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Saberi Riseh R, Fathi F, Lagzian A, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Modifying lignin: A promising strategy for plant disease control. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132696. [PMID: 38823737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of plants, providing structural support and protection against pathogens. By modifying lignin composition and structure, scientists aim to optimize plant defense responses and increase resistance to pathogens. This can be achieved through various genetic engineering techniques which involve manipulating the genes responsible for lignin synthesis. By either up regulating or down regulating specific genes, researchers can alter the lignin content, composition, or distribution in plant tissues. Reducing lignin content in specific tissues like leaves can improve the effectiveness of defense mechanisms by allowing for better penetration of antimicrobial compounds. Overall, Lignin modification through techniques has shown promising results in enhancing various plants resistance against pathogens. Furthermore, lignin modification can have additional benefits beyond pathogen resistance. It can improve biomass processing for biofuel production by reducing lignin recalcitrance, making the extraction of sugars from cellulose more efficient. The complexity of lignin biosynthesis and its interactions with other plant components make it a challenging target for modification. Additionally, the potential environmental impact and regulatory considerations associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) require careful evaluation. Ongoing research aims to further optimize this approach and develop sustainable solutions for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Fariba Fathi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Lagzian
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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2
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Benito J, Marques G, Rosado MJ, Barro F, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC, Rencoret J. Tritordeum, a hybrid cereal with a highly tricin-enriched lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129694. [PMID: 38281525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The lignin from tritordeum straw, a hybrid cereal from crossbreeding of durum wheat and wild barley, was isolated and chemically characterized. Its composition and structure were studied by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC) method, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The data revealed an enrichment of guaiacyl (G) units (H:G:S of 3:61:36), which had a significant impact on the distribution of inter-unit linkages. The predominant linkages were the β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ethers (78 % of all linkages), with substantial proportions of condensed linkages such as phenylcoumarans (11 %), resinols (4 %), spirodienones (4 %), and dibenzodioxocins (2 %). Moreover, DFRC revealed that tridordeum straw lignin was partly acylated at the γ-OH with both acetates and p-coumarates. Acetates were principally attached to G-units, whereas p-coumarates were predominantly attached to S-units. Furthermore, and more importantly, tritordeum lignin incorporates remarkable amounts of a valuable flavone, tricin, exceeding 30 g per kilogram of straw. Given the diverse industrial applications associated with this high-value molecule, tritordeum straw emerges as a promising and sustainable resource for its extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Benito
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Mario J Rosado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Barro
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain.
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3
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Denagbe W, Covis R, Guegan JP, Robinson JC, Bereau D, Benvegnu T. Structure and emulsifying properties of unprecedent glucomannan oligo- and polysaccharides from Amazonia Acrocomia aculeata palm fruit. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121510. [PMID: 37985095 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp contains oil (4.1-82.8 % fresh matter) and carbohydrates (6.6-98.0 % fresh matter). To date, only the oil fraction is valorized because very little is known about the nature of carbohydrates. This study explores new ways of adding value to this pulp by developing simple and efficient extraction processes for its carbohydrate components and characterizing their structure and physicochemical properties over two harvest periods. A water-soluble monosaccharide fraction F1 (solubility limit (SL): 98.5-99.3 g/L) (yield: 21 % dry pulp (DP)), a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction F2 (SL: 93.3-95.3 g/L) (yield: 26 % DP) and two additional water-insoluble polysaccharide fractions F3 and F4 (SL: <8 g/L) (yields: 10 and 19 % DP, respectively) were isolated. NMR structural characterizations of fraction F2 revealed it to be a linear glucomannan with β-(1 → 4) osidic linkages between d-Manp and d-Glcp residues. F2 is unique for its d-Manp/d-Glcp ratio of 3:1 and the position of its acetyl group (13-14 %, C-2 d-Manp). Finally, the polysaccharide showed a molecular weight (Mw) variation ranging from 8.2 × 104 to 1.1 × 103 Da over the two harvest periods, with remarkable emulsifying properties associated with a low Mw of F2 (stability >6 months, 1 % w/v in a water-in-oil emulsion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Denagbe
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, Guyane, France; CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Rudy Covis
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, Guyane, France
| | - Jean-Paul Guegan
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Charles Robinson
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, Guyane, France
| | - Didier Bereau
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, Guyane, France
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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4
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Zhang W, Jiménez-Jiménez Á, Capellades M, Rencoret J, Kashyap A, Coll NS. Determination of De Novo Suberin-Lignin Ferulate Deposition in Xylem Tissue Upon Vascular Pathogen Attack. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2722:117-127. [PMID: 37897604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3477-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular pathogens use different ways to reach the xylem vessels and cause devastating diseases in plants. Resistant and tolerant plants have evolved various defense mechanisms against vascular pathogens. Inducible physico-chemical structures, such as the formation of tyloses and wall reinforcements with phenolic polymers, are very effective barriers that confine the pathogen and prevent colonization. Here, we use a combination of classical histochemistry along with bright-field and fluorescence microscopy and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy to visualize and characterize wall reinforcements containing phenolic wall polymers, namely, lignin, ferulates, and suberin, which occur in different xylem vasculature in response to pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Álvaro Jiménez-Jiménez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montserrat Capellades
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Escribano D, de Salas F, Pliego R, Marques G, Levée T, Suonpää A, Gutiérrez A, Martínez ÁT, Ihalainen P, Rencoret J, Camarero S. Depolymerisation of Kraft Lignin by Tailor-Made Alkaliphilic Fungal Laccases. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4433. [PMID: 38006155 PMCID: PMC10675753 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignins released in the black liquors of kraft pulp mills are an underutilised source of aromatics. Due to their phenol oxidase activity, laccases from ligninolytic fungi are suitable biocatalysts to depolymerise kraft lignins, which are characterised by their elevated phenolic content. However, the alkaline conditions necessary to solubilise kraft lignins make it difficult to use fungal laccases whose activity is inherently acidic. We recently developed through enzyme-directed evolution high-redox potential laccases active and stable at pH 10. Here, the ability of these tailor-made alkaliphilic fungal laccases to oxidise, demethylate, and depolymerise eucalyptus kraft lignin at pH 10 is evidenced by the increment in the content of phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, the methanol released, and the appearance of lower molecular weight moieties after laccase treatment. Nonetheless, in a second assay carried out with higher enzyme and lignin concentrations, these changes were accompanied by a strong increase in the molecular weight and content of β-O-4 and β-5 linkages of the main lignin fraction, indicating that repolymerisation of the oxidised products prevails in one-pot reactions. To prevent it, we finally conducted the enzymatic reaction in a bench-scale reactor coupled to a membrane separation system and were able to prove the depolymerisation of kraft lignin by high-redox alkaliphilic laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Escribano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-E.); (Á.T.M.)
