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Chen K, Xue H, Shi Q, Zhang F, Ma Q, Sun J, Liu Y, Tang Y, Wang W. Geographical identification of Chinese wine based on chemometrics combined with mineral elements, volatile components and untargeted metabonomics. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101412. [PMID: 38707779 PMCID: PMC11067470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying the geographic origin of a wine is of great importance, as origin fakery is commonplace in the wine industry. This study analyzed the mineral elements, volatile components, and metabolites in wine using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry. The most critical variables (5 mineral elements, 13 volatile components, and 51 metabolites) for wine origin classification were selected via principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Subsequently, three algorithms-K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, and random forest -were used to model single and fused datasets for origin identification. These results indicated that fused datasets, based on feature variables (mineral elements, volatile components, and metabolites), achieved the best performance, with predictive rates of 100% for all three algorithms. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a multi-source data fusion strategy for authenticity identification of Chinese wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiang Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Hongtu Xue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Qi Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Qianyun Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yiwei Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhang C, Zhou S, Yuan C. Metabolomics analysis based on UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS to discriminate grapes and wines from different geographical origins and climatological characteristics. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101396. [PMID: 38699585 PMCID: PMC11063387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With the proliferation of the consumer's awareness of wine provenance, wines with unique origin characteristics are increasingly in demand. This study aimed to investigate the influence of geographical origins and climatological characteristics on grapes and wines. A total of 94 anthocyanins and 78 non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in grapes and wines from five Chinese viticultural vineyards (CJ, WH, QTX, WW, and XY) were identified by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Chemometric methods PCA and OPLS-DA were established to select candidate differential metabolites, including flavonols, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic acids, peonidin derivatives, and malvidin derivatives. CCA showed that malvidin-3-O-glucoside had a positive correlation with mean temperature, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside had a negative correlation with precipitation. In addition, enrichment analysis elucidated that the metabolic diversity in different origins mainly occurred in flavonoid biosynthesis. This study would provide some new insights to understand the effect of geographical origins and climatological characteristics on phenolic compounds in grapes and wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Xinjiang Bainian Manor Wines & Spirits Co., Ltd, China
| | - Shubo Zhou
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chunlong Yuan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, Ningxia 750104, China
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Su X, Zhang X, Bai C, Liu H, Cao X, Yao L. Asymmetric distribution of mineral nutrients aggravates uneven fruit pigmentation driven by sunlight exposure in litchi. PLANTA 2023; 258:96. [PMID: 37819558 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Sunlight boosts anthocyanin synthesis/accumulation in sunny pericarp of litchi fruit, directly leading to uneven pigmentation. Distribution discrepancy of mineral element aggravates uneven coloration by modulating synthesis/accumulation of anthocyanin and sugar. Uneven coloration, characterized by red pericarp on sunny side and green pericarp on shady side, impacts fruit quality of 'Feizixiao' (cv.) litchi. The mechanisms of this phenomenon were explored by investigating the distribution of chlorophyll, flavonoids, sugars, and mineral elements in both types of pericarp. Transcriptome analysis in pericarp was conducted as well. Sunny pericarp contained higher anthocyanins in an order of magnitude and higher fructose, glucose, co-pigments (flavanols, flavonols, ferulic acid), and mineral elements like Ca, Mg and Mn, along with lower N, P, K, S, Cu, Zn and B (P < 0.01), compared to shady pericarp. Sunlight regulated the expression of genes involved in synthesis/accumulation of flavonoids and sugars and genes functioning in nutrient uptake and transport, leading to asymmetric distribution of these substances. Anthocyanins conferred red color on sunny pericarp, sugars, Ca and Mg promoted synthesis/accumulation of anthocyanins, and co-pigments enhanced color display of anthocyanins. The insufficiencies of anthocyanins, sugars and co-pigments, and inhibition effect of excess K, S, N and P on synthesis/accumulation of anthocyanins and sugars, jointly contributed to green color of shady pericarp. These findings highlight the role of asymmetric distribution of substances, mineral elements in particular, on uneven pigmentation in litchi, and provide insights into coloration improvement via precise fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Su
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Bai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huilin Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixian Yao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Miccichè D, de Rosas MI, Ferro MV, Di Lorenzo R, Puccio S, Pisciotta A. Effects of artificial canopy shading on vegetative growth and ripening processes of cv. Nero d'Avola ( Vitis vinifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1210574. [PMID: 37822339 PMCID: PMC10564077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1210574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The biology of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is clearly influenced by the climatic conditions of the growing environment, where temperature and light play a major role in modifying plant physiology. In the scenario of climatic changes, radiative excess, correlated to the increase in temperature, can concretely subject the photosynthetic apparatus to a condition of light saturation and cause a drastic reduction in photochemical efficiency, giving rise to chronic photoinhibition phenomena. Undoubtedly, the ripening behavior also undergo evident alterations; the problem of sugar ripening, which is often strongly accelerated, is induced not only by high temperatures but also by the excess concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which results in a higher ripening. In addition, high berry temperatures favor a reduction in the concentration of organic acids. The reported trends indicate that the need for urgent action is closely linked to the future environmental impacts that these changes could have on the entire wine sector. In recent years, shade treatments have been applied to the vine canopy to overcome this issue. Methods The objective of this study was to determine how artificial canopy shading affects the vines vegetative growth and the ripening processes of Vitis vinifera cv. Nero d'Avola during the 2019-2020 vegetative seasons. Three treatments were established: shading treatment with a green net (shade factor 27%), shading treatment with a white net (shade factor 32%), and untreated vines, thus naturally exposed to light radiation. Results and discussion Artificial shading, applied at full fruit set, interfered with the microclimate of the vines, causing partial effects on the grape ripening processes. At harvest, significant differences were found between the treatments in terms of sugars, also shading treatments increased must acidity and decrease pH. Results obtained on vegetative parameters, suggest that the shading treatment delays leaf fall, with potentially positive effects on the starch accumulation on perennial reserve organs to be exploited at the following season's sprouting. Shading significantly reduced berry size, with obvious consequences on bunch weight and yield per vine. In 2020, shaded plants showed a delay in all the phenological phases. The total anthocyanins content was not changed by the shading treatment. The results obtained confirm the importance of net coverage on the microclimate of the vines, vegetative-productive activity, and grapes quality. From this point of view, the net covering technique can be a tool for controlling grapes ripening dynamics in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Miccichè
