1
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Groschke M, Becker R. Comparison of carrier gases for the separation and quantification of mineral oil hydrocarbon (MOH) fractions using online coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464946. [PMID: 38744185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (HPLC-GC-FID) was used to compare the effect of hydrogen, helium and nitrogen as carrier gases on the chromatographic characteristics for the quantification of mineral oil hydrocarbon (MOH) traces in food related matrices. After optimisation of chromatographic parameters nitrogen carrier gas exhibited characteristics equivalent to hydrogen and helium regarding requirements set by current guidelines and standardisation such as linear range, quantification limit and carry over. Though nitrogen expectedly led to greater peak widths, all required separations of standard compounds were sufficient and humps of saturated mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOAH) were appropriate to enable quantitation similar to situations where hydrogen or helium had been used. Slightly increased peak widths of individual hump components did not affect shapes and widths of the MOSH and MOAH humps were not significantly affected by the use of nitrogen as carrier gas. Notably, nitrogen carrier gas led to less solvent peak tailing and smaller baseline offset. Overall, nitrogen may be regarded as viable alternative to hydrogen or helium and may even extend the range of quantifiable compounds to highly volatile hydrocarbon eluting directly after the solvent peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Groschke
- Axel Semrau GmbH, Stefansbecke 42, 45549 Sprockhövel, Germany; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roland Becker
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Lommatzsch M, Eckardt M, Holzapfel J, Säger S, Simat TJ. Advanced separation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons by number of aromatic rings using donor-acceptor-complex chromatography to extend on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464600. [PMID: 38176352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An automated implementation for a subfractionation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) into a mono-/di-aromatic fraction (MDAF) and a tri-/poly-aromatic fraction (TPAF) is presented, which is highly demanded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) respecting the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of MOAH. For this, donor-acceptor-complex chromatography (DACC) was used as a selective stationary phase to extend the conventional instrumental setup for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons via on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). A set of six new internal standards was introduced for the verification of the MOAH fractionation and a quantification of MDAF and TPAF, respectively. The automated DACC approach was applied to representative petrochemical references as well as to food samples, such as rice and infant formula, generally showing well conformity with results obtained by state-of-the-art analysis using two-dimensional GC (GCxGC). Relative deviations of DACC/LC-GC-FID compared to GCxGC-FID methods regarding the ≥ 3 ring MOAH content ranged between -50 and +6 % (median: -2 %, all samples, only values above limit of quantification). However, crucial deviations mainly result from "border-crossing" substances, e.g., dibenzothiophenes or partially hydrogenated MOAH. These substances can cause overestimations of ≥ 3 ring MOAH fraction during GCxGC analysis due to co-elution, which is mostly avoided using the DACC approach. Furthermore, the DACC approach can help to minimize underestimations of toxicologically relevant ≥ 3 ring MOAH caused by an unavoidable loss of MOAH during epoxidation, since natural olefins, such as terpenes, predominantly elute in MDAF, which was exemplarily shown for an olive oil and a terpene reference. The presented approach can be implemented easily in existing LC-GC-FID setup for an automated and advanced screening of MOAH to lower the need for elaborate GCxGC analysis also in routine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lommatzsch
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Johanna Holzapfel
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Sebastian Säger
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
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3
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Menegoz Ursol L, Conchione C, Peroni D, Carretta A, Moret S. A study on the impact of harvesting operations on the mineral oil contamination of olive oils. Food Chem 2023; 406:135032. [PMID: 36493572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the 2020-21 olive oil campaign, the contribution of harvesting operations to mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) contamination was studied. Oils extracted from hand-picked olives (15 different olive groves) generally had background MOSH (<2.7 mg/kg), and no quantifiable MOAH. In 40% of the cases, an important contamination increase was observed after harvesting operations. Except for one sample (325.8 and 111.0 mg/kg of MOSH and MOAH, respectively), other samples reached 4.3-33.7 mg/kg of MOSH and 1.1-11.3 mg/kg of MOAH. Accidental leaks of lubricants and/or contact with lubricated mechanical parts, were identified as important sources of contamination. Chromatographic traces obtained by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) allowed for source identification. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic platform (GC × GC) with parallel FID/MS detection was implemented for confirmation and to attempt the characterization of the contaminations. Good harvesting practices are suggested to minimize contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menegoz Ursol
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Peroni
- SRA Instruments SpA, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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4
