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Wu J, Gan J, Zeng G, Luo X, Yang N, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Shen J, Wei W, Yan J, Zhu J, Ludwig T, Stahl B, Zhao X, Wang Z. Investigation of Human Milk as a Biological System in a Multicenter Mother-Infant Cohort: Protocol Design and Cohort Profile of the Phoenix Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2892. [PMID: 39275208 PMCID: PMC11397531 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk are the gold standard for infant feeding. Studying human milk with a systems biology approach in a large longitudinal cohort is needed to understand its complexity and health implications. The Phoenix study is a multicenter cohort study focusing on the interactions of maternal characteristics, human milk composition, infant feeding practices, and health outcomes of Chinese mothers and infants. A total of 779 mother-infant dyads were recruited from November 2021 to September 2022, and 769 mother-infant dyads were enrolled in the study. Scheduled home visits took place at 1, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum, and 696 dyads (90.5% participants) completed the 12-month visit. At each visit, maternal and infant anthropometry was assessed. Questionnaires were administered to collect longitudinal information on maternal characteristics and lifestyle, infant feeding, and health. Digital diaries were used to record maternal dietary intake, infant feeding, and stool character. Human milk, maternal feces, infant feces, and infant saliva were collected. An external pharmaceutical-level quality assurance approach was implied to ensure the trial quality. Multi-omics techniques (including glycomics, lipidomics, proteomics, and microbiomics) and machine learning algorithms were integrated into the sample and data analysis. The protocol design of the Phoenix study provides a framework for prospective cohort studies of mother-infant dyads and will provide insights into the complex dynamics of human milk and its interplay with maternal and infant health outcomes in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshu Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Junai Gan
- Danone Open Science Research Center, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Guo Zeng
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Nianhong Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongye Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Danone Open Science Research Center, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zhixu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Wei T, Mueed A, Luo T, Sun Y, Zhang B, Zheng L, Deng Z, Li J. 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol: Structure-function relationship, triacylglycerols preparation, nutrition value. Food Chem 2024; 443:138560. [PMID: 38295563 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Based on multivariate statistics, this review compared major triacylglycerols (TAGs) in animal milk and human milk fat from China and other countries. Human milk fat differs from animal milk fat in that it has longer acyl chains and higher concentrations of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (O-P-O) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (O-P-L). O-P-L is a significant and distinct TAG in human milk fat, particularly in China. 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) is human milk's major triglyceride molecule of O-P-L, accounting for more than 70%. As a result, OPL has piqued the interest of Chinese academics. The synthesis process and nutritional outcomes of OPL have been studied, including changes in gut microbiota, serum lipid composition, improved fatty acid and calcium absorption, and increased total bile acid levels. However, current OPL research is limited. Therefore, this review discussed enzymatic preparation of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO) and OPL and their nutritional and physiological activity to direct future research direction for sn-2 palmitate and OPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Abdul Mueed
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China.
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Liao G, Wang T, Li X, Gu J, Jia Q, Wang Z, Li H, Qian Y, Qiu J. Comparison of the Lipid Composition of Milk Fat Globules in Goat ( Capra hircus) Milk during Different Lactations and Human Milk. Foods 2024; 13:1618. [PMID: 38890847 PMCID: PMC11171730 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Goat milk is considered the optimal substitute for human milk and is characterized by variations in the lipid composition of its fat globules across lactation phases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to thoroughly analyze the differences between goat milk during different lactations and human milk, aiming to offer scientific guidance for the production of functional dairy products. Compared with transitional and mature milk, the findings indicated that the total membrane protein content in goat colostrum exhibited greater similarity to that found in human milk. Additionally, goat milk exhibited higher milk fat globule size, as well as a higher total lipid and protein content than human milk. A total of 1461 lipid molecules across 61 subclasses were identified in goat milk and human milk. The contents of glycerides and glycerophospholipids were higher in goat colostrum, whereas sphingolipids and fatty acids were more abundant in human milk. Meanwhile, the compositions of lipid subclasses were inconsistent. There were 584 differentially expressed lipids identified between human and goat milk, including 47 subclasses that were primarily involved in the metabolism of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and triglycerides. In summary, for both the membrane protein and the lipid composition, there were differences between the milk of different goat lactations and human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Tiancai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xiabing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jingyi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zishuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Houru Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (T.W.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (Q.J.); (Z.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Q.)