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Inès de Rosas
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Massimo Vincenzo Ferro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Di Lorenzo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Puccio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Pisciotta
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Wang Z, Chen X, Liu Q, Zhang L, Liu S, Su Y, Ren Y, Yuan C. Untargeted metabolomics analysis based on LC-IM-QTOF-MS for discriminating geographical origin and vintage of Chinese red wine. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112547. [PMID: 36869536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying wine geographical origin and vintage is vital due to the abundance of fraudulent activity associated with wine mislabeling of region and vintage. In this study, an untargeted metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography/ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IM-QTOF-MS) was used to discriminate wine geographical origin and vintage. Wines were well discriminated according to region and vintage with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The differential metabolites subsequently were screened by OPLS-DA with pairwise modeling. 42 and 48 compounds in positive and negative ionization modes were screened as differential metabolitesfor the discrimination of different wine regions, and 37 and 35 compounds were screened for wine vintage. Furthermore, new OPLS-DA models were performed using these compounds, and the external verification trial showed excellent practicality with an accuracy over 84.2%. This study indicated that LC-IM-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics was a feasible tool for wine geographical origin and vintage discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingyue Su
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yamei Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chunlong Yuan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, Ningxia 750104, China.
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Marigliano LE, Yu R, Torres N, Medina-Plaza C, Oberholster A, Kurtural SK. Overhead photoselective shade films mitigate effects of climate change by arresting flavonoid and aroma composition degradation in wine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1085939. [PMID: 36778687 PMCID: PMC9912179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1085939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overhead photoselective shade films installed in vineyards improve berry composition in hot grape-growing regions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the flavonoid and aroma profiles and composition of wines from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) treated with partial solar radiation exclusion. METHODS Experimental design consisted in a randomized experiment with four shade films (D1, D3, D4, D5) with differing solar radiation spectra transmittance and compared to an uncovered control (C0) performed over two seasons (2021 and 2022) in Oakville (CA, USA). Berries were collected by hand at harvest and individual vinifications for each treatment and season were conducted in triplicates. Then, wine chemical composition, flavonoid and aromatic profiles were analyzed. RESULTS The wines from D4 treatment had greater color intensity and total phenolic index due to co-pigmentation with anthocyanins. Shade film wines D5 and D1 from the 2020 vintage demonstrated increased total anthocyanins in the hotter of the two experimental years. In 2021, reduced cluster temperatures optimized total anthocyanins in D4 wines. Reduced cluster temperatures modulated anthocyanin acylation, methylation and hydroxylation in shade film wines. Volatile aroma composition was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) and D4 wines exhibited a more fruity and pleasant aroma profile than C0 wines. DISCUSSION Results provided evidence that partial solar radiation exclusion in the vineyard using overhead shade films directly improved flavonoid and aroma profiles of resultant wines under hot vintage conditions, providing a tool for combatting air temperatures and warmer growing conditions associated with climate change.
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Yu R, Torres N, Tanner JD, Kacur SM, Marigliano LE, Zumkeller M, Gilmer JC, Gambetta GA, Kurtural SK. Adapting wine grape production to climate change through canopy architecture manipulation and irrigation in warm climates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015574. [PMID: 36311062 PMCID: PMC9616007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grape growing regions are facing constant warming of the growing season temperature as well as limitations on ground water pumping used for irrigating to overcome water deficits. Trellis systems are utilized to optimize grapevine production, physiology, and berry chemistry. This study aimed to compare 6 trellis systems with 3 levels of applied water amounts based on different replacements of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in two consecutive seasons. The treatments included a vertical shoot position (VSP), two modified VSPs (VSP60 and VSP80), a single high wire (SH), a high quadrilateral (HQ), and a Guyot pruned VSP (GY) combined with 25%, 50%, and 100% ETc water replacement. The SH had greater yields, whereas HQ was slower to reach full production potential. At harvest in both years, the accumulation of anthocyanin derivatives was enhanced in SH, whereas VSPs decreased them. As crown porosity increased (mostly VSPs), berry flavonol concentration and likewise molar % of quercetin in berries increased. Conversely, as leaf area increased, total flavonol concentration and molar % of quercetin decreased, indicating a preferential arrangement of leaf area along the canopy for overexposure of grape berry with VSP types. The irrigation treatments revealed linear trends for components of yield, where greater applied water resulted in larger berry size and likewise greater yield. 25% ETc was able to increase berry anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations. Overall, this study evidenced the efficiency of trellis systems for optimizing production and berry composition in Californian climate, also, the feasibility of using flavonols as the indicator of canopy architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Yu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nazareth Torres
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Justin D. Tanner
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sean M. Kacur
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Marigliano
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maria Zumkeller
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Chris Gilmer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gregory A. Gambetta
- Ecophysiologie et genomique fonctionnelle de la vigne (EGFV), Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, Institue des sciences de la vigne et du vin (ISVV), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sahap Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Cluster spatial positions varied the phenolics profiles of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes and wines under a fan training system with multiple trunks. Food Chem 2022; 387:132930. [PMID: 35436688 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fan training system with multiple trunks (F-MT) is widely used in the northern China winegrape region with high yield and convenience for burying soil to prevent winter cold. However, the wide distribution of clusters under F-MT usually leads to variations in berry compositions. In two consecutive years, clusters from different spatial positions were collected to determine the phenolic composition in grapes and resultant wines by HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Results showed that light exposure promotes the accumulation of flavonols and 3'-hydroxylated anthocyanins in berries. Wines made from upper clusters had higher alcohol degree, lightness, monomeric anthocyanins and flavonols, whereas wines made from lower clusters had relatively higher total acidity, red color component, polymeric anthocyanin and total flavanols. Most of the wine parameters were also significantly affected by vintage. In conclusion, the quality of grapes and wines varied from different cluster positions, graded harvesting helps to maximize the characteristics of grape berries.
