Fabrication of a Soybean Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) Nanodelivery Carrier To Improve Bioavailability of Curcumin

The aggregation behavior between soybean whey protein and polysaccharides of diverse structures and their implications in soybean isoflavone delivery

The use of polysaccharides to recover soybean whey protein (SWP) from whey wastewater is recognized as an effective approach. However, the recovery rate can vary due to differences in the structure and compound ratios of the polysaccharides involved. The interaction between SWP and polysaccharides (sodium alginate, SA; chitosan, CHI; carrageenan, CAR) at different ratio was investigated. We harnessed these complexes to fabricate emulsions aimed at delivering soybean isoflavones. The results showed that the addition of polysaccharides unfolded the structure of SWP. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds within SWP-SA were stronger than those of the other complexes. These structural changes showed consistency across different ratios. The mean particle size of the complexes increased. SWP-SA exhibited the lowest interfacial tension. The emulsion with SWP-SA at 300 W demonstrated superior stability, and the bioavailability of soybean isoflavones increased by 3-6 %. These results shed light on the promising potential of polysaccharide-based strategies for SWP recovery and the effective delivery of soybean isoflavones.

Improvement of delivery properties of soybean 7S protein by high-pressure homogenization: In the case of curcumin

In this study, curcumin@high-pressure homogenization-soybean 7S protein/nanoparticles (CUR@HPH-7S-NPs) were prepared by an anti-solvent method. The physicochemical properties results showed at a CUR concentration of 4 mg/mL, CUR@HPH-7S-NPs had better size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and zeta-potential values of 151.9 nm, 88.80 %, and -23.1 mV, respectively. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated CUR bound to HPH-7S through hydrophobic interactions, and the force between HPH-7S and CUR molecules was greater than that between untreated 7S protein and CUR. Furthermore, the pH stability results showed the size of CUR@HPH-7S-NPs was barely affected by pH away from adjacent area of the isoelectric point of 7S protein. The physical thermal stability and bio-accessibility results suggested that HPH-7S was more effective in delaying the degradation, had more physical thermal stability, and had a significant improvement in the bio-accessibility of CUR than that of untreated 7S protein. What's more, the antioxidant activity results showed at a CUR equivalent concentration of 40 μg/mL, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of CUR@HPH-7S-NPs was 85.10 % and 96.64 %, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than that of free CUR. Finally, this study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the delivery of other hydrophobic bioactive substances.

Curcumin Sustained Release with a Hybrid Chitosan-Silk Fibroin Nanofiber Containing Silver Nanoparticles as a Novel Highly Efficient Antibacterial Wound Dressing

Drug loading in electrospun nanofibers has gained a lot of attention as a novel method for direct drug release in an injury site to accelerate wound healing. The present study deals with the fabrication of silk fibroin (SF)-chitosan (CS)-silver (Ag)-curcumin (CUR) nanofibers using the electrospinning method, which facilitates the pH-responsive release of CUR, accelerates wound healing, and improves mechanical properties. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of the solution parameters on the nanofiber diameter and morphology. The nanofibers were characterized via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). CS concentration plays a crucial role in the physical and mechanical properties of the nanofibers. Drug loading and entrapment efficiencies improved from 13 to 44% and 43 to 82%, respectively, after the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles. The application of CS hydrogel enabled a pH-responsive release of CUR under acid conditions. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria showed that nanofibers with lower CS concentration cause stronger inhibitory effects on bacterial growth. The nanofibers do not have any toxic effect on cell culture, as revealed by in vitro wound healing test on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.

Elaboration of Cationic Soluble Soybean Polysaccharides-Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanoparticles with Sustained Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is easily oxidized by environmental stress elements, including light, heat, and oxygen; thus, its biological activities can be reduced or even lost when exposed to a natural environment. Here, soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) was successfully etherized by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), positively charged to extract cationic SSPS (CSSPS). Nanoparticles based on CSSPS can improve the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and sustained bioactivity of EGCG. The EE of EGCG by CSSPS was improved significantly as compared with that of SSPS due to the electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, the protective and sustained-release effects of CSSPS on EGCG in the EGCG-CSSPS nanoparticles (EGCG-CSSPS-NPs) markedly improved the sustained antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of EGCG, which was confirmed by the results of a salmon-preservation experiment. In addition, cytotoxicity tests showed that EGCG-CSSPS-NPs could effectively inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells but had no obvious toxicity to normal cells.