| | - Felipe de Salas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-E.); (Á.T.M.)
| | - Rocío Pliego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-E.); (Á.T.M.)
| | - Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Thomas Levée
- MetGen Oy, 20780 Kaarina, Finland (A.S.); (P.I.)
| | - Anu Suonpää
- MetGen Oy, 20780 Kaarina, Finland (A.S.); (P.I.)
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Ángel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-E.); (Á.T.M.)
| | | | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-E.); (Á.T.M.)
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6
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Karmanov A, Kocheva L, Borisenkov M, Belyi V. Macromolecular Hydrodynamics and Fractal Structures of the Lignins of Fir Wood and Oat Husks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3624. [PMID: 37688250 PMCID: PMC10489672 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The topological structure of the macromolecules of lignins isolated from oat husk and fir wood was studied by means of macromolecular hydrodynamic methods. The macromolecular properties were analyzed by evaluating the intrinsic viscosity and coefficients of the translational diffusion and the sedimentation velocity of the lignins in dilute dimethylformamide solutions. The average molecular weights (MDη) and polydispersity parameters were calculated based on the results of the fractionation, as follows: Mw = 14.6 × 103, Mn = 9.0, and Mw/Mn = 1.62 for lignins from fir wood and Mw = 14.9 Mn = 13.5 and Mw/Mn = 1.1 for lignins from oat husks. The fractal analysis of the lignin macromolecules allowed us to identify the distinctive characteristics of the fractal and topological structures of these lignins. The measurements indicated that the fractal dimension (df) values of the guaiacyl-syringyl lignins from oat husks were between 1.71 and 1.85, while the df of a typical guaiacyl lignin from fir wood was ~2.3. Thus, we determined that the lignin macromolecules of oat husks belong to the diffusion-limited aggregation-type cluster-cluster class of fractals of the Meakin-Kolb type, with a predominance of characteristics common to a linear configuration. The lignins of softwood fir trees exhibited a branched topological structure, and they belong to the diffusion-limited aggregation-type particle-cluster class of fractals of the Witten-Sander type. Lignins from oat husks have the linear topology of macromolecules while the macromolecules of the lignins from fir wood can be characterized as highly branched polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Karmanov
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia;
| | - Lyudmila Kocheva
- Institute of Geology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia
| | - Mikhail Borisenkov
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia
| | - Vladimir Belyi
- Institute of Chemistry of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhao J, Oyom W, Long H, Yang R, Pu L, Bi Y, Prusky D. Meyerozyma guilliermondii promoted the deposition of GSH type lignin by activating the biosynthesis and polymerization of monolignols at the wounds of potato tubers. Food Chem 2023; 416:135688. [PMID: 36905709 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a crucial component in the wound tissue of tubers. The biocontrol yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coenzyme coenzyme A ligase, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and elevated the levels of coniferyl, sinapyl, and p-coumaryl alcohol. The yeast also enhanced the activities of peroxidase and laccase, as well as the content of hydrogen peroxide. The lignin promoted by the yeast was identified as guaiacyl-syringyl-p-hydroxyphenyl type using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, a larger signal area for G2, G5, G'6, S2, 6, and S'2, 6 units was observed in the treated tubers, and the G'2 and G6 units were only detected in the treated tuber. Taken together, M. guilliermondii could promote deposition of guaiacyl-syringyl-p-hydroxyphenyl type lignin by activating the biosynthesis and polymerization of monolignols at the wounds of potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jinmei Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - William Oyom
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Haitao Long
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lumei Pu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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8
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Rencoret J, Marques G, Rosado MJ, Benito J, Barro F, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC. Variations in the composition and structure of the lignins of oat (Avena sativa L.) straws according to variety and planting season. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124811. [PMID: 37187416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The differences in the composition and structure of the lignins from straws of different oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties, planted in two seasons (winter and spring), were studied in detail by different analytical techniques such as pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR), derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Overall, the analyses revealed that oat straw lignins were enriched in guaiacyl (G; 50-56 %) and syringyl (S; 39-44 %) units, with relatively lower amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H; 4-6 %) units. The lignins also incorporated significant quantities of p-coumarates (9-14 % of total lignin units), which are acylating the γ-OH of the lignin side chains, and predominantly over the S units. Furthermore, oat straw lignins also incorporated considerable amounts of the flavone tricin (5-12 % of total lignin units). Interestingly, this study revealed that the lignin content and composition of the oat straws varies with genotype and planting season. Since p-coumarates and tricin are high-value aromatic compounds especially attractive from a biorefinery point of view, the information disclosed here is highly relevant to plant breeding programs aimed at developing functional foods and lignin modifications for improved biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain.
| | - Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Mario J Rosado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Benito
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Barro
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
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9
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Wang D, Liu L, Shen R, Chen Y, Diao M, Yao J. Fascinating polyphenol lignin extracted from sawdust via a green and recyclable solvent route. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123780. [PMID: 36822281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity, heterogeneity and recalcitrant structure of lignin, the extraction of multifunctional lignin directly from lignocellulose is still a challenge. Here, a green and recyclable route was proposed to separate high-quality lignin and tailor its functionalities. Through tuning the components of deep eutectic solvent (DES) and separation procedures, DES extracted lignin (DESL) exhibited high purity of 99.6 %, yield of 83.2 % and phenolic hydroxyl content of 8.33 wt%. The results of FTIR and 13C NMR demonstrated that DESL possessed more oxygen-containing reactive groups compared with commercial lignin (CL), enabling DESL with more superior functional activities. DESL exhibited higher antioxidant activity with the DPPH capture rate of 73.2 %. Meanwhile, DESL showed strong bactericidal effects against E. coli (100 %) and S. aureus (100 %) due to higher phenolic hydroxyl content, which could destroy bacterial cell membranes and inhibit bacterial metabolism by interacting with phospholipid layer and protein. Additionally, DESL displayed strong UV absorption and could be blended with polyurethane to enhance UV shielding property of polyurethane composite film with >50 of UPF value. In summary, DES treatment is a suitable strategy for high-quality lignin separation, which opens a broad spectrum of possibilities for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Rongsheng Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yangliu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mengyuan Diao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Juming Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China.