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Castle L, Di Consiglio E, Franz R, Hellwig N, Merkel S, Milana MR, Barthélémy E, Comandella D, Rivière G. Safety assessment of 'waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum-based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity' for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07761. [PMID: 36743686 PMCID: PMC9890528 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP Panel) assessed the safety of the 'waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum-based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity' (FCM No. 93), for which the uses were requested to be extended for articles in contact with fatty foods. Migration from low-density polyethylene samples containing 1% w/w of a representative wax was tested in food simulants. In fatty food simulants, the migration of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) ≤ C35 was 142 mg/kg food, exceeding the overall migration limit for plastic FCM. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) with at least two rings are largely removed during the manufacturing process. Based on various lines of evidence, the Panel concluded that any concern for the potential presence of MOAH with two or more conjugated aromatic rings can be ruled out. Based on the genotoxicity studies and on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the substance does not raise a concern for genotoxicity. Available toxicokinetic data showed a limited accumulation of MOSH. No adverse effects were observed up to the highest tested dose of 9 g/kg body weight per day in a 90-day repeated oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The available results showed that FCM No. 93 is devoid of endocrine activity. The provided information on chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity was limited and inadequate to reach conclusions on these endpoints. Therefore, the CEP Panel concluded that under the intended and tested conditions of uses, the substance does not raise safety concern for the consumer if used to a level ensuring that its migration into food is no more than 5 mg/kg.
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5
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Gómez-Coca RB, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W. The Mineral Oil Hydrocarbon Paradox in Olive Pomace Oils. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030434. [PMID: 36765963 PMCID: PMC9914016 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to understand the actual content of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in olive pomace oil in order to contribute to the monitoring requested by EFSA for the food groups making a relevant impact on human background exposure. Such information will complement both the information inferred from the limits established by the EU and the interpretation of the coming toxicological risk assessment. At the same time, the origin of such a group of compounds is discussed. From the raw material to the commercial product, olive pomace oils were sampled and analyzed at different points and/or conditions. Through the ultimate online HPLC-GC-FID system, we gathered information on the MOH concentrations and molecular mass profiles (C-fractions), and through GCxGC-TOF/MS, we identified the key structures that prove the innocuousness of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) fraction. Our approaches provided chromatographic signals on the C10-C50 range, rendering 33-205 mg/kg mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) and 2-55 mg/kg MOAH in the commercial product. The results confirmed that the C25-C35 cut is the main fraction to which humans are exposed via olive pomace oil, showing concentrations highly dependent on the extraction process. Moreover, the identification of the main MOAH groups showed that in olive pomace oil, mainly 1- and 2-ring species were present, being virtually free of the carcinogenic 3-7 ring aromatics.
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6
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Hochegger A, Wagenhofer R, Savić S, Mayrhofer E, Washüttl M, Leitner E. Combination of Multidimensional Instrumental Analysis and the Ames Test for the Toxicological Evaluation of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16401-16409. [PMID: 36524957 PMCID: PMC9801419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs) include mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and are considered a potential health risk. Current methods address the total MOAH content but cannot address the actual toxicological hazard of individual components. This work presents a combined methodology closing those gaps: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine the MOAH content. To characterize present substance classes, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied. Preparative HPLC separated MOAHs into subgroups, which were tested with a miniaturized Ames test evaluating DNA reactivity of isolated fractions. Combining these methods allowed a correlation between present subgroups and DNA reactivity. The developed approach was applied to a mineral oil and distinguished between not DNA-reactive mono- and diaromatics and DNA-reactive tri- and polyaromatics, providing a proof of concept. Hereinafter, it will be applied to diverse sample matrices including mineral oils, food, and food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Wagenhofer
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Savić
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Mayrhofer
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Washüttl
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Isola AL, Carrillo JC, Lemaire P, Niemelä H, Steneholm A. Lack of human-relevant adversity of MOSH retained in tissues: Analysis of adversity and implications for regulatory assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105284. [PMID: 36402242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mineral oils (food grade white oil or liquid paraffin) have historically been safely used in a number of sensitive end-uses, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. Recent concern that certain mineral hydrocarbons (branched and cyclo-alkanes) may accumulate in human tissues has prevented European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) from deriving guidance values for food exposures. Analysis of human and animal tissue indicate that an unresolved cloud of mostly highly branched alkanes and alkylated cycloalkanes within the C20-C35 range is consistently present in all tissues. This critical review thoroughly assesses the retention of "mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons" (MOSH) in human and animal tissues and evaluates if the presence of MOSH is considered adverse and appropriate to use for risk assessment, generation of guidance values for food exposure and/or generation of derivation of health-based guidance values. An adversity framework was utilized to perform an in-depth weight of the evidence analysis, and it was concluded that mere presence of MOSH does not translate to hazard identification, and is not considered adverse. In light of this conclusion, it would not be appropriate to utilize this endpoint as the point of departure to calculate a health guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Isola
