1
|
Zheng Y, Venkatesh R, Callaway CP, Viersen C, Fagbohungbe KH, Liu AL, Risko C, Reichmanis E, Silva-Acuña C. Chain Conformation and Exciton Delocalization in a Push-Pull Conjugated Polymer. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:10258-10267. [PMID: 38107193 PMCID: PMC10720347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Linear and nonlinear optical line shapes reveal details of excitonic structure in polymer semiconductors. We implement absorption, photoluminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopies in DPP-DTT, an electron push-pull copolymer, to explore the relationship between their spectral line shapes and chain conformation, deduced from resonance Raman spectroscopy and from ab initio calculations. The viscosity of precursor polymer solutions before film casting displays a transition that suggests gel formation above a critical concentration. Upon crossing this viscosity deflection concentration, the line shape analysis of the absorption spectra within a photophysical aggregate model reveals a gradual increase in interchain excitonic coupling. We also observe a red-shifted and line-narrowed steady-state photoluminescence spectrum along with increasing resonance Raman intensity in the stretching and torsional modes of the dithienothiophene unit, which suggests a longer exciton coherence length along the polymer-chain backbone. Furthermore, we observe a change of line shape in the photoinduced absorption component of the transient absorption spectrum. The derivative-like line shape may originate from two possibilities: a new excited-state absorption or Stark effect, both of which are consistent with the emergence of a high-energy shoulder as seen in both photoluminescence and absorption spectra. Therefore, we conclude that the exciton is more dispersed along the polymer chain backbone with increasing concentrations, leading to the hypothesis that polymer chain order is enhanced when the push-pull polymers are processed at higher concentrations. Thus, tuning the microscopic chain conformation by concentration would be another factor of interest when considering the polymer assembly pathways for pursuing large-area and high-performance organic optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rahul Venkatesh
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Connor P. Callaway
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Campbell Viersen
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kehinde H. Fagbohungbe
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aaron L. Liu
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 East Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schubert A, Bhandari S, Geva E, Dunietz BD. A Computational Study of the Electronic Energy and Charge Transfer Rates and Pathways in the Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene/Fullerene Interfacial Dyad. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9569-9583. [PMID: 37862043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The electronic transition rates and pathways underlying interfacial charge separation in tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene:fullerene (DBP:C70) blends are investigated computationally. The analysis is based on a polarization-consistent framework employing screened range-separated hybrid functional in a polarizable continuum model to parametrize Fermi's golden rule rate theory. The model considers the possible transitions within the 25 lowest excited states of a DBP:C70 dyad that are accessible by photoexcitation. The different identified pathways contributing to charge carrier generation include electron and hole transfer and backtransfer, exciton transfer, and internal relaxation steps. The larger density of states of C70 appears to explain the previously observed larger efficiency for charge separation through hole transfer mechanism. We also analyze the validity of the high-temperature and short-time semiclassical approximations of the FGR theory, where both overestimated and underestimated Marcus theory based constants can be affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schubert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rohman S, Kar R. Understanding Photophysical Properties of Molecules Relevant in Organic Semiconductor Laser Diodes from Electron Localization Function-Tuned and Solvent-Tuned Range-Separated Functionals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9069-9081. [PMID: 37862688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor laser diodes (OSLDs) are prevalent in optoelectronics because of their sustainable energy applications. Organic molecules used in such diodes are usually large; hence, their studies are computationally challenging with high-end benchmark methods. Computational methods with reliable accuracy and efficiency are always indispensable. In the present work, we have applied our computationally inexpensive, nonempirically tuned [electron localization function (ELF*) and solvent (Sol*)] range-separated (RS) functionals to study five molecules used in OSLDs. The emission energies in three different environments [toluene, CBP (4,4'-bis(n-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl) film, and gas] have been computed with the tuned functionals and compared with the experimental emission energies. ELF* and Sol* functionals can accurately reproduce emission energies in toluene and CBP film environments. On the other hand, both ELF* and IP-tuned functionals with excited-state geometry (IP*) perform better in the gas phase. In addition, a comparative study is performed between time-dependent density functional theory and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Along with the emission energy, oscillator strength values have also been reported. Different IP-tuned RS parameters were obtained with the ground- and excited-state geometries. Interestingly, it has been observed that the optimally tuned RS parameter with excited-state geometry (IP*) performs better compared to that with ground-state geometries (IP). Fractional occupation calculations show that the tuned functionals exhibit less localization and delocalization error. The study envisages that ELF* and Sol* functionals can be used to design future candidates for OSLDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satter Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
| | - Rahul Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Liu SS, Tang XM, Liu XY, Yang JJ, Cui G, Li L. Solvent effects on the photoinduced charge separation dynamics of directly linked zinc phthalocyanine-perylenediimide dyads: a nonadiabatic dynamics simulation with an optimally tuned screened range-separated hybrid functional. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28452-28464. [PMID: 37846460 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03517d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have employed a combination of the optimally tuned screened range-separated hybrid (OT-SRSH) functional, the polarizable continuum model (PCM), and nonadiabatic dynamics (NAMD) simulations to investigate the photoinduced dynamics of directly linked donor-acceptor dyads formed using zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and perylenediimide (PDI), in which ZnPc is the donor while PDI is the acceptor. Our simulations aim to analyze the behavior of these dyads upon local excitation of the ZnPc moiety in the gas phase and in benzonitrile. Our findings indicate that the presence of a solvent can significantly influence the excited state dynamics of ZnPc-PDI dyads. Specifically, the polar solvent benzonitrile effectively lowers the vertical excitation energies of the charge transfer (CT) state from ZnPc to PDI. As a result, the energetic order of the locally excited (LE) states of ZnPc and the CT states is reversed compared to the gas phase. Consequently, the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) dynamics from ZnPc to PDI, which is absent in the gas phase, takes place in benzonitrile with a time constant of 10.4 ps. Importantly, our present work not only qualitatively agrees with experimental results but also provides in-depth insights into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the photoinduced dynamics of ZnPc-PDI. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of appropriately considering solvent effects in NAMD simulation of organic donor-acceptor systems, taking into account the distinct excited state dynamics observed in the gas phase and benzonitrile. Furthermore, the combination of the OT-SRSH functional, the PCM solvent model, and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations shows promise as a strategy for investigating the complex excited state dynamics of organic donor-acceptor systems in solvents. These findings will be valuable for the future design of novel organic donor-acceptor structures with improved performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Sha-Sha Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Laicai Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park S, Choi W, Kim SH, Lee H, Cho K. Protonated Organic Semiconductors: Origin of Water-Induced Charge-Trap Generation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303707. [PMID: 37390456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in the electronic characteristics of organic semiconductors, the low operational stability of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) hinders their direct use in practical applications. Although the literature contains numerous reports on the effects of water on the operational stability of OFETs, the underlying mechanisms of trap generation induced by water remain unclear. Here, a protonation-induced trap generation of organic semiconductors is proposed as a possible origin of the operational instability in organic field-effect transistors. Spectroscopic and electronic investigation techniques combined with simulations reveal that the direct protonation of organic semiconductors by water during operation may be responsible for the trap generation induced by bias stress; this phenomenon is independent of the trap generation at an insulator surface. In addition, the same feature occurred in small-bandgap polymers with fused thiophene rings irrespective of their crystalline ordering, implying the generality of protonation induced trap generation in various polymer semiconductors with a small bandgap. The finding of the trap-generation process provides new perspectives for achieving greater operational stability of organic field-effect transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangsik Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookjin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaudhuri D, Patterson CH. TDDFT versus GW/BSE Methods for Prediction of Light Absorption and Emission in a TADF Emitter. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9627-9643. [PMID: 36515973 PMCID: PMC9806837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design concepts for organic light emitting diode (OLED) emitters, which exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thereby achieve quantum yields exceeding 25%, depend on singlet-triplet splitting energies of order kT to allow reverse intersystem crossing at ambient temperatures. Simulation methods for these systems must be able to treat relatively large organic molecules, as well as predict their excited state energies, transition energies, singlet-triplet splittings, and absorption and emission cross sections with reasonable accuracy, in order to prove useful in the design process. Here we compare predictions of TDDFT with M06-2X and ωB97X-D exchange-correlation functionals and a GoWo@HF/BSE method for these quantities in the well-studied DPTZ-DBTO2 TADF emitter molecule. Geometry optimization is performed for ground state (GS) and lowest donor-acceptor charge transfer (CT) state for each functional. Optical absorption and emission cross sections and energies are calculated at these geometries. Relaxation energies are on the order of 0.5 eV, and the importance of obtaining excited state equilibrium geometries in predicting delayed fluorescence is demonstrated. There are clear trends in predictions of GoWo@HF/BSE, and TDDFT/ωB97X-D and M06-2X methods in which the former method favors local exciton (LE) states while the latter favors DA CT states and ωB97X-D makes intermediate predictions. GoWo@HF/BSE suffers from triplet instability for LE states but not CT states relevant for TADF. Shifts in HOMO and LUMO levels on adding a conductor-like polarizable continuum model dielectric background are used to estimate changes in excitation energies on going from the gas phase to a solvated molecule.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye JT, Chen XY, Qiu YQ. First Hyperpolarizabilities of Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Architectures Based on Acenaphthene Derivatives in Gas, Solution, and Solid States. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7432-7441. [PMID: 36218337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Constructing charge transfer (CT) systems and packing arrangement are common and effective methods to control the efficiency of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Apart from the traditional through-bond CT (TBCT) systems, through-space CT (TSCT) also leads to distinctive optical and electronic properties. Meanwhile, corresponding theoretical investigations of the aggregation effect are highly desired. In this work, some TSCT and model compounds incorporating acenaphthene as a scaffold and triphenylamine (TPA) as the donor are theoretically performed to systematically reveal the effect of both solvent and solid environments on their static first hyperpolarizabilities (βtot) by using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and the combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. Results indicate that the dichloromethane solvent effect within the PCM approach causes an almost 2 times increase of the βtot values. Besides, the different packing modes and intermolecular interactions have remarkable influence on the second-order NLO properties. For the case of TPA-ace-CN in the crystal state, the parallel arrangement will lead to large NLO responses (4.9 × 10-30 esu) compared to the correspondingly isolated molecule (3.4 × 10-30 esu). However, for the TPA-ace-TRZ compound with the TSCT architecture, selection of the molecular arrangement may make the aggregate ineffective due to the offset of the through-space dipole and charge transfer between D-A groups, which lead to the βtot values decreasing from 15.2 × 10-30 to 7.7 × 10-30 esu. We believe that our calculation will serve as a guide for the exploration of more efficient NLO materials wherein the molecules are oriented in their most favorable arrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao028000, China
| | - Xing-Yi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao028000, China
| | - Yong-Qing Qiu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lv L, Yuan K, Zhao T, Dai G. Intrinsic Analysis of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) for Ag(I) Complex Based on the Path Integral Approach: Origin of the Effective Spin-Flipping Channel and Vibrational Spin-Orbit Coupling Effect. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6695-6709. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LingLing Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
- Supercomputing Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, GanSu 741001, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
- Supercomputing Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, GanSu 741001, China
| | - TianYu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
- Supercomputing Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, GanSu 741001, China
| | - GuoLiang Dai