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10
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Kim H, Rencoret J, Elder TJ, del Río JC, Ralph J. Biomimetic oxidative copolymerization of hydroxystilbenes and monolignols. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5519. [PMID: 36888720 PMCID: PMC9995074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxystilbenes are a class of polyphenolic compounds that behave as lignin monomers participating in radical coupling reactions during the lignification. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of various artificial copolymers of monolignols and hydroxystilbenes, as well as low-molecular-mass compounds, to obtain the mechanistic insights into their incorporation into the lignin polymer. Integrating the hydroxystilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, into monolignol polymerization in vitro, using horseradish peroxidase to generate phenolic radicals, produced synthetic lignins [dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs)]. Copolymerization of hydroxystilbenes with monolignols, especially sinapyl alcohol, by in vitro peroxidases notably improved the reactivity of monolignols and resulted in substantial yields of synthetic lignin polymers. The resulting DHPs were analyzed using two-dimensional NMR and 19 synthesized model compounds to confirm the presence of hydroxystilbene structures in the lignin polymer. The cross-coupled DHPs confirmed both resveratrol and piceatannol as authentic monomers participating in the oxidative radical coupling reactions during polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Thomas J. Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station 521 Devall Dr. Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - José C. del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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11
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Karmanov A, Shaposhnikova L, Kocheva L, Rachkova N, Belyy V, Lutoev V. Structural features of stress lignin of aspen (Populus tremula L.) growing under increased background radiation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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12
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Antreich SJ, Huss JC, Xiao N, Singh A, Gierlinger N. The walnut shell network: 3D visualisation of symplastic and apoplastic transport routes in sclerenchyma tissue. PLANTA 2022; 256:49. [PMID: 35881249 PMCID: PMC9325819 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High symplastic connectivity via pits was linked to the lignification of the developing walnut shell. With maturation, this network lessened, whereas apoplastic intercellular space remained and became relevant for shell drying. The shell of the walnut (Juglans regia) sclerifies within several weeks. This fast secondary cell wall thickening and lignification of the shell tissue might need metabolites from the supporting husk tissue. To reveal the transport capacity of the walnut shell tissue and its connection to the husk, we visualised the symplastic and apoplastic transport routes during shell development by serial block face-SEM and 3D reconstruction. We found an extensive network of pit channels connecting the cells within the shell tissue, but even more towards the husk tissue. Each pit channel ended in a pit field, which was occupied by multiple plasmodesmata passing through the middle lamella. During shell development, secondary cell wall formation progressed towards the interior of the cell, leaving active pit channels open. In contrast, pit channels, which had no plasmodesmata connection to a neighbouring cell, got filled by cellulose layers from the inner cell wall lamellae. A comparison with other nut species showed that an extended network during sclerification seemed to be linked to high cell wall lignification and that the connectivity between cells got reduced with maturation. In contrast, intercellular spaces between cells remained unchanged during the entire sclerification process, allowing air and water to flow through the walnut shell tissue when mature. The connectivity between inner tissue and environment was essential during shell drying in the last month of nut development to avoid mould formation. The findings highlight how connectivity and transport work in developing walnut shell tissue and how finally in the mature state these structures influence shell mechanics, permeability, conservation and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Antreich
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jessica C Huss
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adya Singh
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Kashyap A, Jiménez-Jiménez ÁL, Zhang W, Capellades M, Srinivasan S, Laromaine A, Serra O, Figueras M, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Valls M, Coll NS. Induced ligno-suberin vascular coating and tyramine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides restrict Ralstonia solanacearum colonization in resistant tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1411-1429. [PMID: 35152435 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato varieties resistant to the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum have the ability to restrict bacterial movement in the plant. Inducible vascular cell wall reinforcements seem to play a key role in confining R. solanacearum into the xylem vasculature of resistant tomato. However, the type of compounds involved in such vascular physico-chemical barriers remain understudied, while being a key component of resistance. Here we use a combination of histological and live-imaging techniques, together with spectroscopy and gene expression analysis to understand the nature of R. solanacearum-induced formation of vascular coatings in resistant tomato. We describe that resistant tomato specifically responds to infection by assembling a vascular structural barrier formed by a ligno-suberin coating and tyramine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Further, we show that overexpressing genes of the ligno-suberin pathway in a commercial susceptible variety of tomato restricts R. solanacearum movement inside the plant and slows disease progression, enhancing resistance to the pathogen. We propose that the induced barrier in resistant plants does not only restrict the movement of the pathogen, but may also prevent cell wall degradation by the pathogen and confer anti-microbial properties, effectively contributing to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Weiqi Zhang
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montserrat Capellades
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sumithra Srinivasan
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS), CSIC, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS), CSIC, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08001, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Elder T, Del Río JC, Ralph J, Rencoret J, Kim H. Density functional theory study on the coupling and reactions of diferuloylputrescine as a lignin monomer. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 197:113122. [PMID: 35131641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diferuloylputrescine has been found in a variety of plant species, and recent work has provided evidence of its covalent bonding into lignin. Results from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the presence of bonding patterns consistent with homo-coupling of diferuloylputrescine and the possibility of cross-coupling with lignin. In the present work, density functional theory calculations have been applied to assess the energetics associated with radical coupling, rearomatization, and dehydrogenation for possible homo-coupled dimers of diferuloylputrescine and cross-coupled dimers of diferuloylputrescine and coniferyl alcohol. The values obtained for these reaction energetics are consistent with those reported for monolignols and other novel lignin monomers. As such, this study shows that there would be no thermodynamic impediment to the incorporation of diferuloylputrescine into the lignin polymer and its addition to the growing list of non-canonical lignin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 521 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
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15
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Features of the Chemical Composition and Structure of Birch Phloem Dioxane Lignin: A Comprehensive Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050964. [PMID: 35267787 PMCID: PMC8912895 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemical structure of lignin in the plant phloem contributes to the systematics of lignins of various biological origins, as well as the development of plant biomass valorization. In this study, the structure of the lignin from birch phloem has been characterized using the combination of three analytical techniques, including 2D NMR, Py-GC/MS, and APPI-Orbitrap-HRMS. Due to the specifics of the phloem chemical composition, two lignin preparations were analyzed: a sample obtained as dioxane lignin (DL) by the Pepper’s method and DL obtained after preliminary alkaline hydrolysis of the phloem. The obtained results demonstrated that birch phloem lignin possesses a guaiacyl–syringyl (G-S) nature with a unit ratio of (S/G) 0.7–0.9 and a higher degree of condensation compared to xylem lignin. It was indicated that its macromolecules are constructed from β-aryl ethers followed by phenylcoumaran and resinol structures as well as terminal groups in the form of cinnamic aldehyde and dihydroconiferyl alcohol. The presence of fatty acids and flavonoids removed during alkaline treatment was established. Tandem mass spectrometry made it possible to demonstrate that the polyphenolic components are impurities and are not incorporated into the structure of lignin macromolecules. An important component of phloem lignin is lignin–carbohydrate complexes incorporating xylopyranose moieties.