A novel pH-responsive nanoniosomal emulsion for sustained release of curcumin from a chitosan-based nanocarrier: emphasis on the concurrent improvement of loading, sustained release, and apoptosis induction

Curcumin application as an anti-cancer drug is faced with several impediments. This study has developed a platform that facilitates the sustained release of curcumin, improves loading efficiency, and anti-cancer activity. Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles were added to chitosan (CS)-agarose (Aga) hydrogel and then loaded with curcumin (Cur) to prepare a curcumin-loaded nanocomposite hydrogel. The loading capacity increased from 63% to 76% by adding MMT nanoparticles to a chitosan-agarose hydrogel. Loading the fabricated nanocomposite in the nanoniosomal emulsion resulted in sustained release of curcumin under acidic conditions. Release kinetics analysis showed diffusion and erosion are the dominant release mechanisms, indicating non-fickian (or anomalous) transport based on the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. FTIR spectra confirmed that all nanocomposite components were present in the fabricated nanocomposite. Besides, XRD results corroborated the amorphous structure of the prepared nanocomposite. Zeta potential results corroborated the stability of the fabricated nanocarrier. Cytotoxicity of the prepared CS-Aga-MMT-Cur on MCF-7 cells was comparable to that of curcumin-treated cells (p <0.001). Moreover, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased due to the enhanced release profile resulting from the addition of MMT to the hydrogel and the incorporation of the fabricated nanocomposite into the nanoniosomal emulsion. To recapitulate, the current delivery platform improved loading, sustained release, and curcumin anti-cancer effect. Hence, this platform could be a potential candidate to mitigate cancer therapy restrictions with curcumin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Fabrication and characterization of octenyl succinic anhydride modified pullulan micelles for encapsulating curcumin

BACKGROUND

Curcumin has become increasingly popular in functional foods and beverages field as a result of its high biological activity. Nevertheless, the application of curcumin is usually limited by its poor water solubility, low absorption, rapid metabolism and instability. Accordingly, the development of an appropriate wall material is crucial for its effective use. In the present study, curcumin-octenyl succinic anhydride modified pullulan (Cur-OSAP) micelles were successfully prepared by an anti-solvent co-precipitation method.

RESULTS

Octenyl succinic anhydride modified pullulan (OSAP) micelles exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (57.31%) and loading capacity (5.73%) of curcumin when the mass ratio of OSAP to curcumin was 10:1 and the degree of substitution of OSAP was 0.0469, at which point Cur-OSAP micelles formed via hydrogen binding and hydrophobic interactions, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence techniques. The transmission electron microscopy results showed that the Cur-OSAP micelles were roughly spherical in shape with diameters in the approximate range 30-60 nm.

CONCLUSION

The encapsulation of OSAP greatly improved photostability and sustained release properties of curcumin in Cur-OSAP micelles. These findings suggest that OSAP can be used as a carrier to encapsulate and protect hydrophobic food ingredients. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Effect of Zbxz23ir-21 NANO(nanomaterials) Delivery Vector on Apoptosis and PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)/PI3K(Intracellular phosphatidylinositol kinase)/AKT(related to the A and C kinase) in Children with CHOLESTEATOMA in Middle Ear

Cholesteatoma of the middle ear is a kind of cystic disease with clear boundary formed by the abnormal growth of keratosquamous epithelium in temporal bone. Cholesteatoma otitis caused by it is a common disease in otorhinolaryngology. The EPR effect promotes the selective distribution of macromolecular substances in tumor tissues, which can increase drug efficacy. The purpose of this paper is to prepare and deliver the mir34a small molecule regulator, rubine, by nanotechnology, and to deliver it to the cells successfully. It can passively target tumor tissue through EPR effect, and play its regulatory role on miR-34a, thus inhibiting the growth of cholesteatoma cells. The effects of nano delivery on apoptosis and PIEN/P13K/AKt of children with middle ear choledochoma were tested in this paper. The experimental results were conducted on cholesteatoma cells as cell lines and balb/c nude mice as experimental objects. The expression of PTEN/PI3K/AKT in experimental group and control group was detected by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was discussed by cell activity detection. The physical and chemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, drug release ability in vitro and antitumor activity of nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo were studied. The results of cell level experiments in vitro showed that free RUBINE caused about 15% apoptosis, which was not different from RC NPs. The results showed that the nanoparticles could improve the expression of miR-34 in the cells, and then regulate the expression of Bcl-2, Cdk6 and CyclinD1, and play the inhibitory effect of miR-34a on the proliferation and migration of tumor cells.

Insight into the effect of charge regulation on the binding mechanism of curcumin to myofibrillar protein

Myofibrillar proteins (MPs), as a food-grade material, have the potential to improve the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. However, the interaction mechanism between MPs and curcumin under charge regulation induced by alkaline pH and NaCl was unclear. In this study, the binding between curcumin and MPs at pH 12 was confirmed by the fluorescence quenching under different NaCl concentration (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mol/L). Further kinetic experiments showed, MPs possessed a higher affinity to bind curcumin in the presence of NaCl, especially at 0.6 M NaCl. Followed pH shifting from 12 to 7 does not affect UV-Vis absorption spectra of protein-curcumin dispersions. The secondary structure of MPs was not affected by binding with curcumin. Formation of this stable complex can be explained by hydrophobic other than electrostatic interaction. Therefore, the presence of NaCl facilitated exposure of hydrophobic pocket to improve the binding affinity between curcumin and MPs due to the importance of hydrophobic interaction.