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xenides D, Karamanis P. How do the available density functionals perform on the calculation of eigenvalues of frontier to deeper orbitals? A metric space evaluation of experimental and quantum chemical findings. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Forero‐Martinez NC, Lin K, Kremer K, Andrienko D. Virtual Screening for Organic Solar Cells and Light Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200825. [PMID: 35460204 PMCID: PMC9259727 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic semiconductors is multifaceted and the potentially suitable molecular compounds are very diverse. Representative examples include discotic liquid crystals, dye-sensitized solar cells, conjugated polymers, and graphene-based low-dimensional materials. This huge variety not only represents enormous challenges for synthesis but also for theory, which aims at a comprehensive understanding and structuring of the plethora of possible compounds. Eventually computational methods should point to new, better materials, which have not yet been synthesized. In this perspective, it is shown that the answer to this question rests upon the delicate balance between computational efficiency and accuracy of the methods used in the virtual screening. To illustrate the fundamentals of virtual screening, chemical design of non-fullerene acceptors, thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters, and nanographenes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun‐Han Lin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Price MB, Hume PA, Ilina A, Wagner I, Tamming RR, Thorn KE, Jiao W, Goldingay A, Conaghan PJ, Lakhwani G, Davis NJLK, Wang Y, Xue P, Lu H, Chen K, Zhan X, Hodgkiss JM. Free charge photogeneration in a single component high photovoltaic efficiency organic semiconductor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2827. [PMID: 35595764 PMCID: PMC9122989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) promise cheap and flexible solar energy. Whereas light generates free charges in silicon photovoltaics, excitons are normally formed in organic semiconductors due to their low dielectric constants, and require molecular heterojunctions to split into charges. Recent record efficiency OPVs utilise the small molecule, Y6, and its analogues, which – unlike previous organic semiconductors – have low band-gaps and high dielectric constants. We show that, in Y6 films, these factors lead to intrinsic free charge generation without a heterojunction. Intensity-dependent spectroscopy reveals that 60–90% of excitons form free charges at AM1.5 light intensity. Bimolecular recombination, and hole traps constrain single component Y6 photovoltaics to low efficiencies, but recombination is reduced by small quantities of donor. Quantum-chemical calculations reveal strong coupling between exciton and CT states, and an intermolecular polarisation pattern that drives exciton dissociation. Our results challenge how current OPVs operate, and renew the possibility of efficient single-component OPVs. When light hits organic semiconductors, bound charge pairs, called excitons, are usually produced. Here, the authors show that in the best performing organic solar material to date, free charges, rather than excitons, are directly created by light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Price
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Paul A Hume
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Aleksandra Ilina
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Isabella Wagner
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ronnie R Tamming
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington UniVentures, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen E Thorn
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alison Goldingay
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick J Conaghan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Girish Lakhwani
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathaniel J L K Davis
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiyao Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington UniVentures, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Justin M Hodgkiss
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gould T, Dale SG. Poisoning density functional theory with benchmark sets of difficult systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6398-6403. [PMID: 35244641 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large benchmark sets like GMTKN55 [Goerigk et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19, 32184] let us analyse the performance of density functional theory over a diverse range of systems and bonding types. However, assessing over a large and diverse set can miss cases where approaches fail badly, and can give a misleading sense of security. To this end we introduce a series of 'poison' benchmark sets, P30-5, P30-10 and P30-20, comprising systems with up to 5, 10 and 20 atoms, respectively. These sets represent the most difficult-to-model systems in GMTKN55. We expect them to be useful in developing new approximations, identifying weak points in existing ones, and to aid in selecting appropriate DFAs for computational studies involving difficult physics, e.g. catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gould
- Qld Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
| | - Stephen G Dale
- Qld Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hemmingsen LO, Hervir OAJ, Dale SG. Linear fractional charge behavior in density functional theory through dielectric tuning of conductor-like polarizable continuum model. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014106. [PMID: 34998325 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A property of exact density functional theory is linear fractional charge behavior as electrons are added or removed from a molecule. Typical density functional approximations (DFAs) exhibit delocalization error, which overstabilizes this fractional charge. Conversely, solvent corrections have been shown to erroneously destabilize this fractional charge. This work will show that an implicit solvent correction with a tuned dielectric can be used as an ad hoc correction to offset the delocalizing character of DFAs and achieve linear fractional charge behavior. While desirable, in principle, we find that this linear charge behavior degrades the vertical ionization energies reported by DFAs. Our results reveal that the localizing character of the solvent correction and the Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange offset each other. This helps explain the decreased ratios of HF exchange to DFA exchange in long-range hybrid tuning studies that use a solvent correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke O Hemmingsen
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton 2601, Australia
| | - Oliver A J Hervir
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen G Dale
