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Wang S, Sun S, Du Z, Gao F, Li Y, Han W, Wu R, Yu X. Characterization of CsUGT73AC15 as a Multifunctional Glycosyltransferase Impacting Flavonol Triglycoside Biosynthesis in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13328-13340. [PMID: 38805380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Flavonol glycosides, contributing to the health benefits and distinctive flavors of tea (Camellia sinensis), accumulate predominantly as diglycosides and triglycosides in tea leaves. However, the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) mediating flavonol multiglycosylation remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we employed an integrated proteomic and metabolomic strategy to identify and characterize key UGTs involved in flavonol triglycoside biosynthesis. The recombinant rCsUGT75AJ1 exhibited flavonoid 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activity, while rCsUGT75L72 preferentially catalyzed 3-OH glucosylation. Notably, rCsUGT73AC15 displayed substrate promiscuity and regioselectivity, enabling glucosylation of rutin at multiple sites and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (K3R) at the 7-OH position. Kinetic analysis revealed rCsUGT73AC15's high affinity for rutin (Km = 9.64 μM). Across cultivars, CsUGT73AC15 expression inversely correlated with rutin levels. Moreover, transient CsUGT73AC15 silencing increased rutin and K3R accumulation while decreasing their respective triglycosides in tea plants. This study offers new mechanistic insights into the key roles of UGTs in regulating flavonol triglycosylation in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fuquan Gao
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yeye Li
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Chen Y, Huang JP, Wang YJ, Tu ML, Li J, Xu B, Peng G, Yang J, Huang SX. Identification and characterization of camptothecin tailoring enzymes in Nothapodytes tomentosa. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1158-1169. [PMID: 38517054 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Camptothecin is a complex monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with remarkable antitumor activity. Given that two C-10 modified camptothecin derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, have been approved as potent anticancer agents, there is a critical need for methods to access other aromatic ring-functionalized congeners (e.g., C-9, C-10, etc.). However, contemporary methods for chemical oxidation are generally harsh and low-yielding when applied to the camptothecin scaffold, thereby limiting the development of modified derivatives. Reported herein, we have identified four tailoring enzymes responsible for C-9 modifications of camptothecin from Nothapodytes tomentosa, via metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. These consist of a cytochrome P450 (NtCPT9H) which catalyzes the regioselective oxidation of camptothecin to 9-hydroxycamptothecin, as well as two methyltransferases (NtOMT1/2, converting 9-hydroxycamptothecin to 9-methoxycamptothecin), and a uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase (NtUGT5, decorating 9-hydroxycamptothecin to 9-β-D-glucosyloxycamptothecin). Importantly, the critical residues that contribute to the specific catalytic activity of NtCPT9H have been elucidated through molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments. This work provides a genetic basis for producing camptothecin derivatives through metabolic engineering. This will hasten the discovery of novel C-9 modified camptothecin derivatives, with profound implications for pharmaceutical manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Meng-Ling Tu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Junheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Bingyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Sun X, Ke Z, Zheng D, She M, Wu Z, Li QX, Zhang Z. Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of Two Highly Efficient Flavonoid-di- O-glycosyltransferases ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 from Maize ( Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7354-7363. [PMID: 38511857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays L.) glycosyltransferase family 1 comprises many uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) members. However, UGT activities and biochemical functions have seldom been revealed. In this study, the genes of two flavonoid di-O-glycosyltransferases ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 were cloned from maize plant and expressed in Escherichia coli. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two enzymes were homologous to AtUGT84A1 and AtUGT84A3. The two recombinant enzymes showed a high conversion rate of luteolin to its glucosides, mainly 4',7-di-O-glucoside and minorly 3',7-di-O-glucoside in two-step glycosylation reactions in vitro. Moreover, the recombinant ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 had a broad substrate spectrum, converting eriodictyol, naringenin, apigenin, quercetin, and kaempferol to monoglucosides and diglucosides. The highly efficient ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 may be used as a tool for the effective synthesis of various flavonoid O-glycosides and as markers for crop breeding to increase O-glycosyl flavonoid content in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhao Ke
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Dengyu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Meng She
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434022, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Jing T, Du W, Qian X, Wang K, Luo L, Zhang X, Deng Y, Li B, Gao T, Zhang M, Guo D, Jiang H, Liu Y, Schwab W, Sun X, Song C. UGT89AC1-mediated quercetin glucosylation is induced upon herbivore damage and enhances Camellia sinensis resistance to insect feeding. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:682-697. [PMID: 37882446 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a key flavonol in tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) with various health benefits, and it often occurs in the form of glucosides. The roles of quercetin and its glucosylated forms in plant defense are generally not well-studied, and remain unknown in the defense of tea. Here, we found higher contents of quercetin glucosides and a decline of the aglucone upon Ectropis grisescens (E. grisescens) infestation of tea. Nine UGTs were strongly induced, among which UGT89AC1 exhibited the highest activity toward quercetin in vitro and in vivo. The mass of E. grisescens larvae that fed on plants with repressed UGT89AC1 or varieties with lower levels of UGT89AC1 was significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls. Artificial diet supplemented with quercetin glucoside also reduced the larval growth rate, whereas artificial diet supplemented with free quercetin had no significant effect on larval growth. UGT89AC1 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its expression was modulated by JA, JA-ILE, and MeJA. These findings demonstrate that quercetin glucosylation serves a defensive role in tea against herbivory. Our results also provide novel insights into the ecological relevance of flavonoid glycosides under biotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaona Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lanxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanni Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Yang C, Tian F, Ma J, Chen M, Shi X, Chen D, Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhou Z, Dai X, Xia T, Gao L. Glycosylation of Secondary Metabolites: A Multifunctional UDP-Glycosyltransferase, CsUGT74Y1, Promotes the Growth of Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18999-19009. [PMID: 37997954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis contains numerous glycosylated secondary metabolites that provide various benefits to plants and humans. However, the genes that catalyze the glycosylation of multitype metabolites in tea plants remain unclear. Here, 180 uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases that may be involved in the biosynthesis of glycosylated secondary metabolites were identified from the National Center for Biotechnology Information public databases. Subsequently, CsUGT74Y1 was screened through phylogenetic analysis and gene expression profiling. Compositional and induced expression analyses revealed that CsUGT74Y1 was highly expressed in tea tender shoots and was induced under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In vitro enzymatic assays revealed that rCsUGT74Y1 encoded a multifunctional UGT that catalyzed the glycosylation of flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignins, and auxins. Furthermore, CsUGT74Y1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited enhanced growth and accumulation of flavonol and auxin glucosides. Our findings provide insights into identifying specific UGTs and demonstrate that CsUGT74Y1 is a multifunctional UGT that promotes plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Fengyun Tian
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Dingli Chen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Youshudi Xie