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VanderWeide J, Falchi R, Calderan A, Peterlunger E, Vrhovsek U, Sivilotti P, Sabbatini P. Juxtaposition of the Source-to-Sink Ratio and Fruit Exposure to Solar Radiation on cv. Merlot ( Vitis vinifera L.) Berry Phenolics in a Cool versus Warm Growing Region. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10429-10442. [PMID: 35976259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine source-to-sink ratio and berry exposure to solar radiation both influence grape flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation. Here, we compared these concepts on cv. Merlot in two different growing locations (Michigan (MI) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (FVG), IT) to understand whether the environment influences flavonoid sensitivity to these parameters. Three levels of leaf removal (LR0, LR5, LR8) were implemented at the pea-size phenological stage to compare conditions of increased cluster light exposure with a decreasing vine source-to-sink ratio on berry flavonoid accumulation. Treatments did not affect total soluble solids (TSSs) or pH, but titratable acidity (TA) was lower in LR8 at harvest in both locations. LR5 increased anthocyanins and flavonols in MI but decreased most phenolics in FVG. The decreased expression of VviLAR1 and VviF3'5'Hh during ripening supported the lower concentrations of flavan-3-ol monomers and anthocyanins in FVG. In summary, flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation were more sensitive to solar radiation than the source-to-sink ratio, and the vineyard environment dictated whether solar radiation was beneficial or detrimental to flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanderWeide
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Calderan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Li W, Liu M, Chen K, Zhang J, Xue T, Cheng Z, Zhang B, Zhang K, Fang Y. The roles of different photoselective nets in the targeted regulation of metabolite accumulation, wine aroma and sensory profiles in warm viticulture regions. Food Chem 2022; 396:133629. [PMID: 35839719 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the quality of grapes and wine in warm viticulture regions, the effects of pearl, red and black photoselective nets on the quality of grapes and wine were systematically investigated. Compared with the CK (open field), three nets improved the microclimate conditions and reduced grape sugar and wine alcohol levels. However, the nets differentially affected other quality profiles of the grapes and wine. The pearl net reduced the total flavanol contents in grapes and total aromatic volatiles in wine. The red net increased the total flavanol, tannin and total aromatic volatile contents in wine by approximately 40%, 95% and 10%, respectively, and the percentages for the black net were 30%, 45% and 3%, respectively. The red and pearl nets were more inclined to improve the taste and aroma sensory qualities of wine than the black net did. The red net had the highest comprehensive scores via principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Li
- College of Enology, Viti-Viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Keqin Chen
- College of Enology, Viti-Viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Guanyun County Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Lianyungang 222200, China
| | - Tingting Xue
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | | | - Bo Zhang
- Chateau Guofei, Korla, Xinjiang 841201, China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- College of Enology, Viti-Viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, Viti-Viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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11
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Zha Q, Yin X, Xi X, Jiang A. Colored Shade Nets Can Relieve Abnormal Fruit Softening and Premature Leaf Senescence of "Jumeigui" Grapes during Ripening under Greenhouse Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1227. [PMID: 35567229 PMCID: PMC9102565 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High temperature causes premature grape leaf senescence, abnormal berry softening, and shortening of the fruiting period. Furthermore, the fruit quality and yield are severely affected. Here, the "Jumeigui" grape quality and leaf senescence were evaluated under shading; green, blue, black, and gray nets were used for shading, and their spectra were measured. At the same density, the shade-net color significantly affected cooling and shading efficiencies, with gray nets showing the best light transmission and cooling effect. Shading significantly alleviated abnormal heat-induced grape softness. The total soluble solids (TSS) content and grape coloration were affected under gray, blue, and green shade nets. Nonetheless, TSS exceeded 18 °Brix under gray, blue, and green nets, as required of first-class high-quality fruit. The peel color was not significantly affected under gray or blue shade nets, whereas unshaded grapes showed clear heat-stress damage, especially on the edges of unshaded bottom leaves, in which the net photosynthesis rate was significantly lower than that under shading, indicating that high light intensity and heat caused premature leaf senescence. Colored shade nets reduced greenhouse temperature and light intensity, thereby alleviating the premature senescence of grape plants. Grape quality under black shade nets was poor, whereas superior quality was achieved using gray or blue shade nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zha
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Shanghai Key Labs of the Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiangjing Yin
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Shanghai Key Labs of the Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaojun Xi
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Shanghai Key Labs of the Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Aili Jiang
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Shanghai Key Labs of the Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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12
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Shifts in the phenolic composition and aromatic profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines are driven by different irrigation amounts in a hot climate. Food Chem 2022; 371:131163. [PMID: 34583184 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wine final color, taste and aroma are closely related to the accumulation of secondary metabolites that may be affected by deficit irrigation applied in viticulture. A two-year study was conducted to assess the different fractions of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) irrigation replacement on wine composition, addressing the analysis of flavonoids and volatiles under context of global warming. Irrigating with 100% ETc (full grapevine demand) enhanced wine hue, antioxidant capacity, and some aromas; however, it came with a diminution of flavonoids and a less stable flavonoid profile. Replacing 25 and 50% ETc in wine grape improved wine color intensity, concentration of flavonoids, and shifted the aromatic profiles. These treatments increased some terpenes and esters which may enhance the desirable aromas for Cabernet Sauvignon, and decreased C6 alcohols related to unpleasant ones. Therefore, despite the warming trends in Mediterranean climates, 100% ETc irrigation would be not advisable to improve or maintain wine quality, and 50% ETc was sufficient.