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin KH, Wetzelaer GJAH, Blom PWM, Andrienko D. Virtual Screening of TADF Emitters for Single-Layer OLEDs. Front Chem 2022; 9:800027. [PMID: 34976956 PMCID: PMC8716429 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a concept which helps to harvest triplet excitations, boosting the efficiency of an organic light-emitting diode. TADF can be observed in molecules with spatially separated donor and acceptor groups with a reduced triplet-singlet energy level splitting. TADF materials with balanced electron and hole transport are attractive for realizing efficient single-layer organic light emitting diodes, greatly simplifying their manufacturing and improving their stability. Our goal here is to computationally screen such materials and provide a comprehensive database of compounds with a range of emission wavelengths, ionization energies, and electron affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Han Lin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kasuya N, Tsurumi J, Okamoto T, Watanabe S, Takeya J. Two-dimensional hole gas in organic semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1401-1406. [PMID: 34489565 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly conductive metallic gas that is quantum mechanically confined at a solid-state interface is an ideal platform to explore non-trivial electronic states that are otherwise inaccessible in bulk materials. Although two-dimensional electron gases have been realized in conventional semiconductor interfaces, examples of two-dimensional hole gases, the counterpart to the two-dimensional electron gas, are still limited. Here we report the observation of a two-dimensional hole gas in solution-processed organic semiconductors in conjunction with an electric double layer using ionic liquids. A molecularly flat single crystal of high-mobility organic semiconductors serves as a defect-free interface that facilitates two-dimensional confinement of high-density holes. A remarkably low sheet resistance of 6 kΩ and high hole-gas density of 1014 cm-2 result in a metal-insulator transition at ambient pressure. The measured degenerate holes in the organic semiconductors provide an opportunity to tailor low-dimensional electronic states using molecularly engineered heterointerfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Kasuya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation laboratory (OPERAND-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Junto Tsurumi
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamoto
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation laboratory (OPERAND-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, Japan
- Precursory Research For Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation laboratory (OPERAND-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation laboratory (OPERAND-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, Japan.
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Callaway CP, Bombile JH, Mask W, Ryno SM, Risko C. Thermomechanical enhancement of
DPP‐4T
through purposeful
π‐conjugation
disruption. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor P. Callaway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Walker Mask
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chakravarty C, Aksu H, Maiti B, Dunietz BD. Electronic Spectra of C 60 Films Using Screened Range Separated Hybrid Functionals. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7625-7632. [PMID: 34448570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We study computationally the electronic spectra of C60 thin films using the recently developed density functional theory (DFT) framework combining a screened range separated hybrid (SRSH) functional with a polarizable continuum model (PCM). The SRSH-PCM approach achieves excellent correspondence between the frontier orbital's energy levels and the ionization potential and electron affinity of the molecular system at the condensed phase and consequently leads to high quality electronic excitation energies when used in time-dependent DFT calculations. Our calculated excited states reproduce the experimentally main reported spectral peaks at the 3.6-4.6 eV energy range and when addressing excitonic effects also reproduce the red-shifted spectral feature. Notably, we analyze the low-lying peak at 2.7 eV and associate it to an excitonic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yao YC, Li Z, Gillen AJ, Yosinski S, Reed MA, Noy A. Electrostatic gating of ion transport in carbon nanotube porins: A modeling study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204704. [PMID: 34241182 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube porins (CNTPs) are biomimetic membrane channels that demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and unique water and ion transport properties. Gating transport in CNTPs with external voltage could increase control over ion flow and selectivity. Herein, we used continuum modeling to probe the parameters that enable and further affect CNTP gating efficiency, including the size and composition of the supporting lipid membrane, slip flow in the carbon nanotube, and the intrinsic electronic properties of the nanotube. Our results show that the optimal gated CNTP device consists of a semiconducting CNTP inserted into a small membrane patch containing an internally conductive layer. Moreover, we demonstrate that the ionic transport modulated by gate voltages is controlled by the charge distribution along the CNTP under the external gate electric potential. The theoretical understanding developed in this study offers valuable guidance for the design of gated CNTP devices for nanofluidic studies, novel biomimetic membranes, and cellular interfaces in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chiao Yao
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Alice J Gillen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Aleksandr Noy
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weng G, Vlček V. Efficient treatment of molecular excitations in the liquid phase environment via stochastic many-body theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:054104. [PMID: 34364336 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate predictions of charge excitation energies of molecules in the disordered condensed phase are central to the chemical reactivity, stability, and optoelectronic properties of molecules and critically depend on the specific environment. Herein, we develop a stochastic GW method for calculating these charge excitation energies. The approach employs maximally localized electronic states to define the electronic subspace of a molecule and the rest of the system, both of which are randomly sampled. We test the method on three solute-solvent systems: phenol, thymine, and phenylalanine in water. The results are in excellent agreement with the previous high-level calculations and available experimental data. The stochastic calculations for supercells containing up to 1000 electrons representing the solvated systems are inexpensive and require ≤1000 central processing unit hrs. We find that the coupling with the environment accounts for ∼40% of the total correlation energy. The solvent-to-solute feedback mechanism incorporated in the molecular correlation term causes up to 0.6 eV destabilization of the quasiparticle energy. Simulated photo-emission spectra exhibit red shifts, state-degeneracy lifting, and lifetime shortening. Our method provides an efficient approach for an accurate study of excitations of large molecules in realistic condensed phase environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, USA
| | - VojtĚch Vlček
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Assessment of DFT methods for the prediction of detachment energies and electronic structures of complex and multiply charged anions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
22
|
Martins GF, de P. Cardoso B, Galamba N, Cabral BJC. Exploring a near-Hartree–Fock–Kohn–Sham approach to study electronic properties of azobenzene in interaction with gold: From clusters to the Au(111) surface. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F. Martins
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo de P. Cardoso
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Galamba
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Benedito J. C. Cabral
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ghan S, Kunkel C, Reuter K, Oberhofer H. Improved Projection-Operator Diabatization Schemes for the Calculation of Electronic Coupling Values. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7431-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simiam Ghan
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Kunkel
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang H, Fan H, Wang Z, Yan H, Dong Y, Cui C, Ade H, Li Y. Impact of Isomer Design on Physicochemical Properties and Performance in High-Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongyu Fan