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingrong Zhou
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Optical Agriculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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6
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Qi S, He B, Wang H, Duan Y, Wang L, Gao Y, Guo M. A Muti-Substrate Flavonol O-glucosyltransferases from Safflower. Molecules 2023; 28:7613. [PMID: 38005335 PMCID: PMC10674463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the complete biosynthesis process of flavonoid glycosides in safflower, specifically the key glycosyltransferase that might be involved, as well as to develop an efficient biocatalyst to synthesize flavonoid glycosides, a glycosyltransferase CtUGT4, with flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase activity, was identified in safflower. The fusion protein of CtUGT4 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the target protein was purified. The recombinant protein can catalyze quercetin to form quercetin-7-O-glucoside, and kaempferol to form kaempferol-3-O in vitro, and a series of flavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, chalcones, and chalcone glycosides were used as substrates to generate new products. CtUGT4 was expressed in the tobacco transient expression system, and the enzyme activity results showed that it could catalyze kaempferol to kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin to quercetin-3-O-glucoside. After overexpressing CtUGT4 in safflower, the content of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in the safflower florets increased significantly, and the content of quercetin-3-O-glucoside also tended to increase, which preliminarily confirmed the function of CtUGT4 flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase. This work demonstrated the flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase function of safflower CtUGT4 and showed differences in the affinity for different flavonoid substrates and the regioselectivity of catalytic sites in safflower, both in vivo and in vitro, providing clues for further research regarding the function of UGT genes, as well as new ideas for the cultivation engineering of the directional improvement of effective metabolites in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Qi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beixuan He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaqian Duan
- Chemistry Experimental Teaching Center, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Lunuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
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Jiao W, Zhang P, Cui C, Yan M, Li QX, Tang Y, Zhang N, Wang X, Hou R, Hua R. Metabolic responses of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) to the insecticide thiamethoxam. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3570-3580. [PMID: 37160655 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiamethoxam (TMX) is insecticidal, but also can trigger physiological and metabolic reactions of plant cycles. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and metabolic effect of TMX on tea plants and its potential benefits. RESULTS In this study, dose of TMX (0.09, 0.135 and 0.18 kg a.i./ha) were tested. Except for peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), chlorophyll, carotenoid, catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly affected compared with the controls. The CAT activity was increased by 3.38, 1.71, 2.91 times, respectively, under three doses of TMX treatment. The metabolic response between TMX treatment and control groups on the third day was compared using a widely targeted metabolomics. A total of 97 different metabolites were identified, including benzenoids, flavonoids, lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organic nitrogen compounds, organic oxygen compounds, organoheterocyclic compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and others. Those metabolites were mapped on the perturbed metabolic pathways. The results demonstrated that the most perturbation occurred in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. The beneficial secondary metabolites luteolin and kaempferol were upregulated 1.46 and 1.31 times respectively, which protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Molecular docking models suggest interactions between TMX and flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. CONCLUSION Thiamethoxam spray positively promoted the physiological and metabolic response of tea plants. And this work also provided the useful information of TMX metabolism in tea plants as well as rational application of insecticides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Jiao
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanjian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yongfeng Tang
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rimao Hua
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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8
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Hoffmann TD, Kurze E, Liao J, Hoffmann T, Song C, Schwab W. Genome-wide identification of UDP-glycosyltransferases in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis) and their biochemical and physiological functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191625. [PMID: 37346124 PMCID: PMC10279963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been an immensely important commercially grown crop for decades. This is due to the presence of essential nutrients and plant secondary metabolites that exhibit beneficial health effects. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an important role in the diversity of such secondary metabolites by catalysing the transfer of an activated sugar donor to acceptor molecules, and thereby creating a huge variety of glycoconjugates. Only in recent years, thanks to the sequencing of the tea plant genome, have there been increased efforts to characterise the UGTs in C. sinensis to gain an understanding of their physiological role and biotechnological potential. Based on the conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif and the catalytically active histidine in the active site, UGTs of family 1 in C. sinensis are identified here, and shown to cluster into 21 groups in a phylogenetic tree. Building on this, our current understanding of recently characterised C. sinensis UGTs (CsUGTs) is highlighted and a discussion on future perspectives made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Wang Q, Wu Y, Peng A, Cui J, Zhao M, Pan Y, Zhang M, Tian K, Schwab W, Song C. Single-cell transcriptome atlas reveals developmental trajectories and a novel metabolic pathway of catechin esters in tea leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2089-2106. [PMID: 35810348 PMCID: PMC9616531 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant is an economically important woody beverage crop. The unique taste of tea is evoked by certain metabolites, especially catechin esters, whereas their precise formation mechanism in different cell types remains unclear. Here, a fast protoplast isolation method was established and the transcriptional profiles of 16 977 single cells from 1st and 3rd leaves were investigated. We first identified 79 marker genes based on six isolated tissues and constructed a transcriptome atlas, mapped developmental trajectories and further delineated the distribution of different cell types during leaf differentiation and genes associated with cell fate transformation. Interestingly, eight differently expressed genes were found to co-exist at four branch points. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of certain metabolites showed cell- and development-specific characteristics. An unexpected catechin ester glycosyltransferase was characterized for the first time in plants by a gene co-expression network in mesophyll cells. Thus, the first single-cell transcriptional landscape in woody crop leave was reported and a novel metabolism pathway of catechin esters in plants was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Anqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Jilai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology of Henan ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, HenanChina
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Yuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Kai Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid‐Line Project of South‐To‐North Diversion Project of Henan ProvinceSchool of Life Sciences and Agricultural EngineeringNanyang Normal UniversityNanyangChina
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
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10
