, Transcriptional, and Metabolic Analyses Provide Insights Into Response Mechanisms of Prunus persica to Autotoxicity Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:794881. [PMID: 34975982 PMCID: PMC8714634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Autotoxicity is known as a critical factor in replanting problem that reduces land utilization and creates economic losses. Benzoic acid (BA) is identified as a major autotoxin in peach replant problem, and causes stunted seedling growth or even death. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of peach response to BA stress remain elusive. Here, we comprehensively studied the morphophysiological, transcriptional, and metabolic responses of peach plants to BA toxicity. Results showed that BA stress inhibited peach seedlings growth, decreased chlorophyll contents and fluorescence levels, as well as disturbed mineral metabolism. The contents of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and malondialdehyde, as well as the total antioxidant capacity, were significantly increased under BA stress. A total of 6,319 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after BA stress, of which the DEGs related to photosynthesis, redox, and ion metabolism were greatly changed; meanwhile, numerous stress-responsive genes (HSPs, GSTs, GR, and ABC transporters) and transcription factors (MYB, AP2/ERF, NAC, bHLH, and WRKY) were noticeably altered under BA stress. BA induced metabolic reprogramming, and 74 differentially accumulated metabolites, including amino acids and derivatives, fatty acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols, were identified in BA-stressed roots. Furthermore, an integrated analysis of genes and metabolites indicated that most of the co-mapped KEGG pathways were enriched in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, which implied a disturbed carbon and nitrogen metabolism after BA stress. The findings would be insightful in elucidating the mechanisms of plant response to autotoxicity stress, and help guide crops in alleviating replant problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunfa Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanzi He
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Guohuai Li, , orcid.org/0000-0003-1170-9157
| | - Junwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Liu, , orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-2253
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13
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Autotoxicity Hinders the Natural Regeneration of Cinnamomum migao H. W. Li in Southwest China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autotoxicity is a widespread phenomenon in nature and is considered to be the main factor affecting new natural recruitment of plant populations, which was proven in many natural populations. Cinnamomum migao H. W. Li is an endemic medicinal woody plant species mainly distributed in Southwestern China and is defined as an endangered species by the Red Paper of Endangered Plants in China. The lack of seedlings is considered a key reason for population degeneration; however, no studies were conducted to explain its causes. C. migao contains substances with high allelopathic potential, such as terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids, and has strong allelopathic effects on other species. Therefore, we speculate that one of the reasons for C. migao seedling scarcity in the wild is that it exhibits autotoxic allelopathy. In this study, which was performed from the perspective of autotoxicity, we collected leaves, pericarp, seeds, and branches of the same population; we simulated the effects of decomposition and release of litter from these different anatomical parts of C. migao in the field; and we conducted 210-day control experiments on seedling growth, with different concentration gradients, using associated aqueous extracts. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract (leafAE) significantly inhibited growth indicators and increased damage of the lipid structure of the cell membrane of seedlings, suggesting that autotoxicity from C. migao is a factor restraining seedling growth. The results of the analyses of soil properties showed that, compared with the other treatments, leafAE treatment inhibited soil enzyme activity and also had an impact on soil fungi. Although leafAE could promote soil fertility to some extent, it did not change the effect of autotoxic substances on seedling growth. We conclude that autotoxicity is the main obstacle inhibiting seedling growth and the factor restraining the natural regeneration of C. migao.
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14
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Reductive soil disinfestation effectively alleviates the replant failure of Sanqi ginseng through allelochemical degradation and pathogen suppression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3581-3595. [PMID: 30770964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Replant failure has threatened the production of Sanqi ginseng (Panax notoginseng) mainly due to the accumulation of soil-borne pathogens and allelochemicals. Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is an effective practice used to eliminate soil-borne pathogens; however, the potential impact of RSD on the degradation of allelochemicals and the growth of replant Sanqi ginseng seedlings remain poorly understood. In this study, RSD was conducted on a Sanqi ginseng monoculture system (SGMS) and a maize-Sanqi ginseng system (MSGS), defined as SGMS_RSD and MSGS_RSD, respectively. The aim was to investigate the impact of RSD on allelochemicals, soil microbiomes, and survival rates of replant seedlings. Both short-term maize planting and RSD treatment significantly degraded the ginsenosides in Sanqi ginseng-cultivated soils, with the degradation rate being higher in the RSD treatment. The population of Fusarium oxysporum and the relative abundance of genus Fusarium were dramatically suppressed by RSD treatment. Furthermore, the RSD treatment, but not maize planting, markedly alleviated the replant failure of Sanqi ginseng, with the seedling survival rate being 52.7-70.7% 6 months after transplanting. Interestingly, RSD followed by short-term maize planting promoted microbial activity restoration, ginsenoside degradation, and ultimately alleviated the replant failure much better than RSD treatment alone (70.7% vs. 52.7%). Collectively, these results indicate that RSD treatment could considerably reduce the obstacles and might also act as a potential agriculture regime for overcoming the replant failure of Sanqi ginseng. Additional practices, such as crop rotation, beneficial microorganism inoculation, etc. may also still be needed to ensure the long-term efficacy of seedling survival.
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15
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Zheng T, Cheng LZ, Yan YM, Liu BH, Qin FY, Xu FR, Cheng YX. Two New Triterpenoids from the Roots of Codonopsis pilosula. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020383. [PMID: 29439445 PMCID: PMC6017360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudolarolides U and V, two new triterpenoids, and four biogenetically related compounds, pseudolarolides E, F, K, and P were isolated from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula (Campanulaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data. The regulation of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity by all the isolated compounds was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650504, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Li-Zhi Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Fu-Ying Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650504, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Fu-Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650504, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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16
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Qin FY, Cheng LZ, Yan YM, Liu BH, Cheng YX. Two Novel Proline-Containing Catechin Glucoside from Water-Soluble Extract of Codonopsis pilosula. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010180. [PMID: 29337873 PMCID: PMC6017075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choushenflavonoids A (1) and B (2), two unusual proline-containing catechin glucosides, were isolated from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula cultivated in a high-altitude location of Yunnan province. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data and chemical methods. Specifically, the absolute configuration of glucose residue in 1 and 2 was assigned by acid hydrolysis followed by derivatization and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. In addition, biological evaluation of 1 and 2 against Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Li-Zhi Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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17
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Xie M, Liu J, Yan Z, Li X, Yang X, Jin H, Su A, Qin B. Bio-guided isolation of plant growth regulators from allelopathic plant-Codonopsis pilosula: phyto-selective activities and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13649-13655. [PMID: 35539311 PMCID: PMC9079819 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-guided isolation of the aerial waste part of typical allelopathic plant-Codonopsis pilosulaled to six active compounds being produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Jingkun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xiuzhuang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Hui Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Anxiang Su
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals
- Ministry of Agriculture (ICAMA)
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Bo Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
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