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yingying Dong
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chaohua Cui
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yongfang Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Y, Zhang K, Ma Y, Lin L, Wang CK, Fan J. Tunable lifetimes and efficiencies of room temperature phosphorescent liquids by modulating the length and number of alkyl chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19746-19757. [PMID: 32842141 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03401k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) liquid composites exhibit the potential to make innovative changes in large area flexible lighting applications, and it is extremely challenging to achieve high-efficiency RTP in pure organic solvent-free liquid systems. The excited state properties and inner lighting mechanisms of these composites are unclear; therefore, a theoretical perspective to design high efficiency RTP liquids with tunable lifetime is highly desired. Herein, we systematically investigate the photophysical properties of a series of long swallow-tailed bromonaphthalimide (BT unit) molecules by the newly proposed optimally tuned range-separated (RS) functional method, and a state-of-the-art RTP molecule with an absolute quantum yield (ΦRTP) of 57.1% and a lifetime (τ) of 160 ms in solvent-free liquid is obtained. Moreover, theoretical results show that the energy gap between the lowest singlet excited state (S1) and triplet excited state (T1) can be reduced and the non-radiative energy consumption process can be restricted by modulating the length and number of alkyl chains in organic RTP molecules. Thus, a wise molecular design strategy is proposed and five additional efficient RTP molecules with tunable lifetimes (43, 19, 136, 0.11 and 0.005 ms) and efficiencies (11.3%, 6.8%, 5.9%, 0.2% and 0.05%) are theoretically proposed. This study sheds light on the relationship among molecular structure, lifetime and efficiency, and can provide an important prototype to explore high-efficiency RTP by pure organic solvent-free liquid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, China.
| | - Yuying Ma
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, China.
| | - Lili Lin
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, China.
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, China.
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Weng G, Vlček V. Quasiparticles and Band Structures in Organized Nanostructures of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7177-7183. [PMID: 32787318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of organic semiconductor devices is linked to highly ordered nanostructures of self-assembled molecules and polymers. Many-body perturbation theory is employed to study the excited states in bulk copolymers. The results show that acceptors in the polymer scaffold introduce a, hitherto unrecognized, conduction impurity band that leads to electron localization. The donor states are responsible for the formation of conjugated bands, which are only mildly perturbed by the presence of the acceptors. Along the polymer axis, the nonlocal electronic correlations among copolymer strands hinder efficient band transport, which is, however, strongly enhanced across individual chains. Holes are most effectively transported along the π-π stacking, while electrons in the impurity band follow the edge-to-edge directions. The copolymers exhibit regions with inverted transport polarity, in which electrons and holes are efficiently transported in mutually orthogonal directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vojtěch Vlček
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Silvestri F, Prieto MJ, Babuji A, Tănase LC, de Souza Caldas L, Solomeshch O, Schmidt T, Ocal C, Barrena E. Impact of Nanomorphology on Surface Doping of Organic Semiconductors: The Pentacene-C 60F 48 Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25444-25452. [PMID: 32388975 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the rather complex correlation between the structure and the charge transfer in organic-organic heterostructures is of utmost importance for organic electronics and requires spatially resolved structural, chemical, and electronic details. Insight into this issue is provided here by combining atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, photoemission electron microscopy, and low-energy electron microscopy for investigating a case study. We select the interface formed by pentacene (PEN), benchmark among the donor organic semiconductors, and a p-type dopant from the family of fluorinated fullerenes. As for Buckminsterfullerene (C60), the growth of its fluorinated derivative C60F48 is influenced by the thickness and crystallinity of the PEN buffer layer, but the behavior is markedly different. We provide a microscopic description of the C60F48/PEN interface formation and analyze the consequences in the electronic properties of the final heterostructure. For just one single layer of PEN, a laterally complete but noncompact C60F48/PEN interface is created, importantly affecting the surface work function. Nonetheless, from the very beginning of the second layer formation, the presence of epitaxial and nonepitaxial PEN domains dramatically influences the growth dynamics and extremely well packed two-dimensional C60F48 islands develop. Insightful elemental maps of the C60F48/PEN surface spatially resolve the nonuniform distribution of the dopant molecules, which leads to a heterogeneous work function landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Silvestri
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio J Prieto
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adara Babuji
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liviu C Tănase
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas de Souza Caldas
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Solomeshch
- Electrical Engineering Department, Nanoelectronic Center, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Ocal
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barrena
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li S, Zhong C, Henning A, Sangwan VK, Zhou Q, Liu X, Rahn MS, Wells SA, Park HY, Luxa J, Sofer Z, Facchetti A, Darancet P, Marks TJ, Lauhon LJ, Weiss EA, Hersam MC. Molecular-Scale Characterization of Photoinduced Charge Separation in Mixed-Dimensional InSe-Organic van der Waals Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3509-3518. [PMID: 32078300 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Layered indium selenide (InSe) is an emerging two-dimensional semiconductor that has shown significant promise for high-performance transistors and photodetectors. The range of optoelectronic applications for InSe can potentially be broadened by forming mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures with zero-dimensional molecular systems that are widely employed in organic electronics and photovoltaics. Here, we report the spatially resolved investigation of photoinduced charge separation between InSe and two molecules (C70 and C8-BTBT) using scanning tunneling microscopy combined with laser illumination. We experimentally and computationally show that InSe forms type-II and type-I heterojunctions with C70 and C8-BTBT, respectively, due to an interplay of charge transfer and dielectric screening at the interface. Laser-excited scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals a ∼0.25 eV decrease in the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of C70 with optical illumination. Furthermore, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy indicate that electron transfer from InSe to C70 in the type-II heterojunction induces a photovoltage that quantitatively matches the observed downshift in the tunneling spectra. In contrast, no significant changes are observed upon optical illumination in the type-I heterojunction formed between InSe and C8-BTBT. Density functional theory calculations further show that, despite the weak coupling between the molecular species and InSe, the band alignment of these mixed-dimensional heterostructures strongly differs from the one suggested by the ionization potential and electronic affinities of the isolated components. Self-energy-corrected density functional theory indicates that these effects are the result of the combination of charge redistribution at the interface and heterogeneous dielectric screening of the electron-electron interactions in the heterostructure. In addition to providing specific insight for mixed-dimensional InSe-organic van der Waals heterostructures, this work establishes a general experimental methodology for studying localized charge transfer at the molecular scale that is applicable to other photoactive nanoscale systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Chengmei Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Alex Henning