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16
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Mengistie E, Alayat AM, Sotoudehnia F, Bokros N, DeBolt S, McDonald AG. Evaluation of Cell Wall Chemistry of Della and Its Mutant Sweet Sorghum Stalks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1689-1703. [PMID: 35099962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall compositional (lignin and polysaccharides) variation of two sweet sorghum varieties, Della (D) and its variant REDforGREEN (RG), was evaluated at internodes (IN) and nodes (N) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stalks were grown in 2018 (D1 and RG1) and 2019 (D2 and RG2) seasons. In RG1, Klason lignin reductions by 16-44 and 2-26% were detected in IN and N, respectively. The analyses also revealed that lignin from the sorghum stalks was enriched in guaiacyl units and the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio was increased in RG1 and RG2, respectively, by 96% and more than 2-fold at IN and 61 and 23% at N. The glucan content was reduced by 23-27% for RG1 and by 17-22% for RG2 at internodes. Structural variations due to changes in both cellulose- and hemicellulose-based sugars were detected. The nonacylated and γ-acylated β-O-4 linkages were the main interunit linkages detected in lignin. These results indicate compositional variation of stalks due to the RG variation, and the growing season could influence their mechanical and lodging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalkachew Mengistie
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Abdulbaset M Alayat
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Farid Sotoudehnia
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Norbert Bokros
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Armando G McDonald
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
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17
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Ovejero-Pérez A, Rigual V, Domínguez JC, Alonso MV, Oliet M, Rodriguez F. Organosolv and ionosolv processes for autohydrolyzed poplar fractionation: Lignin recovery and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 197:131-140. [PMID: 34971638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biomass fractionation plays a major role in the search for competitive biorefineries, where the isolation and recovery of the three woody fractions is key. In this sense, we have used autohydrolyzed hemicellulose-free poplar as feedstock to compare two fractionation processes, organosolv and ionosolv, oriented to lignin recovery. The recovered lignins were then characterize by different techniques (NMR, GPC, TGA). Both treatments were tested at different temperatures to analyze temperature influence on lignin recovery and properties. The highest lignin recovery was obtained with the ionosolv process at 135 °C, reaching a solid yield of ~70%. Lignin characterization showed differences between both treatments. Lignins enriched in C-O linkages and G units were recovered with the organosolv process, where increasing temperature led to highly depolymerized lignins. However, lignins with higher C-C linkages and S units contents were obtained with the ionosolv process, producing more thermically stable lignins. In addition, increasing temperature caused lignin repolymerization when employing ionic liquids as solvents. Therefore, this work outlines the most important differences between ionosolv and organosolv processes for biomass fractionation, focusing on lignin recovery and its properties, which is the first step in order to valorize all biomass fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ovejero-Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Rigual
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Virginia Alonso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Oliet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Rencoret J, Rosado MJ, Kim H, Timokhin VI, Gutiérrez A, Bausch F, Rosenau T, Potthast A, Ralph J, del Río JC. Flavonoids naringenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydrotricin, and tricin are lignin monomers in papyrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:208-219. [PMID: 34662399 PMCID: PMC8774827 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that several polyphenolic compounds produced from beyond the canonical monolignol biosynthetic pathways can behave as lignin monomers, participating in radical coupling reactions and being incorporated into lignin polymers. Here, we show various classes of flavonoids, the chalconoid naringenin chalcone, the flavanones naringenin and dihydrotricin, and the flavone tricin, incorporated into the lignin polymer of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) rind. These flavonoids were released from the rind lignin by Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC), a chemical degradative method that cleaves the β-ether linkages, indicating that at least a fraction of each was integrated into the lignin as β-ether-linked structures. Due to the particular structure of tricin and dihydrotricin, whose C-3' and C-5' positions at their B-rings are occupied by methoxy groups, these compounds can only be incorporated into the lignin through 4'-O-β bonds. However, naringenin chalcone and naringenin have no substituents at these positions and can therefore form additional carbon-carbon linkages, including 3'- or 5'-β linkages that form phenylcoumaran structures not susceptible to cleavage by DFRC. Furthermore, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis indicated that naringenin chalcone can also form additional linkages through its conjugated double bond. The discovery expands the range of flavonoids incorporated into natural lignins, further broadens the traditional definition of lignin, and enhances the premise that any phenolic compound present at the cell wall during lignification could be oxidized and potentially integrated into the lignin structure, depending only on its chemical compatibility. This study indicates that papyrus lignin has a unique structure, as it is the only lignin known to date that integrates such a diversity of phenolic compounds from different classes of flavonoids. This discovery will open up new ways to engineer and design lignins with specific properties and for enhanced value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012-Seville, Spain
| | - Mario J Rosado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012-Seville, Spain
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Vitaliy I Timokhin
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012-Seville, Spain
| | - Florian Bausch
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - José C del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012-Seville, Spain
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19
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Duarte FLM, da Silva BP, Grancieri M, Sant'Ana CT, Toledo RCL, de São José VPB, Pacheco S, Duarte Martino HS, Ribeiro de Barros FA. Macauba ( Acrocomia aculeata) kernel has good protein quality and improves the lipid profile and short chain fatty acids content in Wistar rats. Food Funct 2022; 13:11342-11352. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macauba kernel can be indicated as a complementary source for a healthy diet and as an ingredient in the elaboration of food products, and can contribute to the continued growth of the plant-based food market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Grancieri