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J C Carrillo
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., PO Box 162, 2051, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Lemaire
- Total Fluides, 24 Cours Michelet-La Défense 10, F-92069, Paris La Défense Cedex, France; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Niemelä
- CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - A Steneholm
- Nynas AB, PO Box 10 700, SE-121 29, Stockholm, Sweden; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Ana S, Chiara C, Fabiola C, Ursol Luca M, Sabrina M. High sensitivity determination of mineral oils and olefin oligomers in cocoa powder and related packaging: method validation and market survey. Food Chem 2022; 396:133686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Review on chromatographic and specific detection methodologies for unravelling the complexity of MOAH in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Optimization and validation of microwave assisted saponification (MAS) followed by epoxidation for high-sensitivity determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in extra virgin olive oil. Food Chem 2022; 370:130966. [PMID: 34624693 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and solvent-saving method, based on microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) followed by epoxidation and on-line liquid chromatography (LC) - gas chromatography (GC) - flame ionization detection (FID), was optimized and validated for high-sensitivity MOAH determination in extra virgin olive oils. Quantitative recoveries and good repeatability were obtained even at concentrations of added mineral oils close to the LOQ (0.5 mg/kg for the total hump, 0.2 mg/kg for each single C-fraction). The validated method, also applied for MOSH determination (C-fraction LOQ: 0.5 mg/kg), was used to analyse 18 extra virgin olive oils from the Italian market or oil mills, and 10 additional samples extracted in the laboratory (with an Abencor apparatus) from hand-picked olives. The former resulted contaminated with variable amounts of MOSH and MOAH (on average 19.0 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively), while the latter showed no detectable MOAH, and low and rather constant MOSH (generally below 2.0 mg/kg).
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11
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Wagner M, Oellig C. Screening for mineral oil hydrocarbons in vegetable oils by silver ion-planar solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462732. [PMID: 34910963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons in vegetable oils is challenging especially regarding the analysis of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) since native terpenes like squalene or β-carotene are usually extracted along with the MOAH fraction and interfere their detection. When applying a recently developed screening method for the analysis of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and MOAH in paper and cardboard by planar solid phase extraction (pSPE) to vegetable oils, native terpenes expectably interfered with MOAH analysis. Thus, an adaption of pSPE employing silver ions, named silver ion-planar solid phase extraction (Ag-pSPE), was developed in this study. Impregnation of thin-layers with silver nitrate (AgNO3) was found to be very successful in retaining squalene and β-carotene. MOAH analysis of vegetable oils after saponification showed good repeatability (relative standard deviation (%RSD) <10%) and recoveries of 73.4-112.4% at a spiking level of 4.5 mg/kg (n = 4). For MOSH analysis, a simple solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up with aluminum oxide removed native n-alkanes prior to Ag-pSPE. Recoveries for MOSH were 55.3-84.5% with %RSD <11% at a spiking level of 45.5 mg/kg (n = 4). Limits of decision and quantitation were at 7.2 and 22.2 ng/zone for MOSH and 1.1 and 3.4 ng/zone for MOAH, respectively, which corresponded to the recently introduced pSPE method, thus showing that analytes were not affected by the impregnation of HPTLC plates with AgNO3. The method comparison with LC-GC showed similar results for MOSH, while the amounts for MOAH determined by Ag-pSPE were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wagner
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Claudia Oellig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
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12
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D, Woldhuis J. Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:418-455. [PMID: 34494504 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1944056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraffin waxes and white mineral oils are distinct petroleum products separated from a common feedstock by crystallization, where only n-alkanes, iso- and cyclo-alkanes with a linear backbone of ∼ 20 carbon atoms long, selectively crystalize out from the oil to form the wax, which is solid at room temperature, whereas oils remain liquid. Up until the 90's, these differences were reflected in separated regulatory assessments. A paradigm shift occurred when Fischer 344 rats (F-344) developed liver epithelioid granuloma following exposure to low and medium viscosity oils or waxes. This lesion was used as common denominator between these products to be jointly assessed under the common term "mineral hydrocarbons - MHC", obviating compositional differences. This regulatory paradigm dominated for the next 30 years, exacerbated by the EFSA 2012 evaluation using the analytical term "MOSH" (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) which encompassed these products under single chromatography fraction. The reconstruction of historical developments, together with recent EFSA-sponsored studies of toxicity and accumulation and supporting literature, has allowed us to understand the etiology of the F-344 rat hepatic epithelioid granuloma, which is presented in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Considering chemical composition, it clearly demonstrates that the hepatic effects in F-344 rats caused by linear alkanes of waxes are irrelevant for humans. Waxes are thus not MOSH and should thus be evaluated on their own merit. The term MOSH should not include n-alkanes and be exclusively used to mineral oil fractions when considering their chemical makeup for a relevant human hazard assessment.