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Zhu H, Zhao P, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Pang X, Lv J. Fabrication of Human Milk Fat Substitute: Based on the Similarity Evaluation Model and Computer Software. Molecules 2024; 29:2096. [PMID: 38731587 PMCID: PMC11085832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to obtain the optimal formula for human milk fat substitute (HMFS) through a combination of software and an evaluation model and further verify its practicability through an animal experiment. The results showed that a total of 33 fatty acid (FA) and 63 triglyceride (TAG) molecular species were detected in vegetable oils. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, 18:1/16:0/18:1, 18:2/16:0/18:2, 18:1/18:1/18:1 and 18:1/18:2/18:1, were the main molecular species among the FAs and TAGs in the vegetable oils. Based on the HMFS evaluation model, the optimal mixed vegetable oil formula was blended with 21.3% palm oil, 2.8% linseed oil, 2.6% soybean oil, 29.9% rapeseed oil and 43.4% maize oil, with the highest score of 83.146. Moreover, there was no difference in the weight, blood routine indices or calcium and magnesium concentrations in the feces of the mice between the homemade mixed vegetable oil (HMVO) group and the commercial mixed vegetable oil (CMVO) group, while nervonic acid (C24:1) and octanoic acid (C8:0) were absorbed easily in the HMVO group. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the mixing of the different vegetable oils was feasible via a combination of computer software and an evaluation model and provided a new way to produce HMFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Zhu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yunna Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
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Zhang C, Xu X, Zhang S, Xiao M, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Chen J, Liu L. Detection and analysis of triacylglycerol regioisomers via electron activated dissociation (EAD) tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 270:125552. [PMID: 38118324 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TGs) are important components of human diet. The positional distribution of fatty acids (FAs) on the glycerol backbone affects the chemistry and physical properties of fats. Especially for infants, the structure of TGs plays an important role in the growth and development. However, limited by detecting technology, accurately identifying regioisomers of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs is a significant challenge for human milk utilization and the development of infant formula. For this, we exploit a novel method for identifying the regioisomers of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs within complex lipid mixtures, via used electron activated dissociation (EAD) tandem mass spectrometry. The distribution information of acyl chains at the sn-2 and sn-1/3 positions of glycerol backbone and double bonds in unsaturated FAs can be easily obtained by fragmenting TG ions with energetic electrons (15 eV). Then, the standard curve was established by correlating the peak area intensity of sn-2 characteristic product ion with the content of TG regioisomers standard. These analytical methods successfully enabled the identification and quantification of TG regioisomers in human milk, cow milk, infant formula, palm oil, and sunflower oil. Additionally, the distribution of the double-bond positions of unsaturated FAs in these samples was also identified. Compared to traditional methods, this approach eliminates the need for complex processing and analysis procedures, enabling rapid structural characterization of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs within 17 min. Hence, we provide a rapid and convenient methodology for detecting and analyzing ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TG regioisomers, thereby offering valuable assistance in the development of specialized formulations and facilitating effective process control for ensuring the quality of edible oils and fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xianhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | | | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Ma Q, Zhang X, Li X, Liu L, Liu S, Hao D, Bora AFM, Kouame KJEP, Xu Y, Liu W, Li J. Novel trends and challenges in fat modification of next-generation infant formula: Considering the structure of milk fat globules to improve lipid digestion and metabolism of infants. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113574. [PMID: 37986523 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the composition and structure of lipid droplets in infant formula (IF) and human milk (HM) can affect the fat digestion of infants, leading to high risk of metabolic diseases during later stages of growth. Recently, interest in simulating HM fat (HMF) has gradually increased due to its beneficial functions for infants. Much research focuses on the simulation of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Enzymatic combined with new technologies such as carbodiimide coupling immobilization enzymes, solvent-free synthesis, and microbial fermentation can improve the yield of simulated HMF. Furthermore, fat modification in next-generation IF requires attention to the impact on the structure and function of milk fat globules (MFG). This review also summarizes the latest reports on MFG structure simulation, mainly related to the addition method and sequence of membrane components, and other milk processing steps. Although some of the simulated HMF technologies and products have been applied to currently commercially available IF, the cost is still high. Furthermore, understanding the fat decomposition of simulated HMF during digestion and assessing its nutritional effects on infants later in life is also a huge challenge. New process development and more clinical studies are needed to construct and evaluate simulated HMF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China.
| | - Shuming Liu
- Heilongjiang Beingmate Dairy Company Ltd, Suihua 151499, China
| | - Donghai Hao
- Heilongjiang Beingmate Dairy Company Ltd, Suihua 151499, China
| | - Awa Fanny Massounga Bora
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Kouadio Jean Eric-Parfait Kouame
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Heilongjiang Beingmate Dairy Company Ltd, Suihua 151499, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Heilongjiang Yaolan Dairy Technology Stock Company Ltd, Harbin 150010, China
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Li W, Zeng W, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Fang X, Han Y, Sun Y, Jin X, Ma L. A comparative metabolomics analysis of domestic yak ( Bos grunniens) milk with human breast milk. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1207950. [PMID: 37841471 PMCID: PMC10570732 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1207950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yaks are tough animals living in Tibet's hypoxic stress environment. However, the metabolite composition of yak milk and its role in hypoxic stress tolerance remains largely unexplored. The similarities and differences between yak and human milk in hypoxic stress tolerance are also unclear. This study explored yak colostrum (YC) and yak mature milk (YMM) using GC-MS, and 354 metabolites were identified in yak milk. A comparative metabolomic analysis of yak and human milk metabolites showed that over 70% of metabolites were species-specific. Yak milk relies mainly on essential amino acids- arginine and essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs): L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine tolerate hypoxic stress. To slow hypoxic stress, human breast milk relies primarily on the neuroprotective effects of non-essential amino acids or derivates, such as citrulline, sarcosine, and creatine. In addition, metabolites related to hypoxic stress were significantly enriched in YC than in YMM. These results reveal the unique metabolite composition of yak and human milk and provide practical information for applying yak and human milk to hypoxic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Weike Zeng