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13
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Martínez-Subirà M, Romero MP, Moralejo M, Macià A, Puig E, Savin R, Romagosa I. Post-anthesis thermal stress induces differential accumulation of bioactive compounds in field-grown barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6496-6504. [PMID: 34000070 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a healthy grain because of its high content of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds. It faces periods of high temperature during grain filling, frequently reducing grain weight. Heat stress may also affect some of the bioactive compounds present in the grain. To produce quality grains that provide nutritional and health benefits, it is important to understand the effect of environmental stresses on the quantity and quality of bioactive compounds. RESULTS We have studied the effect of post-anthesis thermal stress on barley bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity under Mediterranean field conditions during two consecutive growing seasons in four barley genotypes. Thermal stress affected grain weight and size and changed the relative composition of bioactive compounds. The relationship between heat stress and grain β-glucans and arabinoxylans content was indirect, as the resulting increases in concentrations were due to the lower grain weight under stress. Conversely, heat stress had a significant direct impact on some phenolic compounds, increasing their concentrations differentially across genotypes, which contributed to an improvement in antioxidant capacity of up to 30%. CONCLUSION Post-anthesis thermal stress had a significant effect on β-glucans, arabinoxylans, phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant capacity of barley grains. Final grain quality could, at least partially, be controlled in order to increase the bioactive concentrations in the barley grain, by cultivation in growing areas prone to heat stress. Late sowings or late flowering genotypes could also be considered, should a premium be implemented to compensate for lower yields. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marian Moralejo
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Puig
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Roxana Savin
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
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14
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Effect of Shading Nets on Yield, Leaf Biomass and Petiole Nutrients of a Muscat of Alexandria Vineyard Growing under Hyper-Arid Conditions. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Currently, viticulture is exposed to extreme weather fluctuations and global warming, thus the implementation of short-term adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change impacts will be of a wide importance for the sustainability and competitiveness of wine industry. This research aimed to study the effect of shading nets on the viticultural performance of a Muscat of Alexandria vineyard growing under hyper-arid conditions. Methods: Three treatments were randomly arranged in the vineyard: (i) a control (without shading), (ii) a white shading net (25% of shading), and (iii) a black shading net (40% of shading). Subsequently, yield, vine vigor, berry composition, leaf biomass and petiole nutrient content were assessed. Results: Both shading nets decreased the incidence of solar radiation in vines. The application of white shading nets induced a high bunch weight and a higher number of berries per bunch than the black shading nets. Black shading nets increased pruning weight, decreased Ravaz index and induced a considerably accumulation of soluble solids in grapes. This treatment also decreased bunch weight and the number of berries per bunch, and increased rachis length compared to control. Black shading nets decreased Mg petiole content, leaf dry weight and leaf biomass at flowering compared to uncovered vines. Conclusions: Shading considerably affected the viticultural performance of Muscat of Alexandria vines growing under hyper-arid conditions, modifying yield, leaf biomass and petiole nutrients.
