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Michailidis M, Ziogas V, Sarrou E, Nasiopoulou E, Styliani Titeli V, Skodra C, Tanou G, Ganopoulos I, Martens S, Molassiotis A. Screening the Citrus Greek National Germplasm Collection for fruit quality and metabolic footprint. Food Chem 2024; 435:137573. [PMID: 37769559 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are one of the most important fruits in the global food industry due to their unique taste and nutritional benefits. Herein, we characterize the physicochemical and bioactive attributes of twenty-nine Greek citrus accessions, including oranges, mandarins/clementines, lemons, bergamot, citrons and lime along with twenty-seven highly commercial international cultivars. The assessed genotypes differ in various quality traits including color, ripening, and textural attributes. Several indigenous cultivars displayed desirable organoleptic traits, such as the oranges 'Valencia Oval Porou' (e.g., juice content and ascorbic acid) and 'Sanguine Gouritis' (eg., soluble solids (SSC) and acidity (TA) ratio), the mandarin 'Clementine Porou' (e.g., SSC/TA) and the lemon 'Vakalou' (e.g., firmness, acidity). Differences in primary metabolites, mainly in sugars, organic acids and amino acids were recorded among the tested species and cultivars. In addition, the autochthonous orange cultivars 'Sanguine Gouritsis' and 'Valencia Oval Porou' contained high sucrose levels whereas 'Lainato Chanion' had high hesperidin content. This large-scale analysis supports the ample availability of genetic resources for the development of citrus cultivars with improved nutritional quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Ziogas
- Intsitute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Chania 73134, Greece
| | - Eirini Sarrou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Elpida Nasiopoulou
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vaia Styliani Titeli
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Skodra
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-Dimitra, Thessaloniki-Thermi 57001, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-Dimitra, Thessaloniki-Thermi 57001, Greece
| | - Stefan Martens
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Zhang AA, Ni JB, Martynenko A, Chen C, Fang XM, Ding CJ, Chen J, Zhang JW, Xiao HW. Electrohydrodynamic drying of citrus (Citrus sinensis L.) peel: Comparative evaluation on the physiochemical quality and volatile profiles. Food Chem 2023; 429:136832. [PMID: 37453333 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Based on the concept of circular economy, citrus peel was considered a valuable source of bioactive compounds for high-value foods. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying is a novel technology appropriated for the dehydration of heat-sensitive products such as citrus peel. In current work, EHD drying of citrus peel was performed based on alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) sources at various voltage levels (9, 18, 27, 36, and 45 kV). The effect of EHD on drying characteristics, water retention capacity, enzyme inactivation, phytochemical contents (phenolic compounds and carotenoids), and volatile compounds of citrus peel were evaluated and compared. Results showed that the drying time in the AC electric field was shorter compared to DC electric field at the same applied voltages due to the polarization layer formed by unipolar charges. The applied voltage determined electric field strength as well as the degree of tissue collapse and cell membrane rupture. EHD elucidated the transformation and degradation of phytochemicals including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and volatile composition in proportion to the applied voltage. The findings indicate that EHD drying with AC improves drying behaviors, inactivates enzymes, and retains the phytochemical properties of citrus peel.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-An Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Bao Ni
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Alex Martynenko
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Fang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xiangshan Beigou, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Ding
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China.