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13
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Hochegger A, Moret S, Geurts L, Gude T, Leitner E, Mertens B, O'Hagan S, Poças F, Simat TJ, Purcaro G. Mineral oil risk assessment: Knowledge gaps and roadmap. Outcome of a multi-stakeholders workshop. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Liu L, Li B, Yang D, Ouyang J, Sui H, Wu Y. Survey of mineral oil hydrocarbons in Chinese commercial complementary foods for infants and young children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1441-1455. [PMID: 34077340 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1926548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in various foods have raised significant concern, especially for infants and young children due to their potential adverse health effects. Two fractions can be distinguished by certain analytical techniques, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). The toxicological profile of MOSH and MOAH differs greatly. The toxicity of MOSH is linked with long-term accumulation of some hydrocarbons. MOAH with three to seven, non- or simple-alkylated, aromatic rings may be mutagenic and carcinogenic. However, data on the occurrence of mineral oils in commercial complementary foods for infants and young children are lacking in China. In the present study, 100 commercial food samples were collected, including 26 pureed or paste canned foods, 21 high-protein ground cereal foods (rice flour), 25 raw cereal foods (noodles), and 28 cereal-based molar sticks and biscuits. The content of MOSH and MOAH in those samples was determined by optimised sample preparation methods combined with on-line high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with gas chromatography and flame ionisation detector (HPLC-GC-FID), with a limit of quantification of 0.5 mg/kg. The results indicated that there were no MOAH detected in any of the foods, but MOSH and polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) existed in most of the food samples, at <0.5-23.68 mg/kg. Moreover, the data and chromatograms of the MOSH and POSH also indicated that these contaminants were closely correlated to their ingredients and manufacturers. The current study provides basic data to understand MOH exposure and consequent health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daoyuan Yang
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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15
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Srbinovska A, Conchione C, Lucci P, Moret S. On-Line HP(LC)-GC-FID Determination of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Fresh and Packaged Fish and Fish Products. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:267-273. [PMID: 33398342 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish products can be contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH), mainly as a result of environmental contamination (wild fish) or contaminated feeds (farmed fish). Packaged products may also be contaminated with polyolefin oligomeric hydrocarbons (POH), which, depending on the packaging, storage condition, matrix composition, and fat content, may migrate relatively easily from the packaging to the food. OBJECTIVE A rapid, solvent-sparing method for determining hydrocarbon contaminants in fish products was developed, validated, and applied to farmed and wild fish products (both fresh and packaged samples, stored under different conditions). METHOD Microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) was used in combination with on-line LC-GC-flame ionization detection (FID). RESULTS The proposed method showed quantitative recovery, good repeatability, and high sensitivity. Farmed salmon had variable mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon contamination (from 0.5 to 4.3 mg/kg), accompanied by mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (maximum 1.4 mg/kg), while wild salmons had no detectable contamination. Samples of one farmed salmon and a swordfish, both sliced and packed under vacuum, resulted contaminated with POH migrated from the packaging. POH migration was also evident in a ready-to-eat meal. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method showed good performance characteristics in terms of recovery, repeatability, and LOQ. Fatty fish products are more prone to contamination with hydrocarbon contaminants. HIGHLIGHTS MAS allows for rapid and efficient sample preparation. An LC-GC-FID method for MOH/POH determination in fish products was validated. Fish products may be contaminated with variable amounts of hydrocarbon contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Srbinovska
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Lucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Italy
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16