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Hui Y, Wang J, Jiang T, Ma T, Wang R. Effect of nitrogen regulation on berry quality and flavonoids during veraison stage. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5448-5456. [PMID: 34646515 PMCID: PMC8498049 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen regulation can effectively promote the improvement of berry components and the formation of flavor compounds in wine grapes. In order to understand the effects of foliar nitrogen spraying on grape quality and flavonoid substance, took Cabernet Sauvignon as the test subject, grape leaves were sprayed by ammonium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea, phenylalanine, and glutamate during veraison, and clear water was used as the control. The results showed that spraying ammonium sulfate could improve the contents of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and total phenols of grape berries; spraying phenylalanine significantly increased the content of titratable acid and tannin and decreased the ratio of sugar to acid in grape berries; compared with the control group, spraying glutamate could significantly upregulate some flavonol monomers; spraying calcium ammonium nitrate can adjust the monomer content of some flavanols; urea spraying significantly increased the contents of most anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonol and increased the contents of total anthocyanins, total flavanols, and total flavonol in grape skins, laying a foundation for the improvement of the nutritional value of grapes and wine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueran Hui
- College of AgronomyNingxia UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Jing Wang
- College of AgronomyNingxia UniversityYinchuanChina
| | | | - Tinghui Ma
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesYinchuanChina
| | - Rui Wang
- College of AgronomyNingxia UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Grape and Wine Research InstituteYinchuanChina
- China Wine Industry Technology InstituteYinchuanChina
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16
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Precipitation before Flowering Determined Effectiveness of Leaf Removal Timing and Irrigation on Wine Composition of Merlot Grapevine. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091865. [PMID: 34579398 PMCID: PMC8466863 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine productivity, and berry and wine flavonoid concentration, depend on the interactions of cultivar, environment, and applied cultural practices. We characterized the effects that mechanical leaf removal and irrigation treatments had on the flavonoid concentration of ‘Merlot’ (Vitis vinifera, L.) grape berries and wines in a hot climate over two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation patterns. Leaves were removed by machine, either at prebloom (PBLR), or at post-fruit-set (PFLR), or not removed (control) and irrigation was either applied as sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) at 0.8 of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from budbreak to fruit set, or regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at 0.8 ETc from bud break to fruit set, 0.5 ETc from fruit set to veraison, and 0.8 ETc from veraison to harvest, of ETc In 2014, PFLR reduced the leaf area index (LAI) compared to control. The RDI decreased season-long leaf water potential (ΨInt) compared to SDI. However, in 2015, none of the treatments affected LAI or ΨInt. In 2014, berry flavonoid concentrations were reduced by PBLR as well as SDI. SDI increased the flavonoid concentrations in wine, and PFLR increased some wine flavonols in one season. No factor affected the concentrations of wine proanthocyanidins or mean degree of polymerization. Thus, mechanical PFLR and RDI may increase berry flavonoid accumulation without yield reduction, in red wine grapes cultivars grown in hot climates when precipitation after bud break is lacking. However, spring precipitation may influence the effectiveness of these practices as evidenced by this work in a changing climate.
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17
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Torres N, Yu R, Martínez-Lüscher J, Kostaki E, Kurtural SK. Effects of Irrigation at Different Fractions of Crop Evapotranspiration on Water Productivity and Flavonoid Composition of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712622. [PMID: 34539704 PMCID: PMC8440997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Climate change models predict lower precipitation and higher air temperatures that will negatively affect viticultural regions. Irrigation of vineyards will be crucial for mitigating abiotic stress during the growing season. However, the environmental impact of irrigation requires consideration for ensuring its sustainability in the future. We evaluated the standard irrigation practices on grapevine water use efficiency, berry flavonoid composition, vineyard water footprint, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-grapevine symbiosis in two seasons with contrasting amounts of precipitation. The irrigation treatments consisted of weekly replacement of 25, 50, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during two growing seasons. Irrigation in grapevine vineyards mitigated the water scarcity when precipitation during the dormant season was not sufficient. The results provided field data supporting that despite the low rainfall recorded in one of the seasons, increasing the amount of irrigation was not advised, and replacing 50% ETc was sufficient. In this treatment, berry composition was improved with increased contents of total soluble solids, anthocyanins, and flavonols, and a stable flavonoid profile without an economic decrease in yield. In addition, with 50% ETc, the mycorrhizal symbiosis was not compromised and water resources were not highly impacted. Altogether, our results provide fundamental knowledge for viticulturists to design an appropriate irrigation schedule under the future warming scenarios with minimal environmental impact in semi-arid regions facing warming trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareth Torres
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnology and Food Science, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Runze Yu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Semios Biotechnologies Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evmorfia Kostaki
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sahap Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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18
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Effects of Shade Net Colors on Mineral Elements and Postharvest Shelf Life and Quality of Fresh Fig (Ficus carica L.) under Rain-Fed Condition. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoselective netting is well known for filtering the intercepted solar radiation, thus affecting light quality. While its effects on leaf mineral elements have been well investigated, how color netting affects fruit mineral nutrients remains elusive. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of shade provided by blue and yellow nets on mineral nutrients of fig trees under rain-fed conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cultivars “Sabz” and “Siah” were covered with color nets or left uncovered (as the control group). The highest nitrogen content (8710 ppm) was recorded for cultivar “Sabz” covered with blue net. Color nets enhanced calcium concentration in cultivar “Siah”. Covering fig trees with yellow net increased magnesium content in cultivar “Siah” and phosphorus content in cultivar “Sabz”. Our observation showed the significant positive effect of photo selective nets on postharvest quality, by decreasing fig fruit weight loss and extending shelf life of fruits. In general, color nets as a new agro-technological approach can maintain fruit nutrition under rain-fed conditions and increase postharvest shelf life and quality of fresh fig.