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Esquivel P, Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Comprehensive review on carotenoid composition: Transformations during processing and storage of foods. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Kim JK, Kim DW, Gebru YA, Choi HS, Kim YH, Kim MK. The Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Unusual Keto-Carotenoids in Ripe Fruits of Maclura tricuspidate and Its Potential as a Valuable Source of Cryptocapsin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238317. [PMID: 36500410 PMCID: PMC9736378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Ripe fruits of Maclura tricuspidata (MT) are used as food material and a natural colorant in Korea. Although MT fruits have a deep red color due to carotenoid-like pigments, their chemical nature has not been explored in detail so far. The present study aimed at elucidating the chemical structures and composition of carotenoids in MT fruits and changes at different maturity stages. Two carotenoids from saponified MT fruit extract were isolated using repeated silica gel column chromatography. Based on interpretations of spectroscopic data, these compounds were determined as keto-carotenoids, i.e., capsanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6'-one) and cryptocapsin (3'-hydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6'-one), and the contents of individual carotenoids were quantified with HPLC based on calibration curves obtained from authentic standards. The contents of capsanthin and cryptocapsin in the sample of saponified MT fruits were 57.65 ± 1.97 µg/g and 171.66 ± 4.85 μg/g as dry weight base (dw). The majority of these keto-carotenoids in the MT fruits were present in esterified forms with lauric, myristic or palmitic acid rather than in their free forms. The results also showed that esterification of these compounds occurred starting from early stage (yellow-brownish stage) of maturation. Considering the high cryptocapsin content, MT fruits can be applied as a potentially valuable source of cryptocapsin for food and medicinal application as well as a source of provitamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kuk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Woon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoseph Asmelash Gebru
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
| | - Han-Seok Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Processing, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoi Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-2551; Fax: +82-63-270-2572
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Zacarías-García J, Cronje PJ, Diretto G, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. A comprehensive analysis of carotenoids metabolism in two red-fleshed mutants of Navel and Valencia sweet oranges ( Citrus sinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034204. [PMID: 36330241 PMCID: PMC9623303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Kirkwood Navel and Ruby Valencia are two spontaneous bud mutations of the respective parental lines of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Palmer Navel and Olinda Valencia, showing an atypical red pigmentation of the pulp. These red-fleshed varieties are commercially available and highly attractive for consumers but their carotenoid metabolism and the basis of the mutation have not been investigated. The red colour of Kirkwood and Ruby pulp was observed from the very early stages of fruit development until full maturity and associated with an altered carotenoid profiling. The red-fleshed varieties accumulated from 6- up to 1000-times more total carotenoids compared to the standard oranges. Specifically, the pulp of Kirkwood and Ruby accumulated large amounts of phytoene and phytofluene, and moderate contents of lycopene. Moreover, the red-fleshed oranges contained other unusual carotenes as δ-carotene, and lower concentrations of downstream products such as β,β-xanthophylls, abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA-glucosyl ester. This peculiar profile was associated with chromoplasts with lycopene crystalloid structures and round vesicles likely containing colourless carotenes. The flavedo and leaves of Kirkwood and Ruby showed minor changes in carotenoids, mainly limited to higher levels of phytoene. The carotenoid composition in Kirkwood and Ruby fruits was not explained by differences in the transcriptional profile of 26 genes related to carotenoid metabolism, covering the main steps of biosynthesis, catabolism and other processes related to carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, sequence analysis of the lycopene cyclase genes revealed no alterations in those of the red-fleshed oranges compared to the genes of the standard varieties. A striking event observed in Kirkwood and Ruby trees was the reddish coloration of the inner side of the bark tissue, with larger amounts of phytoene, accumulation of lycopene and lower ABA content. These observation lead to the conclusion that the mutation is not only manifested in fruit, affecting other carotenogenic tissues of the mutant plants, but with different consequences in the carotenoid profile. Overall, the carotenoid composition in the red-fleshed mutants suggests a partial blockage of the lycopene β-cyclization in the carotenoid pathway, rendering a high accumulation of carotenes upstream lycopene and a reduced flow to downstream xanthophylls and ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul J. Cronje
- Citrus Research International (CRI), Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Bi YX, Zielinska S, Ni JB, Li XX, Xue XF, Tian WL, Peng WJ, Fang XM. Effects of hot-air drying temperature on drying characteristics and color deterioration of rape bee pollen. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100464. [PMID: 36217315 PMCID: PMC9547186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Liu S, Lou Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Li P, Yang B, Gu Q. Review of phytochemical and nutritional characteristics and food applications of Citrus L. fruits. Front Nutr 2022; 9:968604. [PMID: 35923210 PMCID: PMC9339955 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.968604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the dietary regimen rich in fruits is being widely recognized and encouraged, Citrus L. fruits have been growing in popularity worldwide due to their high amounts of health-promoting phytonutrients and bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, carotenoids, pectins, and fatty acids. The diverse physicochemical properties and multiple utilization of citrus fruits in food industry are associated with their unique chemical compositions. Throughout the world, citrus has been used for producing various value-added and nutritionally enhanced products, including juices, wines, jams, canned citrus, and dried citrus. However, the current studies regarding the phytochemical and nutritional characteristics and food applications of citrus are scattered. This review systematically summarizes the existing bibliography on the chemical characteristics, functional and nutraceutical benefits, processing, and potential applications of citrus. A thorough understanding of this information may provide scientific guidance for better utilizing citrus as a functional fruit and benefit the extension of citrus value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lou