- Center for Genomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhijie Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xingyan Fang
- Center for Genomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingcang Han
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yonggang Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiayang Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Liuyin Ma
- Center for Genomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Einerhand AWC, Mi W, Haandrikman A, Sheng XY, Calder PC. The Impact of Linoleic Acid on Infant Health in the Absence or Presence of DHA in Infant Formulas. Nutrients 2023; 15:2187. [PMID: 37432333 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Both linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential dietary fatty acids, and a balanced dietary supply of these is of the utmost importance for health. In many countries across the globe, the LA level and LA/ALA ratio in breast milk (BM) are high. For infant formula (IF), the maximum LA level set by authorities (e.g., Codex or China) is 1400 mg LA/100 kcal ≈ 28% of total fatty acid (FA) ≈ 12.6% of energy. The aims of this study are: (1) to provide an overview of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in BM across the world, and (2) to determine the health impact of different LA levels and LA/ALA ratios in IF by reviewing the published literature in the context of the current regulatory framework. The lipid composition of BM from mothers living in 31 different countries was determined based on a literature review. This review also includes data from infant studies (intervention/cohort) on nutritional needs regarding LA and ALA, safety, and biological effects. The impact of various LA/ALA ratios in IF on DHA status was assessed within the context of the current worldwide regulatory framework including China and the EU. Country averages of LA and ALA in BM range from 8.5-26.9% FA and 0.3-2.65% FA, respectively. The average BM LA level across the world, including mainland China, is below the maximum 28% FA, and no toxicological or long-term safety data are available on LA levels > 28% FA. Although recommended IF LA/ALA ratios range from 5:1 to 15:1, ratios closer to 5:1 seem to promote a higher endogenous synthesis of DHA. However, even those infants fed IF with more optimal LA/ALA ratios do not reach the DHA levels observed in breastfed infants, and the levels of DHA present are not sufficient to have positive effects on vision. Current evidence suggests that there is no benefit to going beyond the maximum LA level of 28% FA in IF. To achieve the DHA levels found in BM, the addition of DHA to IF is necessary, which is in line with regulations in China and the EU. Virtually all intervention studies investigating LA levels and safety were conducted in Western countries in the absence of added DHA. Therefore, well-designed intervention trials in infants across the globe are required to obtain clarity about optimal and safe levels of LA and LA/ALA ratios in IF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiola Mi
- Bunge Loders Croklaan Nutrition, Shanghai 200051, China
| | | | - Xiao-Yang Sheng
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatric & Children Healthcare, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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9
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Wu D, Zhang L, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Comparative Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Lactational Changes in the Lipid Profiles of Chinese Human Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5403-5416. [PMID: 36951298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) lipid plays a crucial role in infant development, whereas its complex lipid profiles and its dynamic changes during prolonged lactation have not been investigated yet. Comparative lipidomic analyses were employed in investigating the lipid profiles of breast milk covering all lactation stages herein. Results revealed significant differences between colostrum and the remaining lactations. A total of 237 species of glycerolipids (GLs) and 231 phospholipids (PLs) were identified. Colostrum had the most abundant lipid species and was enriched with triacylglycerols (TGs) with a high molecular weight. TG(17:1/18:1/24:1), TG(24:1/24:1/26:1), TG(24:0/24:1/26:1), and SM(d20:1/14:1) were characteristic lipids of colostrum. Differential lipid species which were responsible for distinguishing the adjacent lactations were also indicated. Our findings can help deepen the overall understanding of HM lipid profiles and its dynamic changes, which will facilitate the development of infant formulas suitable for Chinese babies in diverse age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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10
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Kloek W, Timmer CJ, Groot ND, Feitsma AL. Similarity index and soap forming capacity in milk fat- and OPO-containing infant formulas. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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11
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Wu D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shi J, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Lipid Profiles of Human Milk and Infant Formulas: A Comparative Lipidomics Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030600. [PMID: 36766129 PMCID: PMC9914114 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas (IFs) are prevalent alternatives for human milk (HM), although their comparative lipid profiles have not been fully investigated. We adopted lipidomics to analyze and compare in-depth the lipid patterns of HM and IFs. The results indicated that the distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and the structure of triacylglycerols varied substantially in the analyzed samples. A total number of 425 species were identified during the analysis. HM was abundant in triacylglycerols that contained unsaturated and long-chain FAs (>C13), while triacylglycerols in IFs were mainly comprised of saturated and medium-chain FAs (C8-C13). Higher levels of sphingomyelin were observed in HM. Furthermore, HM and IF1 contained 67 significantly differential lipids (SDLs), and 73 were identified between HM and IF2. These SDLs were closely associated with nine metabolic pathways, of which the most significant was the glycerophospholipid metabolism. The results shed light on the differences between the lipid profiles of human and infant formula milks, and provide support for designing Chinese infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
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12
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Evaluation of Fatty Acid Distributions and Triacylglycerol Species in Sow Milk and Commercial Piglet Formulas: A Comparative Study Based on Fat Sources and Lactation Stages. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010124. [PMID: 36611734 PMCID: PMC9817896 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4-3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9-27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1-39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8-28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents.