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Li M, Guo L, Wang Y, Li Y, Jiang X, Liu Y, Xie DY, Gao L, Xia T. Molecular and biochemical characterization of two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:579-593. [PMID: 35553312 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in tea plant involved in phenylpropanoids biosynthesis and response to environmental stresses. Tea plant is rich in flavonoids benefiting human health. Lignin is essential for tea plant growth. Both flavonoids and lignin defend plants from stresses. The biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids shares a key intermediate, 4-coumaroyl-CoA, which is formed from 4-coumaric acid catalyzed by 4-coumaric acid: CoA ligase (4CL). Herein, we report two 4CL paralogs from tea plant, Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2, which are a member of class I and II of this gene family, respectively. Cs4CL1 was mainly expressed in roots and stems, while Cs4CL2 was mainly expressed in leaves. The promoter of Cs4CL1 had AC, nine types of light sensitive (LSE), four types of stress-inducible (SIE), and two types of meristem-specific elements (MSE). The promoter of Cs4CL2 also had AC and nine types of LSEs, but only had two types of SIEs and did not have MSEs. In addition, the LSEs varied in the two promoters. Based on the different features of regulatory elements, three stress treatments were tested to understand their expression responses to different conditions. The resulting data indicated that the expression of Cs4CL1 was sensitive to mechanical wounding, while the expression of Cs4CL2 was UV-B-inducible. Enzymatic assays showed that both recombinant Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2 transformed 4-coumaric acid (CM), ferulic acid (FR), and caffeic acid (CF) to their corresponding CoA ethers. Kinetic analysis indicated that the recombinant Cs4CL1 preferred to catalyze CF, while the recombinant Cs4CL2 favored to catalyze CM. The overexpression of both Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2 increased the levels of chlorogenic acid and total lignin in transgenic tobacco seedlings. In addition, the overexpression of Cs4CL2 consistently increased the levels of three flavonoid compounds. These findings indicate the differences of Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2 in the phenylpropanoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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11
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Dai X, Shi X, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Two UDP-Glycosyltransferases Catalyze the Biosynthesis of Bitter Flavonoid 7- O-Neohesperidoside through Sequential Glycosylation in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2354-2365. [PMID: 35133826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are typical bitter and astringent tasting compounds that contribute to the taste of tea beverages. However, the genes that contribute to the biosynthesis of bitter compounds (e.g., flavanone 7-O-neohesperidoside) in tea plants have yet to be identified. In this study, we identified 194 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the tea transcriptome database. Among them, two genes, CsUGT75L12 and CsUGT79B28, encoding flavonoid 7-O-glycosyltransferase and 7-O-glucoside(1→2)rhamnosyltransferase, respectively, were identified from Camellia sinensis. In vitro, the purified recombinant enzyme rCsUGT75L12 specifically transports the glucose unit from UDP-glucose to the 7-OH position of the flavonoid to produce the respective 7-O-glucoside. rCsUGT79B28 regiospecifically transfers a rhamnose unit from UDP-rhamnose to the 2″-OH position of flavonoid 7-O-glucosides to produce flavonoid 7-O-di-glycosides. Additionally, the expression profiles of the two CsUGTs were correlated with the accumulation patterns of 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-neohesperidoside, respectively, in tea plants. These results indicated that the two CsUGTs are involved in the biosynthesis of bitter flavonoid 7-O-neohesperidoside through the sequential glucosylation and rhamnosylation of flavonoids in C. sinensis. Taken together, our findings provided not only molecular insights into flavonoid di-glycoside metabolism in tea plants but also crucial molecular markers for controlling the bitterness and astringent taste of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changli Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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12
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Wei HT, Hou D, Ashraf MF, Lu HW, Zhuo J, Pei JL, Qian QX. Metabolic Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal the Key Role of Flavonoids in Internode Coloration of Phyllostachys violascens cv. Viridisulcata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:788895. [PMID: 35154183 PMCID: PMC8832037 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo, being an ornamental plant, has myriad aesthetic and economic significance. Particularly, Phyllostachys violascens cv. Viridisulcata contains an internode color phenotype in variation in green and yellow color between the sulcus and culm, respectively. This color variation is unique, but the underlying regulatory mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we used metabolomic and transcriptomic strategies to reveal the underlying mechanism of variation in internode color. A total of 81 metabolites were identified, and among those, prunin as a flavanone and rhoifolin as a flavone were discovered at a high level in the culm. We also found 424 differentially expressed genes and investigated three genes (PvGL, PvUF7GT, and PvC12RT1) that might be involved in prunin or rhoifolin biosynthesis. Their validation by qRT-PCR confirmed high transcript levels in the culm. The results revealed that PvGL, PvUF7GT, and PvC12RT1 might promote the accumulation of prunin and rhoifolin which were responsible for the variation in internode color of P. violascens. Our study also provides a glimpse into phenotypic coloration and is also a valuable resource for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-tian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
| | - Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
| | - Hai-Wen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
| | - Juan Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
| | - Jia-long Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
| | - Qi-xia Qian
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’An, China
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13
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Ren J, Tang W, Barton CD, Price OM, Mortensen MW, Phillips A, Wald B, Hulme SE, Stanley LP, Hevel J, Zhan J. A highly versatile fungal glucosyltransferase for specific production of quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside in different hosts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:227-245. [PMID: 34874472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an effective way to improve the water solubility of natural products. In this work, a novel glycosyltransferase gene (BbGT) was discovered from Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme was functionally characterized through in vitro enzymatic reactions as a UDP-glucosyltransferase, converting quercetin to five monoglucosylated and one diglucosylated products. The optimal pH and temperature for BbGT are 35 ℃ and 8.0, respectively. The activity of BbGT was stimulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, but inhibited by Zn2+. BbGT enzyme is flexible and can glycosylate a variety of substrates such as curcumin, resveratrol, and zearalenone. The enzyme was also expressed in other microbial hosts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas putida, and Pichia pastoris. Interestingly, the major glycosylation product of quercetin in E. coli, P. putida, and P. pastoris was quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, while the enzyme dominantly produced quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside in S. cerevisiae. The BbGT-harboring E. coli and S. cerevisiae strains were used as whole-cell biocatalysts to specifically produce the two valuable quercetin glucosides, respectively. The titer of quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucosides was 0.34 ± 0.02 mM from 0.83 mM quercetin in 24 h by BbGT-harboring E. coli. The yield of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside was 0.22 ± 0.02 mM from 0.41 mM quercetin in 12 h by BbGT-harboring S. cerevisiae. This work thus provides an efficient way to produce two valuable quercetin glucosides through the expression of a versatile glucosyltransferase in different hosts. KEY POINTS: • A highly versatile glucosyltransferase was identified from B. bassiana ATCC 7159. • BbGT converts quercetin to five mono- and one di-glucosylated derivatives in vitro. • Different quercetin glucosides were produced by BbGT in E. coli and S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Wenzhu Tang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA.,School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Owen M Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-0300, USA
| | - Mark Wayne Mortensen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Alexandra Phillips
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Banner Wald
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Simon Elgin Hulme
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Logan Powell Stanley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Joan Hevel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-0300, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA.
