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Jin AH, Qian YF, Ren J, Wang JG, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY, Luo Y. PDK inhibition promotes glucose utilization, reduces hepatic lipid deposition, and improves oxidative stress in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by increasing pyruvate oxidative phosphorylation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108969. [PMID: 37488039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In omnivorous fish, the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs)-pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α subunit (PDHE1α) axis is essential in the regulation of carbohydrate oxidative catabolism. Among the existing research, the role of the PDKs-PDHE1α axis in carnivorous fish with poor glucose utilization is unclear. In the present study, we determined the effects of PDK inhibition on the liver glycolipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). DCA is a PDK-specific inhibitor that inhibits PDK by binding the allosteric sites. A total of 160 juvenile largemouth bass were randomly divided into two groups, with four replicates of 20 fish each, fed a control diet and a control diet supplemented with dichloroacetate (DCA) for 8 weeks. The present results showed that DCA supplementation significantly decreased the hepatosomatic index, triglycerides in liver and serum, and total liver lipids of largemouth bass compared with the control group. In addition, compared with the control group, DCA treatment significantly down-regulated gene expression associated with lipogenesis. Furthermore, DCA supplementation significantly decreased the mRNA expression of pdk3a and increased PDHE1α activity. In addition, DCA supplementation improved glucose oxidative catabolism and pyruvate oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the liver, as evidenced by low pyruvate content in the liver and up-regulated expressions of glycolysis-related and TCA cycle/OXPHOS-related genes. Moreover, DCA consumption decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and increased transforming growth factor beta (tgf-β), glutathione S-transferase (gst), and superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) gene expression compared with the control diet. This study demonstrated that inhibition of PDKs by DCA promoted glucose utilization, reduced hepatic lipid deposition, and improved oxidative stress in largemouth bass by increasing pyruvate OXPHOS. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanism of the PDKs-PDHE1α axis in glucose metabolism and improve the utilization of dietary carbohydrates in farmed carnivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hui Jin
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fan Qian
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Ren
- HANOVE Research Center, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Jin-Gang Wang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Wu LT, Tan LM, You CY, Lan TY, Li WX, Xu YT, Ren ZX, Ding Q, Zhou CY, Tang ZR, Sun WZ, Sun ZH. Effects of dietary niacinamide and CP concentrations on the nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and meat quality of pigs. Animal 2023; 17:100869. [PMID: 37390624 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the dietary CP concentration in the formulation of low-protein diets without adverse effects on animal growth performance and meat quality remains challenging. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotinamide (NAM) on the nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs fed low-protein diets. To measure the nitrogen balance, we conducted two trials: in nitrogen balance trial 1, four crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) barrows (40 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets and periods. The diets consisted of a basal diet + 30 mg/kg NAM (a control dose), basal diet + 90 mg/kg NAM, basal diet + 210 mg/kg NAM, and basal diet + 360 mg/kg NAM. In nitrogen balance trial 2, another four barrows (40 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The diets consisted of a basal diet + including 30 mg/kg NAM (control), basal diet + 360 mg/kg NAM, low-protein diet + 30 mg/kg NAM, and low-protein diet + 360 mg/kg NAM. To measure growth performance, two trials were conducted. In growth performance trial 1, 40 barrows (37.0 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments (n = 10 per group), whereas in growth performance trial 2, 300 barrows (41.4 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments, with each dietary treatment conducted in five repetitions with 15 pigs each. The four diets in the two growth performance trials were similar to those in nitrogen balance trial 2. Supplementing the diet with 210 or 360 mg/kg NAM reduced urinary nitrogen excretion and total nitrogen excretion and increased nitrogen retention comparted with the control diet (P < 0.05). Compared with the control diet, the low-protein diet with 360 mg/kg NAM reduced faecal, urinary, and total nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05) without affecting nitrogen retention and average daily gain (P > 0.05). Pigs fed the low-protein diet with 360 mg/kg NAM showed a decreased intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle when compared with pigs fed the control diet (P > 0.05). Our results suggest NAM as a suitable dietary additive to reduce dietary CP concentration, maximise nitrogen retention and growth performance, and decrease fat deposition in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - L M Tan
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - C Y You