Proteins from leguminous plants: from structure, property to the function in encapsulation/binding and delivery of bioactive compounds

Leguminous proteins are important nutritional components in leguminous plants, and they have different structures and functions depending on their sources. Due to their specific structures and physicochemical properties, leguminous proteins have received much attention in food and nutritional applications, and they can be applied as various carriers for binding/encapsulation and delivery of food bioactive compounds. In this review, we systematically summarize the different structures and functional properties of several leguminous proteins which can be classified as ferritin, trypsin inhibitor, β-conglycinin, glycinin, and various leguminous proteins isolates. Moreover, we review the development of leguminous proteins as carriers of food bioactive compounds, and emphasize the functions of leguminous protein-based binding/encapsulation and delivery in overcoming the low bioavailability, instability and low absorption efficiency of food bioactive compounds. The limitations and challenges of the utilization of leguminous proteins as carriers of food bioactive compounds are also discussed. Possible approaches to resolve the limitations of applying leguminous proteins such as instability of proteins and poor absorption of bioactive compounds are recommended.

Elaboration and characterization of curcumin-loaded soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS)-based nanocarriers mediated by antimicrobial peptide nisin

Curcumin was recently attracted great interest owing to its multiple bioactivities; however, the use of curcumin was hindered by its poor solubility and stability. In this study, curcumin-nisin-soy soluble polysaccharide nanoparticles (Cur-Nisin-SSPS-NPs, size = 118.76 nm) have been successfully elaborated to improve the application of curcumin. The formation of Cur-Nisin-SSPS-NPs was mediated by amphiphilic and positively charged nisin: SSPS encapsulated nisin, which was mainly driven by electrostatic attraction. And nisin-SSPS complex encapsulated curcumin mainly through hydrophobic interactions between nisin and curcumin. The encapsulation efficiency of curcumin (91.66%) in this novel nanocarriers was significantly higher than that in nanoparticles prepared by a single SSPS (31.82%) or nisin (41.69%), most likely because more hydrophobic regions of nisin were exposed after interacting with SSPS through electrostatic interaction. Consequently, this facile and green nanocarriers improved the solubility/dispersibility and stability of curcumin and nisin, as well as endowed SSPS-based nanoparticles with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Photoinduced Antimicrobial Activity of Curcumin-Containing Coatings: Molecular Interaction, Stability and Potential Application in Food Decontamination

Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and curcumin (Cu) were utilized for preparing new protecting PVAc-Cu x (x = 1, 5 and 10) coatings exerting antimicrobial photodynamic activity upon white light irradiation. Toward Salmonella typhimurium or Staphylococcus aureus, the killing efficiency represented the dependence on the Cu concentration and irradiation intensity. Toward S. aureus, the killing efficiency of PVAc-Cu 10 coating reached 93% at an energy density of 72 J/cm2. With the change in storage time of coating, the results implied significant stability of photosterilization efficiency within 60 days. Compared with the control experiment, lower total viable counts (TVCs) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values in fresh meat packaged by PVDC films with PVAc-Cu 10 coatings during storage at 4 °C demonstrated the practicability of the PVAc-Cu x coatings in decontaminating fresh pork. PVAc packed curcumin tightly within polymer chains, thus preventing tautomerization or, more probably, conformational transition, which is advantageous for improving photostability and emission lifetime.

Effects of Lipid-Based Encapsulation on the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

Phenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, cyanidin, tangeretin, hesperetin, curcumin, resveratrol, etc.) are known to have health-promoting effects and they are accepted as one of the main proposed nutraceutical group. However, their application is limited owing to the problems related with their stability and water solubility as well as their low bioaccessibility and bioavailability. These limitations can be overcome by encapsulating phenolic compounds by physical, physicochemical and chemical encapsulation techniques. This review focuses on the effects of encapsulation, especially lipid-based techniques (emulsion/nanoemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes/nanoliposomes, etc.), on the digestibility characteristics of phenolic compounds in terms of bioaccessibility and bioavailability.

Nanoparticles based on carboxymethylcellulose-modified rice protein for efficient delivery of lutein

Lutein, as a natural nutrient, has many benefits for human health.