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Tomaz Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sidney Pacheco
- Liquid Chromatography Laboratory, Embrapa Food Agroindustry, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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20
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Rosado MJ, Rencoret J, Marques G, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC. Structural Characteristics of the Guaiacyl-Rich Lignins From Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Husks and Straw. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640475. [PMID: 33679856 PMCID: PMC7932998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crop used for human nutrition worldwide. Harvesting and processing of rice generates huge amounts of lignocellulosic by-products such as rice husks and straw, which present important lignin contents that can be used to produce chemicals and materials. In this work, the structural characteristics of the lignins from rice husks and straw have been studied in detail. For this, whole cell walls of rice husks and straw and their isolated lignin preparations were thoroughly analyzed by an array of analytical techniques, including pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). The analyses revealed that both lignins, particularly the lignin from rice husks, were highly enriched in guaiacyl (G) units, and depleted in p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and syringyl (S) units, with H:G:S compositions of 7:81:12 (for rice husks) and 5:71:24 (for rice straw). These compositions were reflected in the relative abundances of the different interunit linkages. Hence, the lignin from rice husks were depleted in β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether units (representing 65% of all inter-unit linkages), but presented important amounts of β-5' (phenylcoumarans, 23%) and other condensed units. On the other hand, the lignin from rice straw presented higher levels of β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ethers (78%) but lower levels of phenylcoumarans (β-5', 12%) and other condensed linkages, consistent with a lignin with a slightly higher S/G ratio. In addition, both lignins were partially acylated at the γ-OH of the side-chain (ca. 10-12% acylation degree) with p-coumarates, which overwhelmingly occurred over S-units. Finally, important amounts of the flavone tricin were also found incorporated into these lignins, being particularly abundant in the lignin of rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José C. del Río
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
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21
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Wang WY, Qin Z, Liu HM, Wang XD, Gao JH, Qin GY. Structural Changes in Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) of Chinese Quince ( Chaenomeles sinensis) Fruit Subjected to Subcritical Water Treatment. Molecules 2021; 26:E398. [PMID: 33451119 PMCID: PMC7828612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcritical water treatment has received considerable attention due to its cost effectiveness and environmentally friendly properties. In this investigation, Chinese quince fruits were submitted to subcritical water treatment (130, 150, and 170 °C), and the influence of treatments on the structure of milled wood lignin (MWL) was evaluated. Structural properties of these lignin samples (UL, L130, L150, and L170) were investigated by high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), TGA, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), 2D-Heteronculear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) -NMR, and 31P-NMR. The carbohydrate analysis showed that xylose in the samples increased significantly with higher temperature, and according to molecular weight and thermal analysis, the MWLs of the pretreated residues have higher thermal stability with increased molecular weight. The spectra of 2D-NMR and 31P-NMR demonstrated that the chemical linkages in the MWLs were mainly β-O-4' ether bonds, β-5' and β-β', and the units were principally G- S- H- type with small amounts of ferulic acids; these results are consistent with the results of Py-GC/MS analysis. It is believed that understanding the structural changes in MWL caused by subcritical water treatment will contribute to understanding the mechanism of subcritical water extraction, which in turn will provide a theoretical basis for developing the technology of subcritical water extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Q.); (X.-D.W.); (J.-H.G.)
| | - Zhao Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Q.); (X.-D.W.); (J.-H.G.)
| | - Hua-Min Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Q.); (X.-D.W.); (J.-H.G.)
| | - Xue-De Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Q.); (X.-D.W.); (J.-H.G.)
| | - Jing-Hao Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Q.); (X.-D.W.); (J.-H.G.)
| | - Guang-Yong Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
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22
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Zhao D, Luan Y, Xia X, Shi W, Tang Y, Tao J. Lignin provides mechanical support to herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) stems. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:213. [PMID: 33372177 PMCID: PMC7769982 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stem bending caused by mechanical failure is a major constraint for high-quality herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) cut flowers, but little is known about the underlying factors. In this study, two P. lactiflora cultivars, Xixia Yingxue (bending) and Hong Feng (upright), were used to investigate differences in stem bending. The results showed that the stem mechanical strength of Hong Feng was significantly higher than that of Xixia Yingxue, and the thickening of the secondary cell wall and the number of thickened secondary cell wall layers in Hong Feng were significantly higher than those in Xixia Yingxue. Moreover, compared with Xixia Yingxue, Hong Feng showed greater lignification of the cell wall and lignin deposition in the cell walls of the sclerenchyma, vascular bundle sheath and duct. All three types of lignin monomers were detected. The S-lignin, G-lignin, and total lignin contents and the activities of several lignin biosynthesis-related enzymes were higher in Hong Feng than in the other cultivar, and the S-lignin content was closely correlated with stem mechanical strength. In addition, 113,974 full-length isoforms with an average read length of 2106 bp were obtained from the full-length transcriptome of P. lactiflora stems, and differential expression analysis was performed based on the comparative transcriptomes of these two cultivars. Ten lignin biosynthesis-related genes, including 26 members that were closely associated with lignin content, were identified, and multiple upregulated and downregulated transcription factors were found to positively or negatively regulate lignin biosynthesis. Consequently, lignin was shown to provide mechanical support to P. lactiflora stems, providing useful information for understanding the formation of P. lactiflora stem strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiu Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Luan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Xing Xia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Shi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China.