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Qunfei Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Northwestern Argonne Institute for Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew S Rahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Spencer A Wells
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Hong Youl Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pierre Darancet
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Northwestern Argonne Institute for Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sahoo SR, Sharma S, Sahu S. A computational study of anisotropic charge transport in air-stable fluorinated benzobisbenzothiophene (FBBBT) derivatives. J Mol Model 2019; 26:14. [PMID: 31853659 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A computational study of anisotropical charge transport properties of fluorinated benzobisbenzothiohphene derivatives (FBBBT) is presented. The values of IPadia of all FBBBTs are found in the range of 6.00-6.20 eV inferring the fact that the investigated compounds have ambient air-stability. In addition, the energy levels of FBBBT s are found to be lower than those of benzobisbenzothiophene (BBBT) compound indicating higher charge carrier stability in the former. Hirshfield surface analyses showed that, in all the studied compounds, the principal identifiable interaction were mostly due to F⋯H and H⋯H intermolecular couplings with no contribution from S⋯S bondings. The calculated maximum μhole(μelec) value of the compounds FBBBT-a and FBBBT-b was found to be 0.483 (0.794) cm2V- 1s- 1 and 0.688 (0.542) cm2V- 1s- 1 respectively in the direction of transistor channel (Φ = 93.39 ∘(273.30∘) for FBBBT-a and Φ = 92.24 ∘/272.72 ∘ for FBBBT-b). For FBBBT-c, the maximum μelec(μhole) value of 0.933 (0.233) cm2V- 1s- 1 appeared for Φ = 0 ∘/179.90 ∘. In addition, the compounds FBBBT-a and FBBBT-b possess two additional fluorine atoms attached at the X positions in the backbone, which result in an increment in μelec values (1.4 times and 0.78 times higher than μhole) in these two compounds at a particular crystal direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Ranjan Sahoo
- High Performance Computing Lab, Department of Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Sagar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Guwahati, Assam, 782402, India
| | - Sridhar Sahu
- High Performance Computing Lab, Department of Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang R, Yuan J, Wang R, Han G, Huang T, Huang W, Xue J, Wang HC, Zhang C, Zhu C, Cheng P, Meng D, Yi Y, Wei KH, Zou Y, Yang Y. Rational Tuning of Molecular Interaction and Energy Level Alignment Enables High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904215. [PMID: 31495980 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has rapidly improved over the past years. Recent work in material design has primarily focused on developing near-infrared nonfullerene acceptors with broadening absorption that pair with commercialized donor polymers; in the meanwhile, the influence of the morphology of the blend film and the energy level alignment on the efficiency of charge separation needs to be synthetically considered. Herein, the selection rule of the donor/acceptor blend is demonstrated by rationally considering the molecular interaction and energy level alignment, and highly efficient OPV devices using both-fluorinated or both-nonfluorinated donor/acceptor blends are realized. With the enlarged absorption, ideal morphology, and efficient charge transfer, the devices based on the PBDB-T-F/Y1-4F blend and PBDB-T-F/Y6 exhibit champion power conversion efficiencies as high as 14.8% and 15.9%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guangchao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tianyi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wenchao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jingjing Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hao-Cheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pei Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dong Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuanping Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kung-Hwa Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yingping Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vlček V. Stochastic Vertex Corrections: Linear Scaling Methods for Accurate Quasiparticle Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6254-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Vlček
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bag S, Friederich P, Kondov I, Wenzel W. Concentration dependent energy levels shifts in donor-acceptor mixtures due to intermolecular electrostatic interaction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12424. [PMID: 31455833 PMCID: PMC6712014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the improvement of organic solar cells lead to a power conversion efficiency to over 16%. One of the key factors for this improvement is a more favorable energy level alignment between donor and acceptor materials, which demonstrates that the properties of interfaces between donor and acceptor regions are of paramount importance. Recent investigations showed a significant dependence of the energy levels of organic semiconductors upon admixture of different materials, but its origin is presently not well understood. Here, we use multiscale simulation protocols to investigate the molecular origin of the mixing induced energy level shifts and show that electrostatic properties, in particular higher-order multipole moments and polarizability determine the strength of the effect. The findings of this study may guide future material-design efforts in order to improve device performance by systematic modification of molecular properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saientan Bag
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing (SCC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan Kondov