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13
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A comparative study of human milk fat substitute from Rhodococcus opacus and plant-oil based commercial products. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Zhang X, Wei W, Tao G, Jin Q, Wang X. Triacylglycerol regioisomers containing palmitic acid analyzed by ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Comparison of standard curve calibration and calculation equation. Food Chem 2022; 391:133280. [PMID: 35640342 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) regioisomers containing palmitic acid (16:0) was identified using ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPSFC-Q-TOF-MS) and quantified using calibration curve method and calculation equation method. There were negative linear correlation between [RA-A]+/[RA-A]++[RA-B]+ and content of sn-A-B-A (%) for AAB/ABA type TAGs, [Rsn-1 FA-sn-3 FA]+/[RB-C]++[RA-C]++[RA-B]+ and content of fatty acid (FA) at sn-2 position (%) for BAC/ABC/ACB type TAGs. The difference between calculation equation and standard curve method was acceptable. The TAG regioisomers in human milk, mammalian milk, lard and fish oil were identified and quantified using the developed methods. This study provided a reliable and facile method for analysis of the TAG regioisomers, which was capable of the selection of oil materials for infant formula production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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15
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Yu J, Yan Z, Mi L, Wang L, Liu Z, Ye X, Jin Q, Pang J, Wei W, Wang X. Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols and di-unsaturated fatty acyl-palmitoyl-glycerols in Chinese human milk: Association with region during the lactation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1040321. [PMID: 36313110 PMCID: PMC9614417 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triacylglycerols (TAGs) of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) and di-unsaturated fatty acyl-palmitoyl-glycerols (UPU) in human milk provide better nutritional effects, and should be prioritized as crucial focuses on neonatal nutrition research. However, little has been done on the influences of the lactation stage and regional diversity on MLCT and UPU. In this study, we collected 204 human milk samples during colostrum, 1st and 4th month from the north (Baotou), central (Beijing), east (Jinan), southwest (Kunming), southeast (Shenzhen), and northwest (Xining) regions of China. There were 122 species of TAGs detected with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including 60 kinds of MLCT and 15 kinds of UPU. The MLCT and UPU type TAGs in human milk were ~27 and ~38%, respectively. The sum content of MLCT and UPU in human milk was stable. Compared to the regional diversity, lactation stages showed more obvious influences on MLCT and UPU composition. Moreover, a summary of TAG studies indicated that Chinese human milk showed a higher ratio of O-P-L to O-P-O than in western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengdong Liu
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Ye
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - QingZhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinzhu Pang
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Jinzhu Pang
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,*Correspondence: Wei Wei
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Xingguo Wang
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16
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Ren C, Jin J, Zhang Y, Jin Q, Wang X. Triacylglycerol fingerprint of sow milks during different lactation stages and from different breeds. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-10. [PMID: 36128794 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sow milk fats not only provide energy but also essential nutrients for piglets. Thus, feeding strategies must be aligned with fat composition, especially triacylglycerols (TAGs) and their isomers. The triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of sow milk fats from five typical breeds (Landrace × Large White, Landrace, Large White, Duroc, Pietrain) and two lactation stages (colostrum and milk) were systematically studied. A total of 45 major TAG species were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The most abundant TAG was oleic acid-palmitic acid-linoleic acid (O-P-L) (13.92% and 12.03% in colostrum and milk, respectively), which was not significantly different in colostrum among all breeds. TAG composition of sow milk was affected mainly by the lactation stage rather than sow breed. Furthermore, TAG compositions of sow milk fats were similar to those of human milk fats, but significant differences were observed between commercial piglet formulas and sow milk. Therefore, the results will contribute to the optimization of piglet formulas to improve the growth and wellness of piglets, as well as potentially providing a basis for food usage as a new source of nutrients for human infants in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuirong Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- HuaNong Lipid Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd in Shandong Province, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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17
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Lan QY, Huang SY, Jiang CY, Yang MT, Wu T, Chen XY, Liu ZY, Wei W, Wang XG, Zhu HL. Profiling of triacylglycerol composition in the breast milk of Chinese mothers at different lactation stages. Food Funct 2022; 13:9674-9686. [PMID: 36040052 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01877b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the primary constituent of human milk fat and plays a vital role in the healthy development of infants. But few studies reported the sophisticated profile of TAG molecular species in human breast milk and its temporal changes during a prolonged lactation period. An efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was adopted to examine TAGs. A total of 128 TAGs in 296 human breast milk samples collected during postnatal 0 to 400 days were identified. The changes in the human milk TAG profile mainly took place in the early stages of lactation (postnatal 0-45 days), and the TAG profile became stable in mature milk after 200 days of lactation. Odd chain fatty acids (OC-FAs) may be important markers for identifying human breast milk of different lactation stages. This study could provide evidence for developing safe and efficacious human-milk substitutes for children without access to human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ye Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chen-Yu Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Meng-Tao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhao-Yan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Xing-Guo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Yuan T, Wang L, Jin J, Mi L, Pang J, Liu Z, Gong J, Sun C, Li J, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Role Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in the Lipid Metabolism of Infants. Front Nutr 2022; 9:804880. [PMID: 35757267 PMCID: PMC9218682 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.804880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breastmilk, the ideal food for healthy infants, naturally contains a high concentration of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, about 15% of total fatty acids). MCFAs are an important energy source for infants due to their unique digestive and metabolic properties. MCFA-enriched oils are widely used in an infant formula, especially the formula produced for preterm infants. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the triglyceride structure of MCFAs in human milk, their metabolism, and their effects on infant health. This study summarized the MCFA composition and structure in both human milk and infant formula. Recent studies on the nutritional effects of MCFAs on infant gut microbiota have been reviewed. Special attention was given to the MCFAs digestion and metabolism in the infants. This paper aims to provide insights into the optimization of formulations to fulfill infant nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Biological and Chemical Processing Technologies of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Pang
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhengdong Liu
- Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Biological and Chemical Processing Technologies of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jufang Li
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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19
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Watanabe S, Tsujino S. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802805. [PMID: 35719157 PMCID: PMC9203050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of "ketone diets" in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.