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14
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Chen S, Xie P, Li Y, Wang X, Liu H, Wang S, Han W, Wu R, Li X, Guan Y, Yang Z, Yu X. New Insights into Stress-Induced β-Ocimene Biosynthesis in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Leaves during Oolong Tea Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11656-11664. [PMID: 34554738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the major contributors to the floral odors of tea products, terpenoid volatiles play critical roles in the defense response of plants to multiple stresses. Until now, only a few TPS genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have been functionally validated. In this study, by comparative studies conducted at gene, protein, and metabolite levels during oolong tea processing, we isolated an ocimene synthase gene, CsOCS, which displays a low similarity to previously characterized tea ocimene synthases. Further prokaryotic expression and subcellular localization analysis showed that it is plastid-located and could produce (E)-β-ocimene and (Z)-β-ocimene using GPP as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 30 °C and 7.5, respectively. Treatment with exogenous methyl jasmonate elevated the transcript level of CsOCS and enhanced the emission of ocimene from tea leaves. Collectively, CsOCS is implicated as a key enzyme for β-ocimene synthesis during oolong tea processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peifeng Xie
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yeye Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaxia Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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15
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Xiang X, Su C, Shi Q, Wu J, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Jin S, Huang R, Gao T, Song C. Potential hypoglycemic metabolites in dark tea fermented by Eurotium cristatum based on UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS combining global metabolomic and spectrum-effect relationship analyses. Food Funct 2021; 12:7546-7556. [PMID: 34227645 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00836f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The preventive and therapeutic effects of dark tea fermented by Eurotium cristatum (DTE) in glucose metabolism have been demonstrated. However, few studies have investigated comprehensive changes in the chemical composition and activity in DTE before and after fermentation. In this study, the metabolic profiling of raw samples and fermented samples was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Furthermore, a systematic analytical strategy combining global metabolomics and the spectrum-effect relationship based on α-glucosidase inhibition was employed for screening discriminant metabolites. As a result, 15 discriminant metabolites were identified in DTE samples. Among them, 10 metabolites (4 fatty acids, 1 dyphylline derivative, 3 lysophosphatidylcholines, and 2 triterpenes) increased in relative contents and the contents of the other 5 polyphenol metabolites decreased after fermentation. These metabolites were critical constituents possibly associated with DTE's hypoglycemic activity, which also might be suitable as quality evaluation indicators. This study provided a worthy insight into the exploration of representative active constituents or quality indicators of DTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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16
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Ye J, Ye Z, Zhu R, Xie G, Zhao Y, Qin M. Iris domestica (iso)flavone 7- and 3'-O-Glycosyltransferases Can Be Induced by CuCl 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632557. [PMID: 33633770 PMCID: PMC7900552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many plants, isoflavones are the main secondary metabolites that have various pharmacological activities, but the low water solubility of aglycones limits their usage. The O-glycosylation of (iso)flavones is a promising way to overcome this barrier. O-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of (iso)flavonoid O-glycosides in plants. However, limited investigations on isoflavonoid O-UGTs have been reported, and they mainly focused on legumes. Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt et Mabberley is a non-legume plant rich in various isoflavonoid glycosides. However, there are no reports regarding its glycosylation mechanism, despite the I. domestica transcriptome previously being annotated as having non-active isoflavone 7-O-UGTs. Our previous experiments indicated that isoflavonoid glycosides were induced by CuCl2 in I. domestica calli; therefore, we hypothesized that isoflavone O-UGTs may be induced by Cu2+. Thus, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using I. domestica seedlings treated with CuCl2, and eight new active BcUGTs were obtained. Biochemical analyses showed that most of the active BcUGTs had broad substrate spectra; however, substrates lacking 5-OH were rarely catalyzed. Real-time quantitative PCR results further indicated that the transcriptional levels of BcUGTs were remarkably induced by Cu2+. Our study increases the understanding of UGTs and isoflavone biosynthesis in non-legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyong Xie
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjian Qin
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Mei X, Wan S, Lin C, Zhou C, Hu L, Deng C, Zhang L. Integration of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Relationship of Benzenoid-Phenylpropanoid Pigment and Aroma in Purple Tea Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:762330. [PMID: 34887890 PMCID: PMC8649654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.762330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers are normally white, even though the leaves could be purple. We previously discovered a specific variety with purple leaves and flowers. In the face of such a phenomenon, researchers usually focus on the mechanism of color formation but ignore the change of aroma. The purple tea flowers contain more anthocyanins, which belong to flavonoids. Meanwhile, phenylalanine (Phe), derived from the shikimate pathway, is a precursor for both flavonoids and volatile benzenoid-phenylpropanoids (BPs). Thus, it is not clear whether the BP aroma was attenuated for the appearance of purple color. In this study, we integrated metabolome and transcriptome of petals of two tea varieties, namely, Zijuan (ZJ) with white flowers and Baitang (BT) with purple flowers, to reveal the relationship between color (anthocyanins) and aroma (volatile BPs). The results indicated that in purple petals, the upstream shikimate pathway promoted for 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS) was elevated. Among the increased anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (DpG) was extremely higher; volatile BPs, including benzyl aldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone (AP), 1-phenylethanol, and 2-phenylethanol, were also enhanced, and AP was largely elevated. The structural genes related to the biosynthesis of volatile BPs were induced, while the whole flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was downregulated, except for the genes flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), which were highly expressed to shift the carbon flux to delphinidin, which was then conjugated to glucoside by increased bronze-1 (BZ1) (UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) to form DpG. Transcription factors (TFs) highly related to AP and DpG were selected to investigate their correlation with the differentially expressed structural genes. TFs, such as MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, TCP, and GATA, were dramatically expressed and focused on the regulation of genes in the upstream synthesis of Phe (DAHPS; arogenate dehydratase/prephenate dehydratase) and the synthesis of AP (phenylacetaldehyde reductase; short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase), Dp (F3'H; F3'5'H), and DpG (BZ1), but inhibited the formation of flavones (flavonol synthase) and catechins (leucoanthocyanidin reductase). These results discovered an unexpected promotion of volatile BPs in purple tea flowers and extended our understanding of the relationship between the BP-type color and aroma in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Shihua Wan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyuan Lin