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) and Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography (APGC) coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF-MS) as alternative techniques to trace aromatic markers of mineral oils in food packaging. Talanta 2021; 227:122079. [PMID: 33714477 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to select and identify the best markers of aromatic hydrocarbon mineral oil (MOAH) in food packaging. For this purpose, a series of mineral oils was initially analysed. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the alkylated isomers of Methylnaphthalene (MNS), Diisopropylnaphtalene (DIPNs), Dibenzothiophenes (DBTS), Methyldibenzothiophene (MDBTs), Dimethyldibenzothiophenes (DMDBTs) and Benzonaphthiophenes (BNTS) were then explored. Their presence was confirmed by direct analysis of several mineral oils by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (ASAP-QTOF-MS). Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (APGC-QTOF-MS) was used to confirm the markers in different samples of oils, recycled PET (rPET), recycled cardboard and packaging of couscous and semolina to confirm the contamination. 27 markers were found in the mineral oil samples, 22 of them in rPET, 8 in recycled board and no MOAH were found in packaging of couscous and semolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janira Jaén
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Celia Domeño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Alfaro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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17
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Groh KJ, Geueke B, Martin O, Maffini M, Muncke J. Overview of intentionally used food contact chemicals and their hazards. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106225. [PMID: 33272655 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) are used to make food contact articles (FCAs) that come into contact with food and beverages during, e.g., processing, storing, packaging, or consumption. FCMs/FCAs can cause chemical contamination of food when migration of their chemical constituents (known as food contact chemicals, FCCs) occurs. Some FCCs are known to be hazardous. However, the total extent of exposure to FCCs, as well as their health and environmental effects, remain unknown, because information on chemical structures, use patterns, migration potential, and health effects of FCCs is often absent or scattered across multiple sources. Therefore, we initiated a research project to systematically collect, analyze, and publicly share information on FCCs. As a first step, we compiled a database of intentionally added food contact chemicals (FCCdb), presented here. The FCCdb lists 12'285 substances that could possibly be used worldwide to make FCMs/FCAs, identified based on 67 FCC lists from publicly available sources, such as regulatory lists and industry inventories. We further explored FCCdb chemicals' hazards using several authoritative sources of hazard information, including (i) classifications for health and environmental hazards under the globally harmonized system for classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS), (ii) the identification of chemicals of concern due to endocrine disruption or persistence related hazards, and (iii) the inclusion on selected EU- or US-relevant regulatory lists of hazardous chemicals. This analysis prioritized 608 hazardous FCCs for further assessment and substitution in FCMs/FCAs. Evaluation based on non-authoritative, predictive hazard data (e.g., by in silico modeling or literature analysis) highlighted an additional 1411 FCCdb substances that could thus present similar levels of concern, but have not been officially classified so far. Lastly, for over a quarter of all FCCdb chemicals no hazard information could be found in the sources consulted, revealing a significant data gap and research need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olwenn Martin
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Quad North 17a, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Mertens B, Van Heyst A, Demaegdt H, Boonen I, Van Den Houwe K, Goscinny S, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Assessment of hazards and risks associated with dietary exposure to mineral oil for the Belgian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112034. [PMID: 33529678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently collected dietary exposure data on mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic (MOAH) hydrocarbons were used to evaluate the risks associated with exposure to mineral oil through food for the Belgian population. For MOSH, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) value of 19 mg kg-1 bw day-1 based on the hepatic inflammation-associated granulomas found in a 90-day oral study in F-344 rats was used as point of departure (PoD). Due to existing toxicological uncertainties, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. In all investigated scenarios, the MOE values were well above 100, indicating that there is no direct health concern related to MOSH exposure for the Belgian population. Nevertheless, more appropriate risk assessment approaches for MOSH based on adequate PoD are needed. For dietary exposure to MOAH, which are potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic, no MOE values could be calculated due to the lack of adequate dose-response carcinogenicity data. In two investigated worst-case scenarios, a health concern related to MOAH exposure could not be excluded, highlighting that more data are needed to perform an adequate risk assessment. The possibility to use in vitro bioassays to collect such additional toxicological information for MOAH present in food samples was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Mertens