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Cheng X, Liang Y, Zhang A, Wang P, He S, Zhang K, Wang J, Fang Y, Sun X. Using foliar nitrogen application during veraison to improve the flavor components of grape and wine. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1288-1300. [PMID: 32869302 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is involved in the winemaking process from grapevine growth to wine fermentation, and its precise utilization in vineyards can regulate grape and wine quality. Foliar nitrogen application during veraison (FNAV) could prevent nitrogen deficiency in grape and must in nitrogen-deficient vineyards. Moreover, FNAV also could improve certain flavor components of grape and wine, but little attention has been paid to FNAV. Therefore, this paper mainly reviews the difficulties encountered in current applications of nitrogen in vineyards and wineries, and the advantages of FNAV over the addition of nitrogen in soil and wineries. And it discusses that FNAV can increase yeast-assimilable nitrogen and phenolics, and scarcely affect volatile components of grape (must and wine), and points out the existing problems including the core issue and then puts forward future research directions. This information may indicate future directions for research, and provide a reference for viticulturists and winemakers on the precise application of nitrogen on grapevine and must to further improve grape and wine quality in nitrogen-deficient vineyards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Cheng
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanying Liang
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ang Zhang
- Technology Centre of Qinhuangdao Customs, No. 1 Liupanshan Road, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuang He
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiexing Wang
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, shaanxi, 712100, China
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20
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Gambetta JM, Holzapfel BP, Stoll M, Friedel M. Sunburn in Grapes: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:604691. [PMID: 33488654 PMCID: PMC7819898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.604691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sunburn is a physiological disorder that affects the visual and organoleptic properties of grapes. The appearance of brown and necrotic spots severely affects the commercial value of the fruit, and in extreme cases, significantly decreases yield. Depending on the severity of the damage and the driving factors, sunburn on grapes can be classified as sunburn browning (SB) or as sunburn necrosis (SN). Sunburn results from a combination of excessive photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV radiation and temperature that can be exacerbated by other stress factors such as water deficit. Fruit respond to these by activating antioxidant defense mechanisms, de novo synthesis of optical screening compounds and heat-shock proteins as well as through morphological adaptation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sunburn in grapes and compares it with relevant literature on other fruits. It also discusses the different factors affecting the appearance and degree of sunburn, as well as the biochemical response of grapes to this phenomenon and different potential mitigation strategies. This review proposes further directions for research into sunburn in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Gambetta
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruno P. Holzapfel
- Department of Primary Industries, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Manfred Stoll
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Friedel
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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21
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Gutiérrez-Gamboa G, Zheng W, Martínez de Toda F. Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Cheng X, Wang X, Zhang A, Wang P, Chen Q, Ma T, Li W, Liang Y, Sun X, Fang Y. Foliar Phenylalanine Application Promoted Antioxidant Activities in Cabernet Sauvignon by Regulating Phenolic Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15390-15402. [PMID: 33319992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of foliar phenylalanine application during veraison (FPV) on phenolic biosynthesis and correlation between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities in Cabernet Sauvignon grown in field and greenhouse were investigated. Solutions with 69 and 138 mg N/vine phenylalanine (Pe1 and Pe2, respectively) and an aqueous solution without nitrogen (CK) were sprayed three times during veraison. FPV significantly improved antioxidant activities in grapes using the two culture methods. The most contributory phenolic compositions to antioxidant activities were anthocyanins and stilbenes following FPV compared with CK. Phenylalanine metabolism, abscisic acid content, and expression levels of VvPAL, VvCHS, VvF3H, VvUFGT, and VvSTS in the phenolic synthesis pathway were increased from the first FPV to harvest. Although Pe2 significantly increased total phenolic contents than Pe1, antioxidant parameters were not markedly affected by the phenylalanine dose. Our finding revealed that FPV was a useful fertilization method to enhance antioxidant activities in grapes in nitrogen-deficient vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Cheng
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ang Zhang
- Technology Centre of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qianyi Chen
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanping Li
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanying Liang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Martínez-Lüscher J, Chen CCL, Brillante L, Kurtural SK. Mitigating Heat Wave and Exposure Damage to "Cabernet Sauvignon" Wine Grape With Partial Shading Under Two Irrigation Amounts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579192. [PMID: 33240297 PMCID: PMC7683524 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures in most agricultural regions of the world are associated with a higher incidence of extreme weather events such as heat waves. We performed an experiment to mitigate the impact of heat waves and exposure of berries in grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. "Cabernet Sauvignon") with untreated vines (Exposed) or with fruit-zone partial shading (Shaded) under 40 and 80% replacement of crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) with sustained deficit irrigation in a factorially arranged experiment. The trial was performed in a vineyard with vertically shoot positioned trellis with a row orientation that concentrated solar radiation exposure on the southwest aspect of the fruit zone. Leaf stomatal conductance (g s ) and net carbon assimilation (A N ) were significantly lower in shaded leaves under partial fruit-zone shading that resulted in lower pruning mass for Shaded treatments. Stem water potential (Ψ stem ) responded to a large extent to increased irrigation. However, grapevines with partial fruit-zone shading had transiently better water status under 40% ET c . Cluster maximum temperatures were 3.9°C greater in Exposed grapevines. Exposed clusters had transiently lower acidity and higher pH. However, Exposed clusters on 40% ET c had higher total soluble solids (TSS). The experimental vineyard suffered a 4-day heat wave 21 days before harvest, resulting in 25% of the clusters being damaged in Exposed treatment, regardless of irrigation amount. Furthermore, berries in Exposed treatments suffered a great loss of anthocyanins and flavonols even if they were not damaged by direct solar exposure. The pre-planting decision of using a vertically shoot positioned trellis that concentrated solar radiation on the Southwest aspect offered mild protection in a hot climate region with a sunny growing season with extreme heat events during the execution of study. The extreme conditions under which this study was conducted are not unusual, and have become more expected. Our work provided evidence of the vulnerability of grape berry to heat waves and exposure during heat wave events and possible protection methods to mitigate these effects in situ in context of climate change.