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20
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Yadav M, Kapoor A, Verma A, Ambatipudi K. Functional Significance of Different Milk Constituents in Modulating the Gut Microbiome and Infant Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3929-3947. [PMID: 35324181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human milk, the gold standard for optimal nourishment, controls the microbial composition of infants by either enhancing or limiting bacterial growth. The milk fat globule membrane has gained interest in gut-related functions and cognitive development. The membrane proteins can directly interact with probiotic bacteria, influencing their survival and adhesion through gastrointestinal transit, whereas membrane phospholipids increase the residence time of probiotic bacteria in the gut. The commensal bacteria in milk act as the initial inoculum in building up the gut colonization of an infant, whereas oligosaccharides promote proliferation of beneficial microorganisms. Interestingly, milk extracellular vesicles are also involved in influencing the microbiota composition but are not well-explored. This review highlights the contribution of different milk components in modulating the infant gut microbiota, particularly the fat globule membrane, and the complex interplay between host- and brain-gut microbiota signaling affecting infant and adult health positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ayushi Kapoor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Aparna Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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21
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Wang L, Zhang X, Yuan T, Jin Q, Wei W, Wang X. Digestion of Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerol and sn-2 Palmitate in Infant Formula: A Study Based on Dynamic In Vitro Simulation of Infant Gastrointestinal Lipolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3263-3271. [PMID: 35255218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, lipolysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in infant formula (IF) composed of different oils and supplied with different structured TAGs, including medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) and sn-2 palmitate, was studied using a dynamic digestion model simulating the infant gastrointestinal tract. The molecular species of digestion products released during digestion, including diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols (MAGs), and free fatty acids, as well as undigested TAGs, were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We observed clearly different lipolysis degrees (LDs), with diversity in digestion products of different IFs. IFs supplied with MLCT showed moderate medium-chain fatty acid release during gastric digestion and higher LD after intestinal digestion. The presence of sn-2 palmitate in IF was associated with higher content of MAG-16:0 in digestion products. The species and contents of digestion products in IF were highly influenced by structured TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinghe Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tinglan Yuan
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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22
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Zhu H, Liang A, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, He X, Liu Y, Jiang S, Lu J, Lv J. Comparative Analysis of Triglycerides From Different Regions and Mature Lactation Periods in Chinese Human Milk Project (CHMP) Study. Front Nutr 2022; 8:798821. [PMID: 35004826 PMCID: PMC8734425 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.798821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinds and proportions of triglycerides of human mature milk play an independent role in the growth of infants. In this study, the human milk samples obtained from eight different Chinese cities (Chengdu, Weihai, Lanzhou, Jinhua, Beijing, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Harbin) and six sequential mature lactation times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) were detected for the triglycerides. The result demonstrated that total 66 triglycerides were detected in mature human milk, with acyl carbon number (ACN) numbers were locating in the range of 34–54 and double bond (DB) numbers were locating in the range of 0–6. In addition, the percentage of OPO, OPL, and OOO was relatively higher than others, accounted for more than 4% of total triglycerides in all the lactation areas and times, and the percentage of U2S and LLL triglycerides was also richest in mature milk. Furthermore, it was obvious that lactation regions had more significant effect on the triglycerides compared with lactation time and the triacylglycerols (TAGs) of human milk in Guangzhou were clearly different from that in other regions. Therefore, the results of this study will provide data reference for the design of infant formula suitable for Chinese babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Zhu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Aimei Liang
- Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC)-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China.,Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu He
- Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC)-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China.,Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC)-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China.,Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC)-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China.,Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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23
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Sun D, Li S, Shang J, You L, Wang M, Sun C, Wang X. Process optimization of simultaneous enzymatic production of 1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol and 1‐oleoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐3‐linoleoylglycerol. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Sun
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
| | - Shilei Li
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
| | - Jiayi Shang
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
| | - Linna You
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
| | - Manyi Wang
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Beijing China
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24
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Zhang X, Wei W, Tao G, Jin Q, Wang X. Identification and Quantification of Triacylglycerols Using Ultraperformance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Comparison of Human Milk, Infant Formula, Other Mammalian Milk, and Plant Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8991-9003. [PMID: 33755452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) components in human milk during different lactation periods, infant formulas with different fat sources, other mammalian milk (cow, goat, donkey, and yak milk), and plant oil (sunflower, rapeseed, corn, soybean, palm, palm kernel, and coconut oil) were analyzed and compared using ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPSFC-Q-TOF-MS). We identified 191 TAGs (86, 102, 101, and 54 TAGs in human milk, infant formula, mammalian milk, and plant oil, respectively). TAGs esterified with palmitic acid (16:0) were major TAG structures in human milk (59.08% of total TAGs) and contained 30 TAG types. The sn-O/P/O regioisomer constituted more than 80% of the O/P/O content of human milk, whereas the sn-O/O/P levels were higher in other samples. The carbon number (CN) 52 content was higher than the CN 54 content in human milk, with the opposite observed in infant formula. TAGs with CN < 40 content were abundant in cow, goat, and yak milk; donkey milk was rich in CN 52 content. TAGs composed of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were rich in human milk, while TAGs with three MCFAs were rich in infant formula. The TAG characteristics of infant formula were directly related to its fat resource. TAGs with fewer double bonds were abundant in the plant oil formula; however, highly unsaturated TAGs were prominent in the cow and goat milk formulas, similar to plant oil and mammalian milk. Significant differences in the TAG distribution were observed among the different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghe Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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25