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - T Y Lan
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - W X Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Y T Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Z X Ren
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Q Ding
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - C Y Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Z R Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - W Z Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Z H Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Luo Y, Zhou W, Li R, Limbu SM, Qiao F, Chen L, Zhang M, Du ZY. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase improves carbohydrate utilization in Nile tilapia by regulating PDK2/4-PDHE1α axis and insulin sensitivity. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:25-37. [PMID: 36016966 PMCID: PMC9382415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs)-pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α subunit (PDHE1α) axis plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism in mammals. However, the regulatory function of PDKs-PDHE1α axis in the glucose metabolism of fish is not well known. This study determined whether PDKs inhibition could enhance PDHE1α activity, and improve glucose catabolism in fish. Nile tilapia fingerlings (1.90 ± 0.11 g) were randomly divided into 4 treatments in triplicate (30 fish each) and fed control diet without dichloroacetate (DCA) (38% protein, 7% lipid and 45% corn starch) and the control diet supplemented with DCA, which inhibits PDKs through binding the allosteric sites, at 3.75 (DCA3.75), 7.50 (DCA7.50) and 11.25 g/kg (DCA11.25), for 6 wk. The results showed that DCA3.75, DCA7.50 and DCA11.25 significantly increased weight gain, carcass ratio and protein efficiency ratio (P < 0.05) and reduced feed efficiency (P < 0.05) of Nile tilapia. To investigate the effects of DCA on growth performance of Nile tilapia, we selected the lowest dose DCA3.75 for subsequent analysis. Nile tilapia fed on DCA3.75 significantly reduced the mesenteric fat index, serum and liver triglyceride concentration and total lipid content in whole fish, and down-regulated the expressions of genes related to lipogenesis (P < 0.05) compared to the control. The DCA3.75 treatment significantly improved glucose oxidative catabolism and glycogen synthesis in the liver, but significantly reduced the conversion of glucose to lipid (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the DCA3.75 treatment significantly decreased the PDK2/4 gene and protein expressions (P < 0.05), accordingly stimulated PDHE1α activity by decreasing the phosphorylated PDHE1α protein level. In addition, DCA3.75 treatment significantly increased the phosphorylated levels of key proteins involved in insulin signaling pathway and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (P < 0.05). Taken together, the present study demonstrates that PDK2/4 inhibition by using DCA promotes glucose utilization in Nile tilapia by activating PDHE1α and improving insulin sensitivity. Our study helps to understand the regulatory mechanism of glucose metabolism for improving dietary carbohydrate utilization in farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Samwel M. Limbu
- University of Dar Es Salaam, Department of Aquaculture Technology, Dar Es Salaam 60091, Tanzania
- UDSM-ECNU Joint Research Center for Aquaculture and Fish Biology (JRCAFB), Dar Es Salaam 60091, Tanzania
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liqiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- ECNU-UDSM Joint Research Center for Aquaculture and Fish Biology (JRCAFB), Shanghai 200241, China
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Effects of Long-Term Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Sodium Dichloroacetate and Glucose on Metabolic Biomarkers and Intestinal Microbiota of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192522. [PMID: 36230260 PMCID: PMC9558518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-protein (LP) diets supplemented with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose (GLUC) on metabolic markers and intestinal microbiota of finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred growing barrows were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments, including the normal protein level diet (CON), the LP diets, LP with 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), and LP with 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP diet increased the plasma HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and reduced the bile acid, urea nitrogen, albumin, and total protein concentrations compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet reduced the plasma VLDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and increased the bile acid concentration compared with the LP diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the LP + DCA and LP + GLUC diets showed reduced 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase content and increased Cytochrome P450 Family 7 Subfamily A Member 1 activity of liver compared that of the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LP diets with or without DCA and GLUC supplementation increased the relative abundance of colonic microbiota related to carbohydrate fermentation in finishing pigs. In conclusion, 120 mg/kg DCA or 1.8% GLUC supplementation in an LP diet modulated the hepatic lipid metabolism of pigs, while the DCA along with GLUC supplementation likely improved the lipid metabolism by stimulating bile acid secretion.