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing (SCC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bhandari S, Dunietz BD. Quantitative Accuracy in Calculating Charge Transfer State Energies in Solvated Molecular Complexes Using a Screened Range Separated Hybrid Functional within a Polarized Continuum Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4305-4311. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu J, Sun H, Glover WJ, He X. Prediction of Excited-State Properties of Oligoacene Crystals Using Fragment-Based Quantum Mechanical Method. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5407-5417. [PMID: 31187994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the excited-state properties of molecular crystals is of central importance for their optoelectronics applications. In this study, we developed the electrostatically embedded generalized molecular fractionation (EE-GMF) method for the quantitative characterization of the excited-state properties of locally excited molecular clusters. The accuracy of the EE-GMF method is systematically assessed for oligoacene crystals. Our result demonstrates that the EE-GMF method is capable of providing the lowest vertical singlet (S1) and triplet excitation energies (T1), in excellent agreement with the full-system quantum mechanical calculations. Using this method, we also investigated the performance of different density functionals in predicting the excited-state properties of the oligoacene crystals. Among the 13 tested functionals, B3LYP and MN15 give the two lowest overall mean unsigned errors with reference to the experimental S1 and T1 excitation energies. The EE-GMF approach can be readily utilized for studying the excited-state properties of large-scale organic solids at diverse ab initio levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | | | - William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200122 , China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Xiao He
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Friederich P, Fediai A, Kaiser S, Konrad M, Jung N, Wenzel W. Toward Design of Novel Materials for Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808256. [PMID: 31012166 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Materials for organic electronics are presently used in prominent applications, such as displays in mobile devices, while being intensely researched for other purposes, such as organic photovoltaics, large-area devices, and thin-film transistors. Many of the challenges to improve and optimize these applications are material related and there is a nearly infinite chemical space that needs to be explored to identify the most suitable material candidates. Established experimental approaches struggle with the size and complexity of this chemical space. Herein, the development of simulation methods is addressed, with a particular emphasis on predictive multiscale protocols, to complement experimental research in the identification of novel materials and illustrate the potential of these methods with a few prominent recent applications. Finally, the potential of machine learning and methods based on artificial intelligence is discussed to further accelerate the search for new materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Friederich
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Artem Fediai
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manuel Konrad
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sachse T, Martínez TJ, Presselt M. On combining the conductor-like screening model and optimally tuned range-separated hybrid density functionals. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174117. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5064730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sachse
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Presselt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- SciClus GmbH & Co. KG, Moritz-von-Rohr-Str. 1a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lv L, Yuan K, Zhu Y, Zuo G, Wang Y. Investigation of Conversion and Decay Processes in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Copper(I) Molecular Crystal: Theoretical Estimations from an ONIOM Approach Combined with the Tuned Range-Separated Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2080-2090. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
- Supercomputing Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, GanSu 741001, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
- Supercomputing Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, GanSu 741001, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
- Supercomputing Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, GanSu 741001, China
| | - Guofang Zuo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Seifrid MT, Reddy GNM, Zhou C, Chmelka BF, Bazan GC. Direct Observation of the Relationship between Molecular Topology and Bulk Morphology for a π-Conjugated Material. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5078-5082. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin T. Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - G. N. Manjunatha Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bradley F. Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
San-Fabián E, Louis E, Díaz-García MA, Chiappe G, Vergés JA. Transport and Optical Gaps in Amorphous Organic Molecular Materials. Molecules 2019; 24:E609. [PMID: 30744125 PMCID: PMC6384593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard procedure to identify the hole- or electron-acceptor character of amorphous organic materials used in OLEDs is to look at the values of a pair of basic parameters, namely, the ionization potential (IP) and the electron affinity (EA). Recently, using published experimental data, the present authors showed that only IP matters, i.e., materials with IP > 5.7 (<5.7) showing electron (hole) acceptor character. Only three materials fail to obey this rule. This work reports ab initio calculations of IP and EA of those materials plus two materials that behave according to that rule, following a route which describes the organic material by means of a single molecule embedded in a polarizable continuum medium (PCM) characterized by a dielectric constant ε . PCM allows to approximately describe the extended character of the system. This "compound" system was treated within density functional theory (DFT) using several combinations of the functional/basis set. In the preset work ε was derived by assuming Koopmans' theorem to hold. Optimal ε values are in the range 4.4⁻5.0, close to what is expected for this material family. It was assumed that the optical gap corresponds to the excited state with a large oscillator strength among those with the lowest energies, calculated with time-dependent DFT. Calculated exciton energies were in the range 0.76⁻1.06 eV, and optical gaps varied from 3.37 up to 4.50 eV. The results are compared with experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio San-Fabián
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Enrique Louis
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - María A Díaz-García
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Chiappe
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - José A Vergés
- Departamento de Teoría y Simulación de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Muchová E, Slavíček P. Beyond Koopmans' theorem: electron binding energies in disordered materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:043001. [PMID: 30524069 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The topical review focuses on calculating ionization energies (IE), or electronic polarons in quasi-particle terminology, in large disordered systems, e.g. for a solute dissolved in a molecular solvent. The simplest estimate of the ionization energy is provided by one-electron energies in the Hartree-Fock theory, but the calculated quantities are not accurate. Density functional theory as many-body theory provides a principal opportunity for calculating one-electron energies including correlation and relaxation effects, i.e. the true energies of electronic polarons. We argue that such a principal possibility materializes within the concept of optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSH). We describe various schemes for optimal tuning. Importantly, the OT-RSH scheme is investigated for systems capped with dielectric continuum, providing a consistent picture on the QM/dielectric boundary. Finally, some limitations and open issues of the OT-RSH approach are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
A fragment-based approach to evaluate the performance of AMOEBA polarizable force field on charge-carrier electronic polarization. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
43
|