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Regiospecific Positioning of Palmitic Acid in Triacylglycerol Structure of Enzymatically Modified Lipids Affects Physicochemical and In Vitro Digestion Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134015. [PMID: 34209258 PMCID: PMC8271560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripalmitin-(PPP, 81.2%), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol-(POP, 64.4%), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol-(PPO, 86.5%), and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol-(OPO, 50.2%)-rich lipids with different regiospecific positions of palmitic acid (P) were synthesized via acetone fractionation and lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, and their physicochemical and hydrolytic characteristics were compared. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) with higher content of P, wherein P was at the sn-1 (or 3) position, had higher melting points, crystallization temperatures, and packing densities of fat crystals compared to those with a lower content of P, and with P at the sn-2 position. The in vitro digestion degree calculated as released fatty acid (FA) (%) at 30, 60, and 120 min was in the following order: OPO-rich > PPO-rich > POP-rich lipids. At 120 min, in vitro digestion of the OPO-rich lipid released 92.6% of fatty acids, resulting in the highest digestibility, while 89.7% and 87.2% of fatty acids were released from the OPO-rich and PPO-rich lipids, respectively. Over the digestion period, the TAG and monoacylglycerol (MAG) contents decreased, while the diacylglycerol (DAG) content initially increased and then decreased, and the 1,2-DAG content exceeded the 1,3-DAG content. Therefore, the content and stereospecific position of P attached to a specific TAG affected the physicochemical and in vitro digestion characteristics of the lipids.
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26
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Wu W, Balter A, Vodsky V, Odetallh Y, Ben-Dror G, Zhang Y, Zhao A. Chinese Breast Milk Fat Composition and Its Associated Dietary Factors: A Pilot Study on Lactating Mothers in Beijing. Front Nutr 2021; 8:606950. [PMID: 34124115 PMCID: PMC8193926 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.606950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional differences were found in breast milk composition. This study intended to profile the composition of fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in Chinese breast milk and to explore its association with maternal diet. Breast milk samples and data of 52 lactating women at 60–90 days postpartum were collected. The FA composition was measured using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the TAG profile was detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system, coupled with accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A semi-quantitative food intake frequency questionnaire and a one-time 24-h dietary recall were used to evaluate the previous month's and the short-term dietary intake, including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients. Oleic–palmitic–linoleic (OPL) is the most predominant TAG within the Chinese human milk, followed by oleic–palmitic–oleic (OPO), with an average OPL-to-OPO ratio of 1.35. Linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA) accounted for 23.9 and 32.0% of the total FAs, respectively. Among the food groups consumed during the preceding month, LA content was positively associated with the consumption of soybeans and soybean products (r = 0.311, p = 0.030), whereas a negative correlation was identified with seafood consumption (r = −0.302, p = 0.030). Negative correlations were found between the OA content and the consumption of soybeans and soybean products (r = −0.363, p = 0.009), livestock and poultry meat (r = −0.375, p = 0.006), nuts (r = −0.305, p = 0.028), as well as cooking oil (r = −0.445, p = 0.001). No significant associations were identified between the LA and OA contents and the dietary patterns. This study confirmed a high OPL level in Chinese breast milk and revealed associations of FAs with maternal dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Adi Balter
- Infant Nutrition R&D, IFF Health, Migdal HaEmeq, Israel
| | | | | | - Gai Ben-Dror
- Infant Nutrition, Enzymotec Ltd., Migdal HaEmeq, Israel
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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27
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Yuan T, Wei W, Zhang X, Wang L, Dai X, Ren C, Wang X, Jin Q. Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols composition in preterm and full-term human milk across different lactation stages. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Wang X, Huang Z, Hua L, Zou F, Cheng X, Wang X. Preparation of human milk fat substitutes similar to human milk fat by enzymatic acidolysis and physical blending. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Dai X, Yuan T, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Bi H, Yu R, Wei W, Wang X. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) concentrations in human milk consumed by infants born at different gestational ages and the variations in concentration during lactation stages. Food Funct 2020; 11:1869-1880. [PMID: 32068229 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in human milk triacylglycerols (TAGs) and investigate their concentrations in human milk consumed during lactation by infants born at different gestational ages. One hundred and eighty milk samples from the mothers of 30 full-term, 10 early-preterm (≤32 weeks), 10 mild-preterm (32-34 weeks), and 10 near-term (34-37 weeks) infants were collected from the colostrum, transitional, and mature milk. The human milk TAGs were transferred into fatty-acid methyl esters via potassium methoxide in methanol and determined using gas chromatography (GC). The total SCFA (4:0) and MCFA concentrations (6:0 and 8:0) were highest in the mature milk (1.47 ± 0.66 mg g-1 fat from full-term infant milk), approximately 42.18% higher than those in transitional milk. Significantly higher SCFA and MCFA concentrations were found in full-term milk than in preterm milk (p = 0.001). The milk TAGs were analyzed using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-Q-TOF-MS), which showed that the SCFAs and MCFAs were mainly esterified with long-chain fatty-acid groups (16:0, 18:1 n-9, and 18:2 n-6) at the glycerol backbone. The infants' daily SCFA intake from human milk was estimated; this was highest from mature milk for full-term infants (∼14 mg d-1) which was significantly different from that of preterm infants from colostrum and transitional milk (p < 0.001). The correlation between dietary SCFAs and MCFAs in human milk and nutrition in newborns, especially in the gut microbiotas of preterm infants, requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Dai