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caibi Zhou
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Liuhong Hu
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Chan Deng
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyun Zhang,
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18
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Jing T, Zhang N, Gao T, Wu Y, Zhao M, Jin J, Du W, Schwab W, Song C. UGT85A53 promotes flowering via mediating abscisic acid glucosylation and FLC transcription in Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7018-7029. [PMID: 32777072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases catalyse the glycosylation of small molecules and play important roles in maintaining cell homeostasis and regulating plant development. Glycosyltransferases are widely distributed, but their detailed roles in regulating plant growth and development are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT85A53, from Camellia sinensis, the expression of which was strongly induced by various abiotic stress factors and its protein product was distributed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic overexpression of CsUGT85A53 in Arabidopsis resulted in an early-flowering phenotype under both long- and short-day conditions. The transcript accumulation of the flowering repressor genes FLC and ABI5, an activator of FLC in ABA-regulated flowering signaling, were both significantly decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis compared with wild-type plants. The decreased expression level of FLC might be associated with an increased level of DNA methylation that was observed in CsUGT85A53-overexpressing (OE) plants. Biochemical analyses showed that CsUGT85A53 could glucosylate ABA to form inactive ABA-glycoside in vitro and in planta. Overexpression of CsUGT85A53 in Arabidopsis resulted in a decreased concentration of free ABA and increased concentration of ABA-glucoside. The early-flowering phenotype in the CsUGT85A53-OE transgenic lines was restored by ABA application. Furthermore, CsUGT85A53-OE plants displayed an ABA-insensitive phenotype with higher germination rates compared with controls in the presence of low concentrations of exogenous ABA. Our findings are the first to identify a UGT in tea plants that catalyses ABA glucosylation and enhance flowering transition as a positive regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str., Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Guo X, Gao T, Zhang N, Wan X, Schwab W, Song C. UGT74AF3 enzymes specifically catalyze the glucosylation of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, an important volatile compound in Camellia sinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:25. [PMID: 32140234 PMCID: PMC7049299 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (HDMF) is an important odorant in some fruits, and is proposed to play a crucial role in the caramel-like notes of some teas. However, its biosynthesis and metabolism in tea plants are still unknown. Here, HDMF glucoside was unambiguously identified as a native metabolite in tea plants. A novel glucosyltransferase UGT74AF3a and its allelic protein UGT74AF3b specifically catalyzed the glucosylation of HDMF and the commercially important structural homologues 2 (or 5)-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5 (or 2)-methylfuran-3(2H)-one (EHMF) and 4-hydroxy-5-methylfuran-3(2H)-one (HMF) to their corresponding β-D-glucosides. Site-directed mutagenesis of UGT74AF3b to introduce a single A456V mutation resulted in improved HDMF and EHMF glucosylation activity and affected the sugar donor preference compared with that of the wild-type control enzyme. The accumulation of HDMF glucoside was consistent with the transcript levels of UGT74AF3 in different tea cultivars. In addition, transient UGT74AF3a overexpression in tobacco significantly increased the HDMF glucoside contents, and downregulation of UGT74AF3 transcripts in tea leaves significantly reduced the concentration of HDMF glucoside compared with the levels in the controls. The identification of HDMF glucoside in the tea plant and the discovery of a novel-specific UDP-glucose:HDMF glucosyltransferase in tea plants provide the foundation for improvement of tea flavor and the biotechnological production of HDMF glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
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20
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Zhuang J, Dai X, Zhu M, Zhang S, Dai Q, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Evaluation of astringent taste of green tea through mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolic profiling of polyphenols. Food Chem 2020; 305:125507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Zhao M, Jin J, Gao T, Zhang N, Jing T, Wang J, Ban Q, Schwab W, Song C. Glucosyltransferase CsUGT78A14 Regulates Flavonols Accumulation and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging in Response to Cold Stress in Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1675. [PMID: 31929783 PMCID: PMC6941654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play diverse roles in cellular metabolism by altering regulatory metabolites activities. However, the physiological roles of most members of UGTs in crops in response to abiotic stresses are unknown. We have identified a novel glycosyltransferase CsUGT78A14 in tea crops, an important economic crops, whose expression is strongly induced by cold stress. Biochemical analyses confirmed that CsUGT78A14-1 showed the highest activity toward kaempferol and is involved in the biosynthesis of kaempferol-diglucoside, whereas the product of CsUGT78A14-2, which differs from CsUGT78A14-1 by a single amino acid, was identified as 3-O-glucoside. The accumulation of kaempferol monoglucosides and diglucosides was consistent with the expression levels of CsUGT78A14 in response to cold stress, as well as in different tissues and genotypes of tea plants. Down-regulation of CsUGT78A14 resulted in reduced accumulation of flavonols, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and finally reduced tea plant stress tolerance under cold stress. The antioxidant capacity of flavonols aglycon was enhanced by glucosylation catalyzed by CsUGT78A14. The results demonstrate that CsUGT78A14 plays a critical role in cold stress by increasing flavonols accumulation and ROS scavenging capacity, providing novel insights into the biological role of UGTs and flavonoids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Zhang L, Gao Y, Liu X, Guo F, Ma C, Liang J, Feng X, Li C. Mining of Sucrose Synthases from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Their Application in the Construction of an Efficient UDP-Recycling System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11694-11702. [PMID: 31558015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SUS) plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism in plants. The SUS genes in licorice remain unknown. To reveal the sucrose metabolic pathway in licorice, all the 12 putative SUS genes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were systematically identified by genome mining, and two novel SUSs (GuSUS1 and GuSUS2) were isolated and characterized for the first time. Furthermore, we found that the flexible N-terminus was responsible for the low stability of plant SUSs, and deletion of redundant N-terminus improved the stability of GuSUS1 and GuSUS2. The half-life of both GuSUS1 and GuSUS2 mutants was increased by 2-fold. Finally, the GuSUS1 mutant was coupled with UGT73C11 for the glycosylation of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) with uridine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt hydrate (UDP) in situ recycling, and GA conversion was increased by 7-fold. Our study not only identified the SUS genes in licorice but also provided a stable SUS mutant for the construction of an efficient UDP-recycling system for GA glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Fang Guo