Kirchhuebel T, Monti OLA, Munakata T, Kera S, Forker R, Fritz T. The role of initial and final states in molecular spectroscopies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12730-12747. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07318j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting experimental spectra of thin films of organic semiconductors is challenging, and understanding the relationship between experimental data obtained by different spectroscopic techniques requires a careful consideration of the initial and final states for each process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kirchhuebel
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Oliver L. A. Monti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
- Department of Physics
| | - Toshiaki Munakata
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka 560-0043
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Kera
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS)
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and SOKENDAI
- Okazaki 444-8585
- Japan
| | - Roman Forker
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Torsten Fritz
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ryno SM, Risko C. Deconstructing the behavior of donor–acceptor copolymers in solution & the melt: the case of PTB7. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7802-7813. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00777f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the donor–acceptor copolymer PTB7 at near experimental scale reveal structure–dynamics correlations in the condensed phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bhandari S, Cheung MS, Geva E, Kronik L, Dunietz BD. Fundamental Gaps of Condensed-Phase Organic Semiconductors from Single-Molecule Calculations using Polarization-Consistent Optimally Tuned Screened Range-Separated Hybrid Functionals. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:6287-6294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Margaret S. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kronik L, Kümmel S. Dielectric Screening Meets Optimally Tuned Density Functionals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706560. [PMID: 29665112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A short overview of recent attempts at merging two independently developed methods is presented. These are the optimal tuning of a range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functional, developed to provide an accurate first-principles description of the electronic structure and optical properties of gas-phase molecules, and the polarizable continuum model (PCM), developed to provide an approximate but computationally tractable description of a solvent in terms of an effective dielectric medium. After a brief overview of the OT-RSH approach, its combination with the PCM as a potentially accurate yet low-cost approach to the study of molecular assemblies and solids, particularly in the context of photocatalysis and photovoltaics, is discussed. First, solvated molecules are considered, with an emphasis on the challenge of balancing eigenvalue and total energy trends. Then, it is shown that the same merging of methods can also be used to study the electronic and optical properties of molecular solids, with a similar discussion of the pros and cons. Tuning of the effective scalar dielectric constant as one recent approach that mitigates some of the difficulties in merging the two approaches is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang X, Wang W, Yin S. Theoretical estimation of the dissociation energy of CT states at the acenes/C60 interfaces using fragmental-based ALMO method. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
Wilbraham L, Berardo E, Turcani L, Jelfs KE, Zwijnenburg MA. High-Throughput Screening Approach for the Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:2450-2459. [PMID: 29940733 PMCID: PMC6307085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a general high-throughput virtual screening approach for the optical and electronic properties of conjugated polymers. This approach makes use of the recently developed xTB family of low-computational-cost density functional tight-binding methods from Grimme and co-workers, calibrated here to (Time-Dependent) Density Functional Theory ((TD)DFT) data computed for a representative diverse set of (co)polymers. Parameters drawn from the resulting calibration using a linear model can then be applied to the xTB derived results for new polymers, thus generating near DFT-quality data with orders of magnitude reduction in computational cost. As a result, after an initial computational investment for calibration, this approach can be used to quickly and accurately screen on the order of thousands of polymers for target applications. We also demonstrate that the (opto)electronic properties of the conjugated polymers show only a very minor variation when considering different conformers and that the results of high-throughput screening are therefore expected to be relatively insensitive with respect to the conformer search methodology applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wilbraham
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Berardo
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Turcani
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xu T, Wang W, Yin S. Electrostatic Polarization Energies of Charge Carriers in Organic Molecular Crystals: A Comparative Study with Explicit State-Specific Atomic Polarizability Based AMOEBA Force Field and Implicit Solvent Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:3728-3739. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an City 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an City 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an City 710119, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhou B, Hu Z, Jiang Y, He X, Sun Z, Sun H. Benchmark study of ionization potentials and electron affinities of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes using density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:215501. [PMID: 29633961 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aabd18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic parameters of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) such as ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) are closely related to their unique properties and associated applications. In this work, we demonstrated the success of optimal tuning method based on range-separated (RS) density functionals for both accurate and efficient prediction of vertical IPs and electron affinities (EAs) of a series of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes C20n H20 (n = 2-6) compared to the high-level IP/EA equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method with single and double substitutions (IP/EA-EOM-CCSD). Notably, the resulting frontier orbital energies (-ε HOMO and -ε LUMO) from the tuning method exhibit an excellent approximation to the corresponding IPs and EAs, that significantly outperform other conventional density functionals. In addition, it is suggested that the RS density functionals that possess both a fixed amount of exact exchange in the short-range and a correct long-range asymptotic behavior are suitable for calculating electronic structures of finite-sized CNTs. Next the performance of density functionals for description of various molecular properties such as chemical potential, hardness and electrophilicity are assessed as a function of tube length. Thanks to the efficiency and accuracy of this tuning method, the related behaviors of much longer armchair single-walled CNTs until C200H20 were studied. Lastly, the present work is proved to provide an efficient theoretical tool for future materials design and reliable characterization of other interesting properties of CNT-based systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|