Enhanced Chemical Stability, Intestinal Absorption, and Intracellular Antioxidant Activity of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside by Composite Nanogel Encapsulation

A composite nanogel was developed for cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) delivery by combining Maillard reaction and heat gelation. The starting materials utilized were ovalbumin, dextran, and pectin. C3G-loaded nanogel was spherical with a diameter of ∼185 nm, which was maintained over a wide range of pH and NaCl concentrations. The composite nanogel enhanced the chemical stability of C3G under accelerated degradation models and a simulated gastrointestinal tract. Clathrin-mediated, caveolae-mediated, and macropinocytosis-related endocytosis contributed to the higher cellular uptake of nano-C3G than that of free-C3G. The apparent permeability coefficients of C3G increased 2.16 times after nanoencapsulation. The transcytosis of the C3G-bearing nanogel occurred primarily through the clathrin-related pathway and macropinocytosis and followed the "common recycling endosomes-endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex-basolateral plasma membrane" route. Moreover, nano-C3G was more efficient in restoring the viability of cells and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes than free-C3G in oxidative models, which may be attributed to the former's high cellular absorption.

Development of Nanocomplexes for Curcumin Vehiculization Using Ovalbumin and Sodium Alginate as Building Blocks: Improved Stability, Bioaccessibility, and Antioxidant Activity

Type I (Complex I) and type II nanocomplexes (Complex II) were created in this work for curcumin (Cur) delivery using ovalbumin (OVA, 1.0% w/w) and sodium alginate (ALG, 0.5% w/w) as building blocks. OVA was heated at 90 °C for 5 min at pH 7.0 and then coated with ALG at pH 4.2 to produce Complex I; OVA-ALG electrostatic complex was created at pH 4.0, which was treated at 90 °C for 5 min thereafter yielding Complex II. Complex I presented an irregular elliptical shape with a diameter of ∼250 nm, whereas Complex II adopted a defined spherical structure of a smaller size (∼200 nm). Complex II did not dissociate at the pH range of 5-7, which was different from Complex I. Cur was loaded into the nonpolar matrix of nanocomplexes through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, and Complex II displayed a higher loading capacity than Complex I. Nanocomplexes were resistant to pepsinolysis during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, which enhanced the stability and controlled release of loaded Cur, thereby improving Cur bioaccessibility from ∼20% (free form) to ∼60%. Additionally, nanocomplexes contributed to the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of Cur by promoting its cellular uptake. The CAA of Cur was also better preserved in nanocomplexes especially in Complex II after digestion owing to the increased stability and bioaccessibility. Results from this work highlighted the effect of nanocomplex encapsulation on the performance of Cur and revealed the critical role of preparation method in the physicochemical attributes of nanocomplexes.

A New Water-Soluble Nanomicelle Formed through Self-Assembly of Pectin-Curcumin Conjugates: Preparation, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity Evaluation

Curcumin is a dominating active component of Curcuma longa and has been studied widely because of its prominent biological activities. The extremely low aqueous solubility, stability, and bioavailability of curcumin limit its application in the field of medicine. In this study, we developed pectin-curcumin (PEC-CCM) conjugates that could self-assemble water-soluble nanomicelles in aqueous solution. The structure of PEC-CCM conjugates was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectra, fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The thermal property of PEC-CCM conjugates was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that PEC-CCM conjugates had formed nanomicelles in aqueous medium via self-assembly. These nanomicelles were observed as small spheres or ellipsoids and aggregated with a size range of 70-190 nm by transmission electron microscopy analysis. In a solution of nanomicelles, the stability of curcumin was improved, and its antioxidant property was preserved. The anticancer activity of PEC-CCM conjugates was quantified by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay using a hepatic cancer cell line (HepG2), a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), and a human normal kidney cell line (293A). It was found that the curcumin of PEC-CCM conjugates had a more significant inhibitory effect on cancer cells and was less cytotoxic to normal cells than free curcumin was. PEC-CCM conjugates have great potential for some food and pharmaceutical applications.

Biocompatible Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles from Lactoferrin and Pectin as Potential Vehicles for Antioxidative Curcumin

Polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PEC NPs) were fabricated via electrostatic interactions between positively charged heat-denatured lactoferrin (LF) particles and negatively charged pectin. The obtained PEC NPs were then utilized as curcumin carriers. PEC NPs were prepared by mixing 1.0 mg/mL solutions of heat-denatured LF and pectin at a mass ratio of 1:1 (w/w) in the absence of NaCl at pH 4.50. PEC NPs that were prepared under optimized conditions were spherical in shape with a particle size of ∼208 nm and zeta potential of ∼-32 mV. Hydrophobic curcumin was successfully encapsulated into LF/pectin PEC NPs with high encapsulation efficiency (∼85.3%) and loading content (∼13.4%). The in vitro controlled release and prominent antioxidant activities of curcumin from LF/pectin PEC NPs were observed. The present work provides a facile and fast method to synthesize nanoscale food-grade delivery systems for the improved water solubility, controlled release, and antioxidant activity of hydrophobic curcumin.