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixian Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baoru Yang
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Gu
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Chen C, Peng X, Wan C, Zhang Y, Gan Z, Zeng J, Kai W, Chen J. Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway and Redox Balance Act Synergistically in Conferring Resistance against Penicillium italicum Infection in 7-Demethoxytylophorine-Treated Navel Orange. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8111-8123. [PMID: 35730981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
7-Demethoxytylophorine (DEM), a natural water-soluble phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, has a great potential for in vitro suppression of Penicillium italicum growth. In the present study, we investigated the ability of DEM to confer resistance against P. italicum in harvested "Newhall" navel orange and the underlying mechanism. Results from the in vivo experiment showed that DEM treatment delayed blue mold development. The water-soaked lesion diameter in 40 mg L-1 DEM-treated fruit was 35.2% lower than that in the control after 96 h. Moreover, the decrease in peel firmness loss and increase in electrolyte leakage, superoxide anion (O2•-) production, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly inhibited by DEM treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) burst in DEM-treated fruit at the early stage of P. italicum infection contributed to the conferred resistance by increasing the activities of lignin biosynthesis-related enzymes, along with the expressions of their encoding genes, resulting in lignin accumulation. The DEM-treated fruit maintained an elevated antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by high levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione content, and enhanced or upregulated the activities and gene expression levels of APX, GR, MDHAR, DHAR, GPX, and GST, thereby maintaining ROS homeostasis and reducing postharvest blue mold. Collectively, the results in the present study revealed a control mechanism in which DEM treatment conferred the resistance against P. italicum infection in harvested "Newhall" navel orange fruit by activating lignin biosynthesis and maintaining the redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zengyu Gan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jiaoke Zeng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenbin Kai
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
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Borredá C, Perez-Roman E, Talon M, Terol J. Comparative transcriptomics of wild and commercial Citrus during early ripening reveals how domestication shaped fruit gene expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:123. [PMID: 35300613 PMCID: PMC8928680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridizations and admixtures were key in Citrus domestication, but very little is known about their impact at the transcriptomic level. To determine the effects of genome introgressions on gene expression, the transcriptomes of the pulp and flavedo of three pure species (citron, pure mandarin and pummelo) and four derived domesticated genetic admixtures (sour orange, sweet orange, lemon and domesticated mandarin) have been analyzed at color break. RESULTS Many genes involved in relevant physiological processes for domestication, such sugar/acid metabolism and carotenoid/flavonoid synthesis, were differentially expressed among samples. In the low-sugar, highly acidic species lemon and citron, many genes involved in sugar metabolism, the TCA cycle and GABA shunt displayed a reduced expression, while the P-type ATPase CitPH5 and most subunits of the vacuolar ATPase were overexpressed. The red-colored species and admixtures were generally characterized by the overexpression in the flavedo of specific pivotal genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase, β-lycopene cyclase and CCD4b, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. The expression patterns of many genes involved in flavonoid modifications, especially the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid O-methyltransferases showed extreme diversity. However, the most noticeable differential expression was shown by a chalcone synthase gene, which catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. This chalcone synthase was exclusively expressed in mandarins and their admixed species, which only expressed the mandarin allele. In addition, comparisons between wild and domesticated mandarins revealed that the major differences between their transcriptomes concentrate in the admixed regions. CONCLUSION In this work we present a first study providing broad evidence that the genome introgressions that took place during citrus domestication largely shaped gene expression in their fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Borredá
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Roman
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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Bioactive Compounds of Citrus Fruits: A Review of Composition and Health Benefits of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Limonoids, and Terpenes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020239. [PMID: 35204122 PMCID: PMC8868476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to the reduced risk of many diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. Citrus, the genus Citrus L., is one of the most important fruit crops, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, limonoids, and many other bioactive compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical value. Moreover, polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), a unique class of bioactive flavonoids, abundantly occur in citrus fruits. In addition, citrus essential oil, rich in limonoids and terpenes, is an economically important product due to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and flavoring properties. Mechanistic, observational, and intervention studies have demonstrated the health benefits of citrus bioactives in minimizing the risk of metabolic syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive view of the composition of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and limonoids of citrus fruits and their associated health benefits.