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Congxuan Ma
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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23
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Yao P, Deng R, Huang Y, Stael S, Shi J, Shi G, Lv B, Li Q, Dong Q, Wu Q, Li C, Chen H, Zhao H. Diverse biological effects of glycosyltransferase genes from Tartary buckwheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:339. [PMID: 31382883 PMCID: PMC6683379 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is an edible cereal crop whose sprouts have been marketed and commercialized for their higher levels of anti-oxidants, including rutin and anthocyanin. UDP-glucose flavonoid glycosyltransferases (UFGTs) play an important role in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants. So far, few studies are available on UFGT genes that may play a role in tartary buckwheat flavonoids biosynthesis. Here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of seven UFGTs from tartary buckwheat that are potentially involved in flavonoid biosynthesis (and have varying effects on plant growth and development when overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana.) RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the potential function of the seven FtUFGT proteins, FtUFGT6, FtUFGT7, FtUFGT8, FtUFGT9, FtUFGT15, FtUFGT40, and FtUFGT41, could be divided into three Arabidopsis thaliana functional subgroups that are involved in flavonoid biosynthesis of and anthocyanin accumulation. A significant positive correlation between FtUFGT8 and FtUFGT15 expression and anthocyanin accumulation capacity was observed in the tartary buckwheat seedlings after cold stress. Overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana showed that FtUFGT8, FtUFGT15, and FtUFGT41 significantly increased the anthocyanin content in transgenic plants. Unexpectedly, overexpression of FtUFGT6, while not leading to enhanced anthocyanin accumulation, significantly enhanced the growth yield of transgenic plants. When wild-type plants have only cotyledons, most of the transgenic plants of FtUFGT6 had grown true leaves. Moreover, the growth speed of the oxFtUFGT6 transgenic plant root was also significantly faster than that of the wild type. At later growth, FtUFGT6 transgenic plants showed larger leaves, earlier twitching times and more tillers than wild type, whereas FtUFGT15 showed opposite results. CONCLUSIONS Seven FtUFGTs were isolated from tartary buckwheat. FtUFGT8, FtUFGT15, and FtUFGT41 can significantly increase the accumulation of total anthocyanins in transgenic plants. Furthermore, overexpression of FtUFGT6 increased the overall yield of Arabidopsis transgenic plants at all growth stages. However, FtUFGT15 shows the opposite trend at later growth stage and delays the growth speed of plants. These results suggested that the biological function of FtUFGT genes in tartary buckwheat is diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Renyu Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunji Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanlan Shi
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Lv
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qixin Dong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Li Y, Li XL, Lai CJS, Wang RS, Kang LP, Ma T, Zhao ZH, Gao W, Huang LQ. Functional characterization of three flavonoid glycosyltransferases from Andrographis paniculata. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190150. [PMID: 31312486 PMCID: PMC6599797 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is an important traditional medicinal herb in South and Southeast Asian countries with diverse pharmacological activities that contains various flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides. Glycosylation can transform aglycones into more stable, biologically active and structurally diverse glycosides. Here, we report three glycosyltransferases from the leaves of A. paniculata (ApUFGTs) that presented wide substrate spectra for flavonoid glycosylation and exhibited multi-site glycosylation on the substrate molecules. They acted on the 7-OH position of the A ring and were able to glycosylate several other different types of compounds. The biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis of these glycosyltransferases were also investigated. This study provides a basis for further research on the cloning of genes involved in glycosylation from A. paniculata and offers opportunities for enhancing flavonoid glycoside production in heterologous hosts. These enzymes are expected to become effective tools for drug discovery and for the biosynthesis of derivatives via flavonoid glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Kang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Wei Gao e-mail:
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Lu-Qi Huang e-mail:
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25
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Jaidee W, Andersen RJ, Chavez MAG, Wang YA, Patrick BO, Pyne SG, Muanprasat C, Borwornpinyo S, Laphookhieo S. Amides and Flavonoids from the Fruit and Leaf Extracts of Melodorum siamensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:283-292. [PMID: 30694059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four new chalcones (1, 10, 13, and 14), a new flavanone, (9), a new amide (8), and 19 known compounds were acquired from Melodorum siamensis. The structures were established by NMR and MS data analyses. Compounds 1 (er 1.4:1) and 2 (er 1.1:1) were scalemic and were resolved to yield (-)-1 and (+)-1 and (-)-2 and (+)-2, respectively. The absolute configurations of these compounds were determined from experimental and calculated ECD data. The structures and configurations of (-)-2 and (+)-8 were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 11 showed nuclear factor-κB inhibitory effects (IC50 = 9 μM) in a pancreatic β cell line (MIN-6 cells).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen G Pyne
- School of Chemistry , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
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26
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Huang K, Li M, Liu Y, Zhu M, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Dai X, Xia T, Gao L. Functional Analysis of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase/Shikimate Dehydrogenases Involved in Shikimate Pathway in Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1268. [PMID: 31681371 PMCID: PMC6797610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols play an important role in the astringent taste of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.)] infusions; catechins in phenolic compounds are beneficial to health. The biosynthesis of gallic acid (GA), a precursor for polyphenol synthesis, in tea plants remains unknown. It is well known that 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase/shikimate dehydrogenase (DQD/SDH) is a key enzyme for catalyzing the conversion of 3-dehydroshikimate (3-DHS) to shikimate (SA); it also potentially participates in GA synthesis in a branch of the SA pathway. In this study, four CsDQD/SDH proteins were produced in Escherichia coli. Three CsDQD/SDHs had 3-DHS reduction and SA oxidation functions. Notably, three CsDQD/SDHs showed individual differences between the catalytic efficiency of 3-DHS reduction and SA oxidation; CsDQD/SDHa had higher catalytic efficiency for 3-DHS reduction than for SA oxidation, CsDQD/SDHd showed the opposite tendency, and CsDQD/SDHc had almost equal catalytic efficiency for 3-DHS reduction and SA oxidation. In vitro, GA was mainly generated from 3-DHS through nonenzymatic conversion. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that CsDQD/SDHc and CsDQD/SDHd expression was correlated with GA and 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose accumulation in C. sinensis. These results revealed the CsDQD/SDHc and CsDQD/SDHd genes are involved in GA synthesis. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis exhibited the mutation of residues Ser-338 and NRT to Gly and DI/LD in the SDH unit is the reason for the low activity of CsDQD/SDHb for 3-DHS reduction and SA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengqing Zhu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guifu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Xia, ; Liping Gao,