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Cheng X, Ma T, Wang P, Liang Y, Zhang J, Zhang A, Chen Q, Li W, Ge Q, Sun X, Fang Y. Foliar nitrogen application from veraison to preharvest improved flavonoids, fatty acids and aliphatic volatiles composition in grapes and wines. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Torres N, Martínez-Lüscher J, Porte E, Yu R, Kaan Kurtural S. Impacts of leaf removal and shoot thinning on cumulative daily light intensity and thermal time and their cascading effects of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) berry and wine chemistry in warm climates. Food Chem 2020; 343:128447. [PMID: 33131953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leaf removal (LR), shoot thinning (ST) and their combination (LRST) are known to increase berry solar exposure affecting berry composition and consequently improving wine quality and antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that LR, ST or their combination (LRST) would affect flavonoid content during berry ripening by means of changes of the berry microclimate (light and temperature) as well as wine composition, quality, and antioxidant properties. Thermal time and sum of light intensity thresholds were different to achieve the maximum berry anthocyanin and flavonol contents. ST mostly affected wine characteristics by increasing alcoholic content, acidity, hue and phenolic substances. Wine antioxidant capacity decreased in ST wines likely by decreases in catechin and quercetin contents. ST and LRST increased proanthocyanidin polymerization and decreased monomeric flavan-3-ols, which may reduce wine bitterness and enhance astringency. Therefore, the management of canopy should take into account the warming trends in viticulture regions, rather than being applied preemptively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareth Torres
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Etienne Porte
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Runze Yu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Torres N, Martínez-Lüscher J, Porte E, Kurtural SK. Optimal Ranges and Thresholds of Grape Berry Solar Radiation for Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Warm Climates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:931. [PMID: 32714350 PMCID: PMC7344324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In commercial wine grape production, canopy management practices are applied to control the source-sink balance and improve the cluster microclimate to enhance berry composition. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal ranges of berry solar radiation exposure (exposure) for upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and thresholds for their degradation, to evaluate how canopy management practices such as leaf removal, shoot thinning, and a combination of both affect the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) yield components, berry composition, and flavonoid profile. Three experiments were conducted in Oakville, CA, USA. First experiment assessed changes in the grape flavonoid content driven by four degrees of exposure. In the second experiment, individual grape berries subjected to different exposures were collected from two cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Petit Verdot). The third experiment consisted of an experiment with three canopy management treatments (i) LR (removal of 5 to 6 basal leaves), (ii) ST (thinned to 24 shoots per vine), and (iii) LRST (a combination of LR and ST) and an untreated control (UNT). Berry composition, flavonoid content and profiles, and 3-isobutyl 2-methoxypyrazine were monitored during berry ripening. Although increasing canopy porosity through canopy management practices can be helpful for other purposes, this may not be the case of flavonoid compounds when a certain proportion of kaempferol was achieved. Our results revealed different sensitivities to degradation within the flavonoid groups, flavonols being the only monitored group that was upregulated by solar radiation. Within different canopy management practices, the main effects were due to the ST. Under environmental conditions given in this trial, ST and LRST hastened fruit maturity; however, a clear improvement of the flavonoid compounds (i.e., greater anthocyanin) was not observed at harvest. Methoxypyrazine berry content decreased with canopy management practices studied. Although some berry traits were improved (i.e. 2.5° Brix increase in berry total soluble solids) due to canopy management practices (ST), this resulted in a four-fold increase in labor operations cost, two-fold decrease in yield with a 10-fold increase in anthocyanin production cost per hectare that should be assessed together.
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Yu R, Kurtural SK. Proximal Sensing of Soil Electrical Conductivity Provides a Link to Soil-Plant Water Relationships and Supports the Identification of Plant Water Status Zones in Vineyards. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:244. [PMID: 32218792 PMCID: PMC7078246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the wine grapes are grown in Mediterranean climates, where water is the determining factor for grapevine physiology and berry chemistry. At the vineyard scale, plant water status is variable due to the variability in many environmental factors. In this study, we investigated the ecophysiological variability of an irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard. We used equidistant grid sampling to assess the spatial variations of the plants and soil, including plant water status by stem water potential (Ψ stem ), leaf gas exchange, and on-site soil analysis. We also measured soil electrical conductivity (EC) by proximal sensing at two depths [0.75 - 1.5 m (sub soil); 0 - 0.75 m (top soil)]. Ψ stem integrals were calculated to represent the season-long plant water status. On the base of realized Ψ stem integrals, the vineyard was delineated into two functional homogeneous zones (fHZs) with one severely water stressed zone and one moderately water stressed zone. Sub soil EC was directly related to Ψ stem (r 2 = 0.56) and g s (r 2 = 0.39) when the soil was proximally sensed at harvest in 2018. Although the same trend was evident in 2019 we could not deduce a direct relationship. The fruits from the two fHZs were harvested differentially. Comparing the two fHZs, there was no significant difference in juice total soluble solids or pH. The severely water stressed zone showed significantly higher malvidin and total anthocyanins on a dry skin weight basis, but lower peonidin, malvidin on a per berry basis in 2018. In 2019, there were more quercetin and total flavonols per berry in the severely water stressed zone. Overall, this study provided fundamental knowledge of the viability of managing spatial variability by delineating vineyard into distinct zones based on plant water status, and the potentiality of proximally sensed soil EC in the spatial assessment of plant water status and the supporting of vineyard management.