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Neiva DM, Rencoret J, Marques G, Gutiérrez A, Gominho J, Pereira H, del Río JC. Lignin from Tree Barks: Chemical Structure and Valorization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4537-4547. [PMID: 32395900 PMCID: PMC7540371 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lignins from different tree barks, including Norway spruce (Picea abies), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), mimosa (Acacia dealbata) and blackwood acacia (A. melanoxylon), are thoroughly characterized. The lignin from E. globulus bark is found to be enriched in syringyl (S) units, with lower amounts of guaiacyl (G) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units (H/G/S ratio of 1:26:73), which produces a lignin that is highly enriched in β-ether linkages (83 %), whereas those from the two Acacia barks have similar compositions (H/G/S ratio of ≈5:50:45), with a predominance of β-ethers (73-75 %) and lower amounts of condensed carbon-carbon linkages; the lignin from A. dealbata bark also includes some resorcinol-related compounds, that appear to be incorporated or intimately associated to the polymer. The lignin from P. abies bark is enriched in G units, with lower amounts of H units (H/G ratio of 14:86); this lignin is thus depleted in β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether linkages (44 %) and enriched in condensed linkages. Interestingly, this lignin contains large amounts of hydroxystilbene glucosides that seem to be integrally incorporated into the lignin structure. This study indicates that lignins from tree barks can be seen as an interesting source of valuable phenolic compounds. Moreover, this study is useful for tailoring conversion technologies for bark deconstruction and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte M. Neiva
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS)CSICAv. Reina Mercedes, 1041012-SevilleSpain
- Centro de Estudos FlorestaisInstituto Superior de AgronomiaUniversidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda1349-017LisboaPortugal
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS)CSICAv. Reina Mercedes, 1041012-SevilleSpain
| | - Gisela Marques
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS)CSICAv. Reina Mercedes, 1041012-SevilleSpain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS)CSICAv. Reina Mercedes, 1041012-SevilleSpain
| | - Jorge Gominho
- Centro de Estudos FlorestaisInstituto Superior de AgronomiaUniversidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda1349-017LisboaPortugal
| | - Helena Pereira
- Centro de Estudos FlorestaisInstituto Superior de AgronomiaUniversidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda1349-017LisboaPortugal
| | - José C. del Río
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS)CSICAv. Reina Mercedes, 1041012-SevilleSpain
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Acidic depolymerization vs ionic liquid solubilization in lignin extraction from eucalyptus wood using the protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium chloride. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Goliszek M, Podkościelna B, Klepka T, Sevastyanova O. Preparation, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of UV-Cured Polymer Biocomposites with Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051159. [PMID: 32438552 PMCID: PMC7285094 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation and the thermal and mechanical characteristics of lignin-containing polymer biocomposites were studied. Bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA) was used as the main monomer, and butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) or styrene (St) was used as the reactive diluent. Unmodified lignin (L) or lignin modified with methacryloyl chloride (L-M) was applied as an ecofriendly component. The influences of the lignin, its modification, and of the type of reactive diluent on the properties of the composites were investigated. In the biocomposites with unmodified lignin, the lignin mainly acted as a filler, and it seemed that interactions occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the lignin and the carbonyl groups of the acrylates. When methacrylated lignin was applied, it seemed to take part in the creation of a polymer network. When styrene was added as a reactive diluent, the biocomposites had a more homogeneous structure, and their thermal resistance was higher than those with acrylate monomers. The use of lignin and its methacrylic derivative as a component in polymer composites promotes sustainability in the plastics industry and can have a positive influence on environmental problems related to waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goliszek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Calvani CC, Goncalves AMB, Silva MJ, Oliveira SL, Marangoni BS, dos Reis DD, Cena C. Portland Cement/ Acrocomia Aculeata Endocarp Bricks: Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092081. [PMID: 32369913 PMCID: PMC7254191 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, Portland/residue composites have been researched due to their technological and environmental advantages. In this study, residues of Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd endocarp (AE) were introduced in the Portland cement–soil (PC) matrix in different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 50 wt%) to produce PC/AE bricks. The characterization of the microstructures of the bricks indicate agglomerates of AE particles with increased humidity in small regions distributed throughout the matrix. Mid-infrared and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, along with thermogravimetry, indicated that AE contained mainly lignin and cellulose, as well as inorganic chemical elements such as Mg and Si. X-ray studies revealed that AE did not affect the crystallographic properties of the Portland/AE bricks. The findings indicate that the use of AE improved the thermal insulation capability of the composites with a small impact on the compressive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C. Calvani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Instituto de Física, UFMS—Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.C.C.); (A.-M.B.G.); (S.L.O.); (B.S.M.); (D.D.d.R.)
| | - Além-Mar B. Goncalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Instituto de Física, UFMS—Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.C.C.); (A.-M.B.G.); (S.L.O.); (B.S.M.); (D.D.d.R.)
| | - Michael J. Silva
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rosana-SP 19272-000, Brazil;
| | - Samuel L. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Instituto de Física, UFMS—Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.C.C.); (A.-M.B.G.); (S.L.O.); (B.S.M.); (D.D.d.R.)
| | - Bruno S. Marangoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Instituto de Física, UFMS—Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.C.C.); (A.-M.B.G.); (S.L.O.); (B.S.M.); (D.D.d.R.)
| | - Diogo D. dos Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Instituto de Física, UFMS—Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.C.C.); (A.-M.B.G.); (S.L.O.); (B.S.M.); (D.D.d.R.)