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Xu Y, Chen H, Wan K, Zhou K, Wang Y, Li J, Tang Z, Sun W, Wu L, An R, Ren Z, Ding Q, Liang K, Sun Z. Effects of supplementing low-protein diets with sodium dichloroacetate and glucose on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6449488. [PMID: 34865045 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing low-protein diets with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) growing barrows (27 ± 0.4 kg body weight) were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments during three successive 4-wk periods. There were five diets in each phase. Diet 1 was the control diet with normal protein levels (CON) where protein levels in the three phases were 18%, 16.5%, and 15.5%, respectively. The dietary protein levels of Diets 2, 3, 4, and 5 (the low-protein diets, LP) were decreased by 4.5% compared to Diet 1. Additionally, Diets 3 and 4 were supplemented with an extra 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), respectively. Diet 5 was further supplemented with an extra 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP + DCA diet increased the average daily weight gain of pigs compared to the CON and LP diet in phase 3 and the overall experimental period (P < 0.001). The LP diet reduced the gain:feed ratios of the pigs compared to the CON, LP + DCA, and LP + DCA + GLUC diets in phase 1 and the overall experimental period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, gain:feed ratios in LP + DCA and LP + DCA + GLUC groups did not differ from that of the CON group (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the LP + DCA diet had higher pH values of meat at 24 h post-mortem than the CON group (P < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet increased the total protein content in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of pigs, compared to the other dietary treatments (P < 0.05), and increased the Arg and Leu contents in the LD muscle compared to the LP + DCA diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, the LP + DCA diet induced a higher C18:1n9t percentage in the LD muscle of pigs compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an LP diet reduced the feed efficiency in pigs and barely affected meat quality, whereas 120 mg/kg DCA supplementation in an LP diet improved the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, showed modest effects on carcass traits, and improved the muscle protein content with the addition of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Xu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan 250002, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO, Beijing 102209, P. R. China
| | - Jigang Li
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 500153, P. R. China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Rui An
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxiang Ren
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyang Liang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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Sun W, Li Y, Tang Z, Chen H, Wan K, An R, Wu L, Sun Z. Effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate to low-protein diets on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera and liver of pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:36. [PMID: 32308979 PMCID: PMC7153232 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying regulatory measures to promote glucose oxidative metabolism while simultaneously reducing amino acid oxidative metabolism is one of the foremost challenges in formulating low-protein (LP) diets designed to reduce the excretion of nitrogen-containing substances known to be potential pollutants. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) to a LP diet on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of pigs.To measure nitrogen balance, 18 barrows (40 ± 1.0 kg) were fed one of three diets (n = 6 per group): 18% crude protein (CP, control), 13.5% CP (LP), and 13.5% CP + 100 mg DCA/kg dry matter (LP-DCA). To measure amino acid metabolism in the PDV and liver, 15 barrows (40 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the three diets (n = 5 per group). Four essential amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp) were added to the LP diets such that these had amino acid levels comparable to those of the control diet. Results The LP-DCA diet reduced nitrogen excretion in pigs relative to that of pigs fed the control diet (P < 0.05), without any negative effects on nitrogen retention (P > 0.05). There were no differences between the control and LP-DCA groups with respect to amino acid supply to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues in pigs (P > 0.05). The net release of ammonia into the portal vein and production rate of urea in the liver of pigs fed the LP-DCA diet was reduced relative to that of pigs fed the control and LP diets (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that addition of DCA to a LP diet can efficiently reduce nitrogen excretion in pigs and maximize the supply of amino acids to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Sun
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- 2Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wan
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui An
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Wu
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
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Yin YB, Guo SG, Wan D, Wu X, Yin YL. Enteroids: Promising in Vitro Models for Studies of Intestinal Physiology and Nutrition in Farm Animals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2421-2428. [PMID: 30739438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sophisticated in vitro models limits our current understanding of gastrointestinal functions in farm animals. Conventional 2D cell lines or primary cells fail to recapitulate the physiology of in vivo intestinal epithelium. In contrast stem cell-derived, nontransformed 3D enteroids partially recreate the villus-crypt anatomy of the native intestine and comprise most if not all intestinal cell types including enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and stem cells. This review summarizes the techniques used for generating and culturing enteroids of various farm animal species, focuses on important factors influencing the longevity of enteroids, and provides an overview of their current applications in modeling veterinary pathogens and in developing chemicals and bioactives for treating animal disease and improving production performance. It also mentions current limitations of enteroid models and potential solutions and highlights the opportunities for using these enteroids as a platform in studies regarding veterinary sciences and animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Erasmus MC University Medical Center , 3015 GD Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Song-Ge Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , Hunan 410128 , China
| | - Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
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