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Castro-Moretti FR, Gentzel IN, Mackey D, Alonso AP. Metabolomics as an Emerging Tool for the Study of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Metabolites 2020; 10:E52. [PMID: 32013104 PMCID: PMC7074241 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants defend themselves from most microbial attacks via mechanisms including cell wall fortification, production of antimicrobial compounds, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Successful pathogens overcome these host defenses, as well as obtain nutrients from the host. Perturbations of plant metabolism play a central role in determining the outcome of attempted infections. Metabolomic analyses, for example between healthy, newly infected and diseased or resistant plants, have the potential to reveal perturbations to signaling or output pathways with key roles in determining the outcome of a plant-microbe interaction. However, application of this -omic and its tools in plant pathology studies is lagging relative to genomic and transcriptomic methods. Thus, it is imperative to bring the power of metabolomics to bear on the study of plant resistance/susceptibility. This review discusses metabolomics studies that link changes in primary or specialized metabolism to the defense responses of plants against bacterial, fungal, nematode, and viral pathogens. Also examined are cases where metabolomics unveils virulence mechanisms used by pathogens. Finally, how integrating metabolomics with other -omics can advance plant pathology research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. Castro-Moretti
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA
| | - Irene N. Gentzel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Ana P. Alonso
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA
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Martínez-Lüscher J, Plank CM, Brillante L, Cooper ML, Smith RJ, Al-Rwahnih M, Yu R, Oberholster A, Girardello R, Kurtural SK. Grapevine Red Blotch Virus May Reduce Carbon Translocation Leading to Impaired Grape Berry Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2437-2448. [PMID: 30721055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is suspected to alter berry ripening and chemistry. This study performed a physiological characterization of GRBV infected grapevines with attention to the factors leading to chemical changes during ripening of Cabernet Sauvignon in two rootstocks, 110R and 420A. RB(+) grapevines had transiently lower net photosynthesis; however, berry total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation was consistently reduced in the two years of study. Accumulation of anthocyanins and loss of titratable acidity and proanthocyanins were also delayed in RB(+) plants. However, the comparison of samples with the same TSS led to lower pH and anthocyanins content. The reduction in carbon import into berries under mild and transient reductions in carbon fixation suggested an impairment of translocation mechanisms with RB(+), leading into a desynchronization of ripening-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and Oakville Experiment Station , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Cassandra M Plank
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and Oakville Experiment Station , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Luca Brillante
- California State University - Fresno , Department of Viticulture and Enology , 2360 Barstow Avenue , Fresno , California 93740 , United States
| | - Monica L Cooper
- University of California Cooperative Extension , 1710 Soscol Avenue , Napa , California 94559 , United States
| | - Rhonda J Smith
- University of California Cooperative Extension , 133 Aviation Boulevard , Santa Rosa , California 95403 , United States
| | - Maher Al-Rwahnih
- University of California Davis Foundation Plant Services , 455 Hopkins Road , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Runze Yu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and Oakville Experiment Station , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and Oakville Experiment Station , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Raul Girardello
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and Oakville Experiment Station , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - S Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and Oakville Experiment Station , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Martínez-Lüscher J, Brillante L, Kurtural SK. Flavonol Profile Is a Reliable Indicator to Assess Canopy Architecture and the Exposure of Red Wine Grapes to Solar Radiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:10. [PMID: 30766542 PMCID: PMC6365461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to solar radiation is a determining factor of grape composition. Flavonol synthesis is upregulated by solar radiation leaving a fingerprint on flavonol profile. This study aimed to test the factors affecting flavonol accumulation and profile and their potential as an indicator to assess the overall exposure of red wine grape berry to solar radiation. We performed three experiments to study the response of flavonol accumulation and profile to (1) three different solar radiation exclusion treatments during berry development; (2) canopy porosity and leaf area index (LAI); and (3) spatial variability of water status, vigor and ripening and cultural practices in commercial vineyards. Results showed a strong relationship between global radiation, inverse dormant pruning weights or canopy porosity (inversely proportional to LAI) and % kaempferol or % quercetin. Furthermore, the increase in concentration of the above two flavonols was associated with a reduction of % myricetin. Total flavonol content, % kaempferol, % quercetin, and % myricetin had significant correlations with inverse dormant pruning weights, but these were less sensitive to over-ripening or water deficits. Flavonol profile was associated to site hydrology (wetness index) through changes in vigor, and to LAI; and responded to shoot thinning or fruit-zone leaf removal. These results support the reliability of the flavonol profile as an assessment parameter for studies aiming to discuss canopy architecture or the effect of solar radiation on grapevine berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Luca Brillante
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Sahap Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Gouot JC, Smith JP, Holzapfel BP, Walker AR, Barril C. Grape berry flavonoids: a review of their biochemical responses to high and extreme high temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:397-423. [PMID: 30388247 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict an increase in average temperatures and in the frequency, intensity, and length of extreme temperature events in many wine regions around the world. In already warm and hot regions, such changes may compromise grape growing and the production of high quality wine as high temperature has been found to affect berry composition critically. Most recent studies focusing on the sole effect of temperature, separated from light and water, on grape berry composition found that high temperature affects a wide range of metabolites, and in particular flavonoids-key compounds for berry and wine quality. A decrease in total anthocyanins is reported in most cases, and appears to be directly associated with high temperature. Changes in anthocyanin composition, and flavonol and proanthocyanidin responses are however less consistent, and reflect the complexity of the underlying biosynthetic pathways and diversity of experimental treatments that have been used in these studies. This review examines the impact of high temperature on the biosynthesis, accumulation, and degradation of flavonoids, and attempts to reconcile the diversity of responses in relation to the latest understanding of flavonoid chemistry and molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Gouot
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason P Smith
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Bruno P Holzapfel
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda R Walker
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Celia Barril
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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