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11
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YU L, WU Y, LIU D, SHENG Z, LIU J, CHEN H, FENG W. The kinetic behavior of antioxidant activity and the stability of aqueous and organic polyphenol extracts from navel orange peel. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.90621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Limei YU
- Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China; Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China; Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, China; Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yingxian WU
- Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China
| | - Dongjie LIU
- Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China
| | | | | | - Haiguang CHEN
- Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China; Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China; Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Weihua FENG
- Zhong kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China; Ministry of Agriculture, China
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12
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Understanding carotenoid biosynthetic pathway control points using metabolomic analysis and natural genetic variation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:127-151. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Lu X, Zhao C, Shi H, Liao Y, Xu F, Du H, Xiao H, Zheng J. Nutrients and bioactives in citrus fruits: Different citrus varieties, fruit parts, and growth stages. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2018-2041. [PMID: 34609268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are consumed in large quantities worldwide due to their attractive aromas and taste, as well as their high nutritional values and various health-promoting effects, which are due to their abundance of nutrients and bioactives. In addition to water, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers are important nutrients in citrus, providing them with high nutritional values. Citrus fruits are also rich in various bioactives such as flavonoids, essential oils, carotenoids, limonoids, and synephrines, which protect from various ailments, including cancer and inflammatory, digestive, and cardiovascular diseases. The composition and content of nutrients and bioactives differ significantly among citrus varieties, fruit parts, and growth stages. To better understand the nutrient and bioactive profiles of citrus fruits and provide guidance for the utilization of high-value citrus resources, this review systematically summarizes the nutrients and bioactives in citrus fruit, including their contents, structural characteristics, and potential health benefits. We also explore the composition variation in different citrus varieties, fruits parts, and growth stages, as well as their health-promoting effects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmiao Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Shi
- Department of science and technology catalyze, Nestlé R&D (China) Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcheng Liao
- Department of science and technology catalyze, Nestlé R&D (China) Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of science and technology catalyze, Nestlé R&D (China) Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu C, Zhang H, He M, Liu X, Chen S, He Z, Ye J, Xu J. Lycopene Accumulation in Cara Cara Red-flesh Navel Orange Is Correlated with Weak Abscisic Acid Catabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8236-8246. [PMID: 34255521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene is the main pigment in red-flesh citrus fruits, and its formation is a research hotspot. To explore the basis of lycopene accumulation in red-flesh mutants, we profiled the terpenoid metabolites. Compared with their respective wild types, Cara Cara (Cara) [and Red-Anliu (R-An)] oranges showed increased carotenoid and limonoid aglycone contents and decreased contents of abscisic acid (ABA) catabolites, monoterpenoid volatiles, and sesquiterpenoid volatiles. Cara contained less than half of the amount of ABA glucose ester (ABAGE), the main ABA derivative in oranges. Parallel lower transcript levels of NCED and ABA glucosyltransferase in Cara were detected at the mature green stage. These results document the changes in terpenoid profiles in Cara and show that the red flesh of citrus color mutants is related to weak ABA catabolism, especially ABAGE, and decreased transcript levels of two genes encoding uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases that catalyze ABAGE biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Agricultural Bureau of Yichang District, Yichang 443310, China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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15