| | - Cicero Cena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Instituto de Física, UFMS—Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.C.C.); (A.-M.B.G.); (S.L.O.); (B.S.M.); (D.D.d.R.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Xiao N, Bock P, Antreich SJ, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Gierlinger N. From the Soft to the Hard: Changes in Microchemistry During Cell Wall Maturation of Walnut Shells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:466. [PMID: 32431720 PMCID: PMC7216782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The walnut shell is a hard and protective layer that provides an essential barrier between the seed and its environment. The shell is based on only one unit cell type: the polylobate sclerenchyma cell. For a better understanding of the interlocked walnut shell tissue, we investigate the structural and compositional changes during the development of the shell from the soft to the hard state. Structural changes at the macro level are explored by X-ray tomography and on the cell and cell wall level various microscopic techniques are applied. Walnut shell development takes place beneath the outer green husk, which protects and delivers components during the development of the walnut. The cells toward this outer green husk have the thickest and most lignified cell walls. With maturation secondary cell wall thickening takes place and the amount of all cell wall components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and especially lignin) is increased as revealed by FTIR microscopy. Focusing on the cell wall level, Raman imaging showed that lignin is deposited first into the pectin network between the cells and cell corners, at the very beginning of secondary cell wall formation. Furthermore, Raman imaging of fluorescence visualized numerous pits as a network of channels, connecting all the interlocked polylobate walnut shells. In the final mature stage, fluorescence increased throughout the cell wall and a fluorescent layer was detected toward the lumen in the inner part. This accumulation of aromatic components is reminiscent of heartwood formation of trees and is suggested to improve protection properties of the mature walnut shell. Understanding the walnut shell and its development will inspire biomimetic material design and packaging concepts, but is also important for waste valorization, considering that walnuts are the most widespread tree nuts in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bock
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian J. Antreich
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yannick Marc Staedler
- Division of Structural and Functional Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Division of Structural and Functional Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Mikkilä J, Trogen M, Koivu KAY, Kontro J, Kuuskeri J, Maltari R, Dekere Z, Kemell M, Mäkelä MR, Nousiainen PA, Hummel M, Sipilä J, Hildén K. Fungal Treatment Modifies Kraft Lignin for Lignin- and Cellulose-Based Carbon Fiber Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6130-6140. [PMID: 32226896 PMCID: PMC7098016 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The kraft lignin's low molecular weight and too high hydroxyl content hinder its application in bio-based carbon fibers. In this study, we were able to polymerize kraft lignin and reduce the amount of hydroxyl groups by incubating it with the white-rot fungus Obba rivulosa. Enzymatic radical oxidation reactions were hypothesized to induce condensation of lignin, which increased the amount of aromatic rings connected by carbon-carbon bonds. This modification is assumed to be beneficial when aiming for graphite materials such as carbon fibers. Furthermore, the ratio of remaining aliphatic hydroxyls to phenolic hydroxyls was increased, making the structure more favorable for carbon fiber production. When the modified lignin was mixed together with cellulose, the mixture could be spun into intact precursor fibers by using dry-jet wet spinning. The modified lignin leaked less to the spin bath compared with the unmodified lignin starting material, making the recycling of spin-bath solvents easier. The stronger incorporation of modified lignin in the precursor fibers was confirmed by composition analysis, thermogravimetry, and mechanical testing. This work shows how white-rot fungal treatment can be used to modify the structure of lignin to be more favorable for the production of bio-based fiber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Mikkilä
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- .
Tel.: +358504413086
| | - Mikaela Trogen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Klaus A. Y. Koivu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Kontro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Kuuskeri
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Maltari
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zane Dekere
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A. Nousiainen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jussi Sipilä
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Prasad RK, Chatterjee S, Mazumder PB, Gupta SK, Sharma S, Vairale MG, Datta S, Dwivedi SK, Gupta DK. Bioethanol production from waste lignocelluloses: A review on microbial degradation potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:588-606. [PMID: 31154237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous explosion of population has led to about 200% increment of total energy consumptions in last twenty-five years. Apart from conventional fossil fuel as limited energy source, alternative non-conventional sources are being explored worldwide to cater the energy requirement. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion for biofuel production is an important alternative energy source due to its abundance in nature and creating less harmful impacts on the environment in comparison to the coal or petroleum-based sources. However, lignocellulose biopolymer, the building block of plants, is a recalcitrant substance and difficult to break into desirable products. Commonly used chemical and physical methods for pretreating the substrate are having several limitations. Whereas, utilizing microbial potential to hydrolyse the biomass is an interesting area of research. Because of the complexity of substrate, several enzymes are required that can act synergistically to hydrolyse the biopolymer producing components like bioethanol or other energy substances. Exploring a range of microorganisms, like bacteria, fungi, yeast etc. that utilizes lignocelluloses for their energy through enzymatic breaking down the biomass, is one of the options. Scientists are working upon designing organisms through genetic engineering tools to integrate desired enzymes into a single organism (like bacterial cell). Studies on designer cellulosomes and bacteria consortia development relating consolidated bioprocessing are exciting to overcome the issue of appropriate lignocellulose digestions. This review encompasses up to date information on recent developments for effective microbial degradation processes of lignocelluloses for improved utilization to produce biofuel (bioethanol in particular) from the most plentiful substances of our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Prasad
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India; Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Sonika Sharma
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Dharmendra Kumar Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), HerrenhäuserStr. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Glasser WG. About Making Lignin Great Again-Some Lessons From the Past. Front Chem 2019; 7:565. [PMID: 31555636 PMCID: PMC6727614 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet, serves land-plants as bonding agent in juvenile cell tissues and as stiffening (modulus-building) agent in mature cell walls. The chemical structure analysis of cell wall lignins from two partially delignified wood species representing between 6 and 65% of total wood lignin has revealed that cell wall-bound lignins are virtually invariable in terms of inter-unit linkages, and resemble the native state. Variability is recognized as the result of isolation procedure. In native state, lignin has a low glass-to-rubber transition temperature and is part of a block copolymer with non-crystalline polysaccharides. This molecular architecture determines all of lignin's properties, foremost of all its failure to undergo interfacial failure by separation from (semi-) crystalline cellulose under a wide range of environmental conditions. This seemingly unexpected compatibility (on the nano-level) between a carbohydrate component and the highly aromatic lignin represents a lesson by nature that human technology is only now beginning to mimic. Since the isolation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., by pulping or biorefining) necessitates significant molecular alteration of lignin, isolated lignins are highly variable in structure and reflect the isolation method. While numerous procedures exist for converting isolated (carbon-rich) lignins into well-defined commodity chemicals by various liquefaction techniques (such as pyrolysis, hydrogenolysis, etc.), the use of lignin in man-made thermosetting and thermoplastic structural materials appears to offer greatest value. The well-recognized variabilities of isolated lignins can in large part be remedied by targeted chemical modification, and by adopting nature's principles of functionalization leading to inter-molecular compatibility. Lignins isolated from large-scale industrial delignification processes operating under invariable isolation conditions produce polymers of virtually invariable character. This makes lignin from pulp mills a potentially valuable biopolymeric resource. The restoration of molecular character resembling that in native plants is illustrated in this review via the demonstrated (and in part commercially-implemented) use of pulp lignins in bio-degradable (or compostable) polymeric materials.