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Xia, ; Liping Gao,
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27
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Wang X, Li C, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Identification of Three (Iso)flavonoid Glucosyltransferases From Pueraria lobata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30761172 PMCID: PMC6362427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
(Iso)flavonoids are one of the largest groups of natural phenolic products conferring great value to the health of plants and humans. Pueraria lobata, a legume, has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. (Iso)flavonoids mainly present as glycosyl-conjugates and accumulate in P. lobata roots. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the glycosylation processes in (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis are not fully understood. In the current study, three novel UDP-glycosyltransferases (PlUGT4, PlUGT15, and PlUGT57) were identified in P. lobata from RNA-seq data. Biochemical assays of these three recombinant PlUGTs showed all of them were able to glycosylate isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) at the 7-hydroxyl position in vitro. In comparison with the strict substrate specificity for PlUGT15 and PlUGT57, PlUGT4 displayed utilization of a broad range of sugar acceptors. Particularly, PlUGT15 exhibited a much higher catalytic efficiency toward isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) than any other identified 7-O-UGT from P. lobata. Moreover, the transcriptional expression patterns of these PlUGTs correlated with the accumulation of isoflavone glucosides in MeJA-treated P. lobata, suggesting their possible in vivo roles in the glycosylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yansheng Zhang,
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Su X, Wang W, Xia T, Gao L, Shen G, Pang Y. Characterization of a heat responsive UDP: Flavonoid glucosyltransferase gene in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207212. [PMID: 30475819 PMCID: PMC6261043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) accumulates abundant flavonoid glycosides that are the major bioactive ingredients in tea. Biosynthesis of flavonoid glycosides are catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) that are widely present in plants. Among one hundred and seventy-eight UGTs genes that we have previously identified in tea plant, few of them have been functionally characterized. In the present study, we further identified UGT73A17 gene that is responsible for the biosynthesis of a broad range of flavonoid glycosides. Sequence analysis revealed that the deduced UGT73A17 protein showed high identity with 7-O-glycosyltransferases at amino acid level and it was clustered into the clade containing several 7-O-glycosyltransferases from other plant species. Enzymatic assays revealed that the recombinant UGT73A17 protein (rUGT73A17) exhibited activity toward flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin), flavones (apigenin, luteolin, and tricetin), flavanone (naringenin), isoflavones (genistein) and epicatechin gallate, yielding 7-O-glucosides as the major in vitro products. In particular, rUGT73A17 displayed higher activity at high temperatures (eg. 50°C) than at low temperatures, which was consistent with its relatively high expression level at high temperatures. Two amino acid substitutions at I296L and V466A improved the enzymatic activity of rUGT73A17. Our study demonstrated that UGT73A17 is responsible for the biosynthesis of a broad range of flavonoid glucosides, which is also involved in heat response and quality of tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Su
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Jiang X, Shi Y, Dai X, Zhuang J, Fu Z, Zhao X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Four flavonoid glycosyltransferases present in tea overexpressed in model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum for functional identification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1100-1101:148-157. [PMID: 30317153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tea possesses a distinctive flavor profile and can have health benefits owing to the high levels of flavonoids in its leaves. However, the mechanism of the flavonoid glycosylation hasn't been well studied in tea plants, especially glycosylation at the 7-OH site has rarely been reported. In this study, four UGT genes CsUGT73A20, CsUGT75L12, CsUGT78A14 and CsUGT78A15 were isolated from tea leaves and overexpressed in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum for the functional identification of genes in vivo. In order to characterize the CsUGT functions in model plants, flavonoids in seeds of Arabidopsis and the flowers of tobacco were identified first. In CsUGT73A20-overexpressing Arabidopsis and tobacco, the level of certain flavonol glycosides involved in glycosylation reactions at the 3-OH and 7-OH sites increased considerably, but the level of flavan-3-ols decreased. In CsUGT75L12 transgenic Arabidopsis, the level of flavonol glycosides exhibiting glucosyltransferase activity at the 7-OH position increased markedly, but the concentrations of quercetin and kaempferol and flavan-3-ols decreased. In both transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco, CsUGT78A14 promoted the synthesis of more flavonol glucosides with UDP-glucose as a sugar donor at the 3-OH glycosylation site. In CsUGT78A15 transgenic plants, flavonol galactosides at the 3-OH glycosylation site with UDP-galactose as a sugar donor were increased. In the tea plant, the corresponding flavonoid glycosides such as kaempferol‑3‑O‑β‑d‑glucosides, kaempferol‑3‑O‑β‑d‑galactosides, kaempferol‑7‑O‑β‑d‑glucoside, and luteolin‑7‑O‑β‑d‑glucoside were identified. And it could be possible that they were products of CsUGT78A14, CsUGT78A15, CsUGT73A20 and CsUGT75L12, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianqian Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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30
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Liu L, Li Y, She G, Zhang X, Jordan B, Chen Q, Zhao J, Wan X. Metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analyses reveal an essential role of UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in response to shading. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:233. [PMID: 30314466 PMCID: PMC6186127 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is the most popular nonalcoholic beverage worldwide for its pleasant characteristics and healthful properties. Catechins, theanine and caffeine are the major natural products in tea buds and leaves that determine tea qualities such as infusion colors, tastes and fragrances, as well as their health benefits. Shading is a traditional and effective practice to modify natural product accumulation and to enhance the tea quality in tea plantation. However, the mechanism underlying the shading effects is not fully understood. This study aims to explore the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis under shading by using both metabolomic and transcriptional analyses. RESULTS While shading enhanced chlorophyll accumulation, major catechins, including C, EC, GC and EGC, decreased significantly in tea buds throughout the whole shading period. The reduction of catechins and flavonols were consistent with the simultaneous down-regulation of biosynthetic genes and TFs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Of 16 genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, F3'H and FLS significantly decreased throughout shading while the others (PAL, CHSs, DFR, ANS, ANR and LAR, etc.) temporally decreased in early or late shading stages. Gene co-expression cluster analysis suggested that a number of photoreceptors and potential genes involved in UV-B signal transductions (UVR8_L, HY5, COP1 and RUP1/2) showed decreasing expression patterns consistent with structural genes (F3'H, FLS, ANS, ANR, LAR, DFR and CHSs) and potential TFs (MYB4, MYB12, MYB14 and MYB111) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, when compared with genes in the UV-A/blue and red/far-red light signal transductions. The KEGG enrichment and matrix correlation analyses also attributed the regulation of catechin biosynthesis to the UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway. Further UV-B treatment in the controlled environment confirmed UV-B induction on flavonols and EGCG accumulation in tea leaves. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that catechin biosynthesis in C. sinensis leaves is predominantly regulated by UV through the UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway to MYB12/MYB4 downstream effectors, to modulate flavonoid accumulation. Our study provides new insights into our understanding of regulatory mechanisms for shading-enhanced tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Xianchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Brian Jordan
- Centre for Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647 New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
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31
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Singh S, Patel KA, Sonawane PD, Vishwakarma RK, Khan BM. Enhanced activity of Withania somnifera family-1 glycosyltransferase (UGT73A16) via mutagenesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:150. [PMID: 30255239 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work used an approach of enzyme engineering towards the improved production of baicalin as well as alteration of acceptor and donor substrate preferences in UGT73A16. The 3D model of Withania somnifera family-1 glycosyltransferase (UGT73A16) was constructed based on the known crystal structures of plant UGTs. Structural and functional properties of UGT73A16 were investigated using docking and mutagenesis. The docking studies were performed to understand the key residues involved in substrate recognition. In the molecular model of UGT73A16, substrates binding pockets are located between N- and C-terminal domains. Modeled UGT73A16 was docked with UDP-glucose, UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), kaempferol, isorhamnetin, 3-hydroxy flavones, naringenin, genistein and baicalein. The protein-ligand interactions showed that His 16, Asp 246, Lys 255, Ala 337, Gln 339, Val 340, Asn 358 and Glu 362 amino acid residues may be important for catalytic activity. The kinetic parameters indicated that mutants A337C and Q339A exhibited 2-3 fold and 6-7 fold more catalytic efficiency, respectively than wild type, and shifted the sugar donor specificity from UDP-glucose to UDPGA. The mutant Q379H displayed large loss of activity with UDP-glucose and UDPGA strongly suggested that last amino acid residue of PSPG box is important for glucuronosylation and glucosylation and highly specific to sugar binding sites. The information obtained from docking and mutational studies could be beneficial in future to engineer this biocatalyst for development of better ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somesh Singh
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India. .,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Krunal A Patel
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Rishi K Vishwakarma
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Bashir M Khan
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
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32
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Dai X, Zhao G, Jiao T, Wu Y, Li X, Zhou K, Gao L, Xia T. Involvement of Three CsRHM Genes from Camellia sinensis in UDP-Rhamnose Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7139-7149. [PMID: 29916708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UDP-Rhamnose synthase (RHM), the branch-point enzyme controlling the nucleotide sugar interconversion pathway, converts UDP-d-glucose into UDP-rhamnose. As a rhamnose residue donor, UDP-l-rhamnose is essential for the biosynthesis of pectic polysaccharides and secondary metabolites in plants. In this study, three CsRHM genes from tea plants ( Camellia sinensis) were cloned and characterized. Enzyme assays showed that three recombinant proteins displayed RHM activity and were involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-rhamnose in vitro. The transcript profiles, metabolite profiles, and mucilage location suggest that the three CsRHM genes likely contribute to UDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and may be involved in primary wall formation in C. sinensis. These analyses of CsRHM genes and metabolite profiles provide a comprehensive understanding of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and regulation in tea plants. Moreover, our results can be applied for the synthesis of the secondary metabolite rhamnoside in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Guifu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tianming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xinmin Li
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Kang Zhou
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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33
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Zhao X, Dai X, Gao L, Guo L, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Ma X, Wang R, Xia T, Wang Y. Functional Analysis of an Uridine Diphosphate Glycosyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Polyphenolic Glucoside in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10993-11001. [PMID: 29161813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are one of the largest groups of compounds that confer benefits to the health of plants and humans. Flavonol glycosides are a major ingredient of polyphenols in Camellia sinensis. Flavonol-3-O-glycosides are characteristic astringent taste compounds in tea infusion. A polyphenolic glycosyltransferase (CsUGT72AM1) belonging to cluster IIIb was isolated from the tea plant. The full-length cDNA of CsUGT72AM1 is 1416 bp. It encodes 472 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 50.92 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.21. The recombinant CsUGT72AM1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and exhibited catalytic activity toward multiple flavonoids and coniferyl aldehyde. The enzyme assay indicated that rCsUGT72AM1 could perform glycosidation of flavonols or coniferyl aldehyde in vitro to form 3-O-glucoside or 4-O-glucoside, respectively. Interestingly, this enzyme also had activities and performed multisite glycosidation toward flavanones. The consistent products were confirmed to be naringenin-7-O-glucoside and -4'-O-glucoside by the nuclear magnetism assay. In addition, in the enzyme assay with cyanidin as the substrate, the results suggested that the glycosylated activity of CsUGT72AM1 was remarkably inhibited by a high concentration of anthocyanins. The above results indicate that CsUGT72AM1 may be involved in the metabolism of flavonol, flavanone, anthocyanin, and lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhao
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Guo
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiubing Ma
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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