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Multari S, Guzzon R, Caruso M, Licciardello C, Martens S. Alcoholic fermentation of citrus flavedo and albedo with pure and mixed yeast strains: Physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical profiles. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Carotenoid and Carotenoid Ester Profile and Their Deposition in Plastids in Fruits of New Papaya ( Carica papaya L.) Varieties from the Canary Islands. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020434. [PMID: 33671129 PMCID: PMC7921962 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotenoid profile of non-saponified and saponified extracts of different tissues (pulp and peel) of fruits of three new papaya varieties, Sweet Mary, Alicia, and Eksotika, was characterized for the first time, and almost all carotenoid compounds were quantified. Carotenoids and carotenoid esters were analyzed and characterized using HPLC-photo diode array (PDA-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with positive ion mode (APCI+) with a C30 reversed-phase column. The carotenoid deposition in collenchyma and chlorenchyma cells of papaya pulp and peel tissues was assessed by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The most abundant carotenoids in the fruit of the three papaya varieties (pulp and peel) were (all-E)-lycopene (230.0–421.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), (all-E)-β-carotene (120.3–233.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), and (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate (74.4–223.2 µg/100 g fresh weight. Moreover, high concentrations of (all-E)-lutein (922.5–1381.1 µg/100 g fresh weight) and its esters, such as (all-E)-lutein-3-O-myristate and (all-E)-lutein dimyristate, were found in peel extracts. The optical microscopy study of papaya pulps showed that carotenoid deposition in all papaya varieties, including Maradol, was mainly localized close to the cell walls, showing the presence of some crystalloids and round-shaped structures, with different sizes and distribution due to the different carotenoid content among varieties. No crystalloids or globular depositions were found in any of the peel sections, and no remarkable differences were found in the papaya peel microstructure of the different papaya varieties.
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17
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Erşan S, Berning JC, Esquivel P, Jiménez VM, Carle R, May B, Schweiggert R, Steingass CB. Phytochemical and mineral composition of fruits and seeds of wild-growing Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore palms from Costa Rica. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Zacarías-García J, Lux PE, Carle R, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. Characterization of the Pale Yellow Petal/Xanthophyll Esterase gene family in citrus as candidates for carotenoid esterification in fruits. Food Chem 2020; 342:128322. [PMID: 33092926 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In orange-pigmented citrus fruits, the xanthophyll esters are the predominant carotenoids, but their biosynthetic origin is currently unknown. In this work, seven PYP/XES (Pale Yellow Petal/ Xanthophyll esterase) genes were identified in Citrus genomes, but only PYP1-4 and 6 contained the structural domains essential for activity. The PYP/XES expression profiles in sweet orange and in other Citrus species such as lemon, mandarin and pummelo with marked differences in fruit pigmentation and content of xanthophylls esters, showed the upregulation of PYP1,2 and 6 genes during ripening only in orange-pigmented fruits. Moreover, transcript levels of PYP1, 2 and 6 genes in peel and pulp of sweet orange were accompanied by the accumulation of xanthophyll esters during ripening. This work reports for the first time the PYP/XES gene family in Citrus and strongly suggests its involvement in xanthophyll esterification in citrus fruit tissues and its influence in carotenoid accumulation and fruit pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Peter E Lux
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Chair Food Biofunctionality, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
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19
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Zoccali M, Giuffrida D, Salafia F, Rigano F, Dugo P, Casale M, Mondello L. Apocarotenoids profiling in different Capsicum species. Food Chem 2020; 334:127595. [PMID: 32711277 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study report on the application of an on line supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-triple quadrupole/mass spectrometry methodology to the first apocarotenoids profiling of seventeen different chilli peppers cultivars belonging to Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum chinense species. A total of 19 free apocarotenoids and 8 apocarotenoids fatty acid esters were identified; β-Apo-8'-carotenal and Apo-8'-zeaxanthinal were also quantified and the β-Apo-8'-carotenal occurrence was in the percentage ranges relative to β-carotene of 0.03-3.87%. PCA was performed as a multivariate display method on the quantified carotenoids and apocarotenoids, in order to visualize the data structure. Moreover, different ε-apoluteinals and 4-oxo-apo-β-carotenals were detected in Capsicum species also for the first time and, to the best of authors knowledge, in any food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Daniele Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Fabio Salafia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98166 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Casale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98166 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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20