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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30
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Arita‐Merino N, Yener S, Valenberg HJF, Hugo A, Osthoff G. Varying Levels of Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids Affect Triacylglycerol Composition and Crystallization Behavior of African Elephant Milk Fat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Arita‐Merino
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design Wageningen University Postbox 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sine Yener
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design Wageningen University Postbox 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. F. Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design Wageningen University Postbox 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Arno Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology University of the Free State Postbox 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
| | - Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology University of the Free State Postbox 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
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31
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Zhang LS, Chu MY, Zong MH, Yang JG, Lou WY. Facile and Green Production of Human Milk Fat Substitute through Rhodococcus opacus Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9368-9376. [PMID: 32700528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a class of structured lipids widely used in infant formulas. Herein, HMFS was prepared by Rhodococcus opacus fermentation. The substrate oils suitable for HMFS production were coconut oil (66.1-57.5%), soybean oil (17.5-26.5%), high oleic acid sunflower oil (5.4-4.5%), Antarctic krill oil (9-9.5%), and fungal oil (2%). Six HMFSs were prepared, among which HMFS V and VI were similar to human milk fat from Chinese in terms of fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol species. The sn-2 position of HMFS was occupied by palmitic acid (49.31 and 43.48% in HMFS V and VI, respectively). The major triacylglycerols were OPL, OPO, and LPL, accounting for 15.90, 9.49, and 6.84 and 17.52, 8.44, and 8.55% in HMFS V and VI, respectively. This study is the first to prepare structured lipids intended for infant formula through fermentation, providing a novel strategy for the edible oil industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei-Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yang
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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32
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Zhang LS, Chu MY, Zong MH, Yang JG, Lou WY. Carbon source modify lipids composition of Rhodococcus opacus intended for infant formula. J Biotechnol 2020; 319:8-14. [PMID: 32470464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) are the structured lipids intended for infant formula. It provides energy and essential fatty acid for infant. HMFSs are mainly prepared by enzymatic method. In this study, we aim to explore the potential for producing HMFSs by fermentation using R. opacus. The results indicated that different compounds with chain length from 12 to 18, used as carbon source, could be incorporated into triacylglycerols directly. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in term of ARA, EPA, DHA could enter the kennedy pathway directly and involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. GC, UPLC-MS and 13C-NMR analysis demonstrated that typical structured lipids β-OPL (40.09%) was synthesized in R. opacus. Transcriptome analysis revealed that β-oxidation, fatty acid elongation and kennedy pathways existed in R. opacus. It was concluded that fatty acid supplied as carbon source could enter the kennedy pathways directly or via the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway depending on the chain length, thus, affect the triacylglycerol species formed in the Rhodococcus opacus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei-Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yang
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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33
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Gao L, Cheng X, Yu X, Wang X, Jin Q, Wang X. Lipase-mediated production of 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol by a two-step method. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Gan J, Zhang Z, Kurudimov K, German JB, Taha AY. Distribution of Free and Esterified Oxylipins in Cream, Cell, and Skim Fractions of Human Milk. Lipids 2020; 55:661-670. [PMID: 32725684 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains oxylipins involved in infant development. Although oxylipins have been identified in whole or skim milk, their localization within human milk cream, cell, and skim fractions is not known. This study determined the distribution of free and esterified oxylipins in cream, cell, and skim fractions of human milk. Out of 72 oxylipins probed by mass-spectrometry, 42, 29, and 41 oxylipins (free or bound) were detected in cream, cell, and skim fractions, respectively. Over 90% of free and bound oxylipins were derived from linoleic acid in all milk fractions. Other oxylipins were derived from n-6 arachidonic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and n-3 alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Free oxylipins were more abundant in skim milk (59.9% of total oxylipins) compared to cream and cell pellet, whereas esterified oxylipins were most abundant in milk cream and cell pellets (74.9-76.9%). The heterogenous distribution of oxylipins in different fractions of human milk may regulate the guided release of these bioactive signaling molecules within infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junai Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karina Kurudimov
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Untargeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals novel triacylglycerides in human milk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9255. [PMID: 32518313 PMCID: PMC7283244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides the infant with the essential nutritive and non-nutritive factors required for health, growth and development. The human milk lipidome is complex, but comprises predominantly triacylglycerides. Historically, the fatty acid profile of the entire human milk lipidome has been investigated, and many relationships have been identified between infant health and fatty acids. Most of these fatty acids are, however, delivered to the infant as triacylglycerides. Using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, the objective of this study was to characterise the triacylglyceride profile of human milk and elucidate relationships between the triacylglyceride profile and infant outcomes in a cohort of 10 exclusively breastfeeding woman-infant dyads. 205 triacylglycerides were identified, including 98 previously not reported in human milk. The dose of specific triacylglycerides differed in relation to infant health, such as lauric acid containing TAGs, which were delivered in significantly higher dose to healthy infants compared to unwell infants.