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Imke Boonen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc Elskens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Li M, Ying X, Yang C, Li J, Gao J, Sui H, Qian Z. Dietary exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons of Chinese infants aged 0-6 months. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2070-2081. [PMID: 33151823 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1828625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are exposed to a range of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) via food. The potential adverse health effect of MOH varies widely. Since infant formula (IF) is the major food source for infants, it is necessary to understand MOH exposure and consequent health impact. In the present study, occurrence data of 42 IF samples and food consumption data of 0-6 months infants from China National Food Consumption Survey in 2015 were linked to evaluate the dietary exposure to MOH of 0-6 months infants in China. Ordinary consumers (who purchased IF for 0-6 months infants in different packaging type randomly), packaging type loyal- and brand loyal-consumers were selected as three representative populations. For ordinary consumers and packaging-loyal consumers, dietary exposure to MOH was estimated both deterministically and probabilistically. For brand-loyal consumers, point-estimation was used as the exposure assessment method. Due to toxicological gaps for MOHs, it was inappropriate to derive health-based guidance value and perform the robust human health risk assessment. MOE approach was used to characterise MOSH risk. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for induction of liver microgranulomas, 19 mg/kg BW per day, was used as a reference point for calculating margins of exposure (MOEs) for MOSH exposure. Although first exposure occurs in babies, there are no relevant toxicology studies. All MOE values for different scenarios were higher than 100. There are no dose-response data on the carcinogenicity of MOAH mixtures and hence it is not possible to establish a reference point to calculate the MOE and characterise its risk. Therefore, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the full nature of possible concerns for infants aged 0-6 months. This study evaluates by a probabilistic approach the dietary intake of Chinese infants aged 0-6 months to MOH for the first time and describes the associated uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Tianjin, China.,Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Xuanyu Ying
- Analysis and Testing Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University , Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- National Food Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd , Beijing, China
| | - Jianwen Li
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Tianjin, China
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20
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Do Claims about the Naturalness and Dose of Cosmetics Ingredients Affect the Public’s Perception of Their Safety? J 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/j3030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Media articles have claimed that “synthetic mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH)”, which are used in many cosmetics such as lip balms, are unsafe at any dose and should be replaced with natural alternatives. This paper examines whether these claims are correct and whether the perceived safety of these substances is influenced by the language used in the media. To achieve these goals, it first provides an extensive review of the toxicology literature, finding no support that MOSHs are unsafe at current usage levels. It then reviews the psychology literature to examine the effects of labelling a cosmetic ingredient as “natural” rather than “synthetic” and the effects of dose information. A 2 × 2 between-subjects experiments involving adult lip balm users shows that, as hypothesized, the perceived safety of lip balms increases when they are described as containing “naturally sourced mineral oil” rather than “synthetic mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH)”, which are both correct descriptions. In addition, the perceived safety increases when the substance is described as being present in a low vs. a high dose, regardless of whether it was described as natural or synthetic. Overall, safety perceptions for common cosmetic substances can be significantly influenced by the language used in media reporting.