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Galvez-Llompart M, Zanni R, Galvez J, Garcia-Domenech R. Molecular Topology QSAR Strategy for Crop Protection: New Natural Fungicides with Chitin Inhibitory Activity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16358-16365. [PMID: 32685798 PMCID: PMC7364431 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, crop protection is a major concern and how to proceed is a delicate point of contention. New products must be safe and ecofriendly in accordance with the actual legislation. In this context, we present a quantitative structure-activity relationship strategy based on molecular topology as a tool for generating natural products as potential fungicides following a mechanism of action based on the synthesis of chitin inhibition (chitinase inhibition). Two discriminant equations using statistical linear discriminant analysis were used to identify three potential candidates (1-methylxanthine, hematommic acid, and antheraxanthin). The equations showed accuracy and specificity levels above 80%, minimizing the risk of selecting false active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Galvez-Llompart
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Quimica, UPV-CSIC, Universidad
Politecnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia E-46022, Spain
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Riccardo Zanni
- Departamento
de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, Malaga 29071, Spain
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jorge Galvez
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Ramon Garcia-Domenech
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- . Phone: +34-963544291
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21
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Differences in the composition of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and volatiles between juice and pomace of four citrus fruits from Southern Italy. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Etzbach L, Stolle R, Anheuser K, Herdegen V, Schieber A, Weber F. Impact of Different Pasteurization Techniques and Subsequent Ultrasonication on the In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids in Valencia Orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) Juice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E534. [PMID: 32570987 PMCID: PMC7346171 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of traditional pasteurization (low pasteurization, conventional pasteurization, hot filling) and alternative pasteurization (pulsed electric fields, high pressure processing), followed by ultrasonication on the carotenoid content, carotenoid profile, and on the in vitro carotenoid bioaccessibility of orange juice were investigated. There was no significant difference in the total carotenoid content between the untreated juice (879.74 µg/100 g juice) and all pasteurized juices. Significantly lower contents of violaxanthin esters were found in the high thermally-treated juices (conventional pasteurization, hot filling) compared to the untreated juice, owing to heat-induced epoxy-furanoid rearrangement. The additional ultrasonication had almost no effects on the carotenoid content and profile of the orange juices. However, the in vitro solubilization and the micellarization efficiency were strongly increased by ultrasound, the latter by approximately 85.3-159.5%. Therefore, among the applied processing techniques, ultrasonication might be a promising technology to enhance the in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and, thus, the nutritional value of orange juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Etzbach
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; (L.E.); (R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ruth Stolle
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; (L.E.); (R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Kerstin Anheuser
- Eckes-Granini Group GmbH, Ludwig-Eckes-Platz 1, D-55268 Nieder-Olm, Germany; (K.A.); (V.H.)
| | - Volker Herdegen
- Eckes-Granini Group GmbH, Ludwig-Eckes-Platz 1, D-55268 Nieder-Olm, Germany; (K.A.); (V.H.)
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; (L.E.); (R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabian Weber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; (L.E.); (R.S.); (A.S.)
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23
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Maxin G, Cornu A, Andueza D, Laverroux S, Graulet B. Carotenoid, Tocopherol, and Phenolic Compound Content and Composition in Cover Crops Used as Forage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6286-6296. [PMID: 32378895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary compounds of grassland and forage plant species such as vitamins or phenolic compounds are involved in different health-promoting effects in animals. However, information on their concentration and composition in forage plant species remains scarce. The objective of this study was to characterize the composition of secondary compounds of seven grazed cover crop plant species harvested at two stages of growth. Carotenoids and tocopherols were characterized and quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array, and soluble phenolic compounds were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. All species were rich in carotenoids, especially at the vegetative stage, even if the concentrations varied between plant species. Variations in tocopherol concentrations and phenolic composition were more important between plant species than between stages within species. Among the plant species tested, sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop) contained the most secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Maxin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Agnès Cornu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Donato Andueza
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sophie Laverroux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Benoît Graulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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