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Elder T, Carlos Del Río J, Ralph J, Rencoret J, Kim H, Beckham GT. Radical coupling reactions of piceatannol and monolignols: A density functional theory study. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:12-23. [PMID: 31060026 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental work has revealed that the hydroxystilbene piceatannol can function as a monomeric unit in the lignification of palm fruit endocarp tissues. Results indicated that piceatannol homo-couples and cross-couples with monolignols through radical reactions and is integrally incorporated into the lignin polymer. The current work reports on the thermodynamics of the proposed reactions using density functional theory calculations. The results indicated that, in general, the energetics of both homo-coupling and cross-coupling are not dissimilar from those of the monolignol coupling, demonstrating the compatibility of piceatannol with the lignification process. Moreover, the DFT methods appear to predict the correct courses of post-coupling rearomatization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 521 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - José Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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32
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Zikeli F, Vinciguerra V, D'Annibale A, Capitani D, Romagnoli M, Scarascia Mugnozza G. Preparation of Lignin Nanoparticles from Wood Waste for Wood Surface Treatment. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020281. [PMID: 30781574 PMCID: PMC6409744 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin was isolated from wood wastes comprising Iroko sawdust (IR) and mixed sawdust from Iroko and Norway spruce (IRNS), furnished by a local wood houses producer. The respective acidolysis lignin fractions were structurally characterized using pyrolysis (Py)-GCMS, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (2D HSQC NMR), Fourier-transform infrared FTIR and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopies, size exclusion chromatography, and standard wet-chemistry methods for Klason lignin and polysaccharides determination. The isolated lignin fractions were subsequently used for the preparation of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using a non-solvent method. LNPs were then used for wood surface treatment using a dip-coating technique. The coated wood samples were analyzed by colorimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after artificial weathering experiments in a UV chamber to investigate the UV protection potential of the LNPs coatings. Wood samples dip-coated with LNPs showed promising surface modifications resembling a sort of film of fused LNPs. Coatings made from IR-LNPs and IRNS-LNPs performed significantly better in artificial weathering experiments than uncoated reference samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zikeli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Vinciguerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Alessandro D'Annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Magnetic Resonance Laboratory "Annalaura Segre" Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IMC-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy.
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Del Río JC, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Kim H, Ralph J. Structural Characterization of Lignin from Maize ( Zea mays L.) Fibers: Evidence for Diferuloylputrescine Incorporated into the Lignin Polymer in Maize Kernels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4402-4413. [PMID: 29665690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the phenolic polymer in maize grain fibers, with 5.5% Klason lignin content, has been studied. For this, the milled wood lignin (MWL) and dioxane lignin (DL) preparations were isolated and analyzed. The data indicated that the lignin in maize fibers was syringyl rich, mostly involved in β-aryl ether, resinol, and phenylcoumaran substructures. 2D NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) also revealed the occurrence of associated ferulates together with trace amounts of p-coumarates acylating the γ-OH of lignin side chains, predominantly on S-lignin units. More interesting was the occurrence of diferuloylputrescine, a ferulic acid amide, which was identified by 2D NMR and comparison with a synthesized standard, that was apparently incorporated into this lignin. A phenylcoumaran structure involving a diferuloylputrescine coupled through 8-5' linkages to another diferuloylputrescine (or to a ferulate or a guaiacyl lignin unit) was found, providing compelling evidence for its participation in radical coupling reactions. The occurrence of diferuloylputrescine in cell walls of maize kernels and other cereal grains appears to have been missed in previous works, perhaps due to the alkaline hydrolysis commonly used for composition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center , Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center , Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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Li W, Amos K, Li M, Pu Y, Debolt S, Ragauskas AJ, Shi J. Fractionation and characterization of lignin streams from unique high-lignin content endocarp feedstocks. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:304. [PMID: 30455733 PMCID: PMC6222996 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a promising source of building blocks for upgrading to valuable aromatic chemicals and materials. Endocarp biomass represents a non-edible crop residue in an existing agricultural setting which cannot be used as animal feed nor soil amendment. With significantly higher lignin content and bulk energy density, endocarps have significant advantages to be converted into both biofuel and bioproducts as compared to other biomass resources. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is highly effective in fractionating lignin from a variety of biomass feedstocks with high yield and purity while at lower cost comparing to certain ionic liquids. RESULTS In the present study, the structural and compositional features of peach and walnut endocarp cells were characterized. Compared to typical woody and herbaceous biomass, endocarp biomass exhibits significantly higher bulk density and hardness due to its high cellular density. The sugar yields of DES (1:2 choline chloride: lactic acid) pretreated peach pit (Prunus persica) and walnut shell (Juglans nigra) were determined and the impacts of DES pretreatment on the physical and chemical properties of extracted lignin were characterized. Enzymatic saccharification of DES pretreated walnut and peach endocarps gave high glucose yields (over 90%); meanwhile, compared with dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment, DES pretreatment led to significantly higher lignin removal (64.3% and 70.2% for walnut and peach endocarps, respectively). The molecular weights of the extracted lignin from DES pretreated endocarp biomass were significantly reduced. 1H-13C HSQC NMR results demonstrate that the native endocarp lignins were SGH type lignins with dominant G-unit (86.7% and 80.5% for walnut and peach endocarps lignins, respectively). DES pretreatment decreased the S and H-unit while led to an increase in condensed G-units, which may contribute to a higher thermal stability of the isolated lignin. Nearly all β-O-4' and a large portion of β-5' linkages were removed during DES pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS The high lignin content endocarps have unique cell wall characteristics when compared to the other lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. DES pretreatment was highly effective in fractionating high lignin content endocarps to produce both sugar and lignin streams while the DES extracted lignins underwent significant changes in SGH ratio, interunit linkages, and molecular sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Li
- 1Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Kirtley Amos
- 2Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Mi Li
- 3Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- 4Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- 3Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Seth Debolt
- 2Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- 3Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- 4Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- 5Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Jian Shi
- 1Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
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