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21
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22
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Stauff A, Schnapka J, Heckel F, Matissek R. Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOSH/MOAH) in Edible Oils and Possible Minimization by Deodorization Through the Example of Cocoa Butter. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stauff
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Julia Schnapka
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Frank Heckel
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Reinhard Matissek
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
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23
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D. Letter to the editor, regarding the publication by Pirow and colleagues "Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations". Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:272-275. [PMID: 32484074 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1749830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Cha MG, Koo YJ, Kim HS, Yu HH, Park SC, Kim YS, Lim KM, Lee SH, Choi DW. Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:858-868. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1730985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Cha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chan Park
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Koch M, Becker E, Päch M, Kühn S, Kirchhoff E. Separation of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons of three and more aromatic rings from those of one or two aromatic rings. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1089-1099. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Becker
- Institut Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH Berlin Germany
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26
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Otunga GN, Maiyoh GK, Macharia BN, Tuei VC. Transformer mineral oil ingestion induces systemic sub-acute toxicity in Wistar rats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02998. [PMID: 31867465 PMCID: PMC6906677 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential toxicities associated with the sub-acute ingestion of transformer mineral oil (TMO) at a heated low dose (HLD-50 mg/kg), heated high dose (HHD-500 mg/kg) and unheated high dose (UHD-500 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. There were increases in red blood cells and haemoglobin levels in HHD females and UHD males respectively versus control. The serum total proteins, albumin, and creatinine of the HHD females showed a significant increase versus control. The HHD males and UHD groups showed significant increase in liver malondialdehyde versus control. The livers of HHD groups had bile duct proliferation while those of HLD females and UHD groups showed focal areas of periportal chronic inflammation. HHD groups had kidneys with mild chronic inflammation and the HHD and UHD groups showed small intestines with chronic inflammation. In conclusion, sub-acute oral administration of TMO induced various degrees of dermal, haematological, hepatic, renal and small-intestinal toxicities in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace N Otunga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Geoffrey K Maiyoh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Moi University, P.O Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Benson N Macharia
- Department of Human Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Moi University, P.O Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Vivian C Tuei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
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27
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Bevan R, Harrison PTC, Jeffery B, Mitchell D. Evaluating the risk to humans from mineral oils in foods: Current state of the evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110966. [PMID: 31751646 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Key issues around the evaluation of risks to humans from mineral oils in food and feedstuffs are discussed. MOHs (MOAH and MOSH) occur in food due to intentional use, contamination from environmental sources and during transport/processing, or through migration from food contact materials. Problems in setting and enforcing human health guidelines for MOH include uncertainty around MOH toxicity and the specialist expertise needed for analysis of complex food matrices. Currently, the method of choice for measuring mineral oils is LC-GC-FID, however some complex food matrices also require additional analytical techniques to differentiate between some naturally occurring hydrocarbons and those from other sources, including of petrogenic origin. This requires the skills of an experienced analyst. Significant toxicological gaps for MOHs prevent robust human health risk assessment and the derivation of guidance values. As food-grade mineral oils are virtually MOAH-free, the key issue explored here is the relevance to humans of liver (micro)granulomas observed in F344 rats following oral intake. Available data suggest that despite the ubiquitous nature of MOH in the human diet, the prevalence of liver lipogranulomas in the population is low. These are not associated with inflammation and based on current evidence are not considered of human health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bevan
- IEH Consulting Ltd, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - B Jeffery
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - D Mitchell
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, PR China
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28
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Chuberre B, Araviiskaia E, Bieber T, Barbaud A. Mineral oils and waxes in cosmetics: an overview mainly based on the current European regulations and the safety profile of these compounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33 Suppl 7:5-14. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Chuberre
- L'Oréal Cosmetique Active International Levallois‐Perret France
| | - E. Araviiskaia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Russia
| | - T. Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - A. Barbaud
- AP‐HP.Sorbonne Université Tenon Hospital Department of Dermatology and Allergology Sorbonne University Paris France
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29
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Rapid screening of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in grains by fluorescence spectroscopy. Food Chem 2019; 294:458-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Walzl A, Kopacic S, Bauer W, Leitner E. Characterization of natural polymers as functional barriers for cellulose-based packaging materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:976-988. [PMID: 30994406 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1600747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based packaging materials are currently the most commonly used food packaging materials due to their light weight, stability and affordable price. However, the use of recycled paper and board adds to the risk that undesirable substances migrate into the packed goods, since contaminants are not completely removed during the recycling process and can accumulate in the final product. The only available fast and practical solution that can be used to reduce the migration of these substances is the application of functional barriers in the packaging. The applied barriers are currently mostly synthetic, which either serve only a moderate barrier function and/or have the disadvantage that it is often more complex and expensive to recycle the resulting packaging material. The aim of this project is to evaluate different bio-based or biodegradable polymers with regards to their barrier properties. Due to the fact that the transport phenomena are mainly driven by (gas phase) migration, methods based on gas chromatography (GC), including GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC-FID coupled online with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-GC-FID), and comprehensive GCxGC-MS were used to qualify and quantify the migrated substances. This use of a wide range of different methods and instruments yielded excellent results, allowing us to comprehensively characterize the biopolymers and their barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Walzl
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Samir Kopacic
- b Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- b Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
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31
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Grob K. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1845-1860. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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