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Leghi GE, Middleton PF, Netting MJ, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT, Muhlhausler BS. A Systematic Review of Collection and Analysis of Human Milk for Macronutrient Composition. J Nutr 2020; 150:1652-1670. [PMID: 32240307 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As human milk (HM) composition varies by time and across even a single feed, methods of sample collection can significantly affect the results of compositional analyses and complicate comparisons between studies. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the results obtained for HM macronutrient composition between studies utilizing different sampling methodologies. The results will be used as a basis to identify the most reliable HM sampling approach. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Observational and interventional studies were included, and at least 2 authors screened studies and undertook data extraction. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and previously published pragmatic score. RESULTS A total of 5301 publications were identified from our search, of which 101 studies were included (n = 5049 breastfeeding women). Methods used for HM collection were divided into 3 categories: collection of milk from all feeds over 24 h (32 studies, n = 1309 participants), collection at one time point (62 studies, n = 3432 participants), and "other methods" (7 studies, n = 308 participants). Fat and protein concentrations varied between collection methods within lactation stage, but there were no obvious differences in lactose concentrations. There was substantial variability between studies in other factors potentially impacting HM composition, including stage of lactation, gestational age, and analytical method, which complicated direct comparison of methods. CONCLUSIONS This review describes the first systematic evaluation of sampling methodologies used in studies reporting HM composition and highlights the wide range of collection methods applied in the field. This information provides an important basis for developing recommendations for best practices for HM collection for compositional analysis, which will ultimately allow combination of information from different studies and thus strengthen the body of evidence relating to contemporary HM composition. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42017072563, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017072563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Leghi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philippa F Middleton
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Merryn J Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Adelaide, Australia
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Yuan T, Wei W, Wang X, Jin Q. Biosynthesis of structured lipids enriched with medium and long-chain triacylglycerols for human milk fat substitute. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Direct inlet negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of triacylglycerol regioisomers in human milk and infant formulas. Food Chem 2020; 328:126991. [PMID: 32512466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A previously developed direct inlet tandem mass spectrometric method for analysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) regioisomers was updated and validated for operation with current instrumentation with improved sensitivity and throughput. TAG regioisomers in pooled Chinese and Finnish human milk samples, two bovine milk samples and 11 infant formulas were identified and quantified. A total of 241 TAG regioisomers were identified and quantified, consisting of over 60 mol% of all TAGs in the human milk samples. The infant formulas deviated largely from human milk in regioisomeric composition of TAGs. In the Finnish and Chinese human milks, the most abundant ones were 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO; 7.4 and 8.8 mol% of all TAGs) and 1(3)-linoleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3(1)-oleoylglycerol (LPO; 4.7 and 8.3 mol% of all TAGs). In the infant formulas 1,2(2,3)-dioleoyl-3(1)-palmitoylglycerol (OOP) and 1(3)-linoleoyl-2-oleoyl-3(1)-palmitoylglycerol/1(3)-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3(1)-oleoylglycerol (LOP/PLO) were more abundant than OPO and LPO. The differences between human milk and infant formula prompt for further development of current formulas.
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Yuan T, Geng Z, Dai X, Zhang X, Wei W, Wang X, Jin Q. Triacylglycerol Containing Medium-Chain Fatty Acids: Comparison of Human Milk and Infant Formulas on Lipolysis during In Vitro Digestion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4187-4195. [PMID: 32186380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) is widely used in infant formulas (IFs) to provide medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) for infants with special fat absorption requirements. However, MCFAs naturally present in human milk are medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs). This study investigated the effect of triacylglycerol containing MCFAs (MLCT vs MCT) on lipolysis by comparison of human milk and IFs containing 0, 20, 30, and 55% of MCT (IF 1 to IF 4) using an in vitro digestion model. Rabbit gastric lipase showed an extent of digestion within the expected range, and was selected as the alternative to human gastric lipase. All IFs showed a lower lipolysis degree compared with human milk. There was no significant difference (p = 0.175) among IFs supplemented with MCT at the end of intestinal digestion. In addition, the digestion of IFs with different MCT contents led to different free fatty acid profiles, which may have health effects on infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Yuan
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ziwei Geng
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinyue Dai
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinghe Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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40
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Zhang T, Wang T, Liu R, Chang M, Jin Q, Wang X. Chemical characterization of fourteen kinds of novel edible oils: A comparative study using chemometrics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Wang X, Jiang C, Xu W, Miu Z, Jin Q, Wang X. Enzymatic synthesis of structured triacylglycerols rich in 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol in a solvent-free system. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Triacylglycerol containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA-TAG): The gap between human milk and infant formulas. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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