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Zhang MH, Scotland BL, Jiao Y, Slaby EM, Truong N, Cottingham AL, Stephanie G, Szeto GL, Pearson RM. Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles Utilize B Cells and Dendritic Cells to Elicit Distinct Antigen-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4818-4830. [PMID: 37219857 PMCID: PMC10665545 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are widely studied for treating immune-mediated diseases, and dendritic cells (DCs) are potent APCs that uptake and present antigens (Ags). However, DCs face several challenges that hinder their clinical translation due to their inability to control Ag dosing and low abundance in peripheral blood. B cells are a potential alternative to DCs, but their poor nonspecific Ag uptake capabilities compromise controllable priming of T cells. Here, we developed phospholipid-conjugated Ags (L-Ags) and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (L/P-Ag NPs) as delivery platforms to expand the range of accessible APCs for use in T cell priming. These delivery platforms were evaluated using DCs, CD40-activated B cells, and resting B cells to understand the impacts of various Ag delivery mechanisms for generation of Ag-specific T cell responses. L-Ag delivery (termed depoting) of MHC class I- and II-restricted Ags successfully loaded all APC types in a tunable manner and primed both Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Incorporating L-Ags and polymer-conjugated Ags (P-Ag) into NPs can direct Ags to different uptake pathways to engineer the dynamics of presentation and shape T cell responses. DCs were capable of processing and presenting Ag delivered from both L- and P-Ag NPs, yet B cells could only utilize Ag delivered from L-Ag NPs, which led to differential cytokine secretion profiles in coculture studies. Altogether, we show that L-Ags and P-Ags can be rationally paired within a single NP to leverage distinct delivery mechanisms to access multiple Ag processing pathways in two APC types, offering a modular delivery platform for engineering Ag-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
- Co-first authors
| | - Brianna L. Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Co-first authors
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Emily M. Slaby
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Andrea L. Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Georgina Stephanie
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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2
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Wijfjes Z, van Dalen FJ, Le Gall CM, Verdoes M. Controlling Antigen Fate in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines by Targeting Dendritic Cell Receptors. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4826-4847. [PMID: 37721387 PMCID: PMC10548474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) orchestrate immune responses and are therefore of interest for the targeted delivery of therapeutic vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that excel in presentation of exogenous antigens toward CD4+ T helper cells, as well as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. DCs are highly heterogeneous and can be divided into subpopulations that differ in abundance, function, and phenotype, such as differential expression of endocytic receptor molecules. It is firmly established that targeting antigens to DC receptors enhances the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. While most studies emphasize the importance of targeting a specific DC subset, we argue that the differential intracellular routing downstream of the targeted receptors within the DC subset should also be considered. Here, we review the mouse and human receptors studied as target for therapeutic vaccines, focusing on antibody and ligand conjugates and how their targeting affects antigen presentation. We aim to delineate how targeting distinct receptors affects antigen presentation and vaccine efficacy, which will guide target selection for future therapeutic vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Wijfjes
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. van Dalen
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camille M. Le Gall
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pifferi C, Aguinagalde L, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Sacristán N, Baschirotto PT, Poveda A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Anguita J, Fernández-Tejada A. Development of synthetic, self-adjuvanting, and self-assembling anticancer vaccines based on a minimal saponin adjuvant and the tumor-associated MUC1 antigen. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3501-3513. [PMID: 37006677 PMCID: PMC10055764 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of aberrantly glycosylated tumor-associated mucin-1 (TA-MUC1) in human cancers makes it a major target for the development of anticancer vaccines derived from synthetic MUC1-(glyco)peptide antigens. However, glycopeptide-based subunit vaccines are weakly immunogenic, requiring adjuvants and/or additional immunopotentiating approaches to generate optimal immune responses. Among these strategies, unimolecular self-adjuvanting vaccine constructs that do not need coadministration of adjuvants or conjugation to carrier proteins emerge as a promising but still underexploited approach. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, immune-evaluation in mice, and NMR studies of new, self-adjuvanting and self-assembling vaccines based on our QS-21-derived minimal adjuvant platform covalently linked to TA-MUC1-(glyco)peptide antigens and a peptide helper T-cell epitope. We have developed a modular, chemoselective strategy that harnesses two distal attachment points on the saponin adjuvant to conjugate the respective components in unprotected form and high yields via orthogonal ligations. In mice, only tri-component candidates but not unconjugated or di-component combinations induced significant TA-MUC1-specific IgG antibodies able to recognize the TA-MUC1 on cancer cells. NMR studies revealed the formation of self-assembled aggregates, in which the more hydrophilic TA-MUC1 moiety gets exposed to the solvent, favoring B-cell recognition. While dilution of the di-component saponin-(Tn)MUC1 constructs resulted in partial aggregate disruption, this was not observed for the more stably-organized tri-component candidates. This higher structural stability in solution correlates with their increased immunogenicity and suggests a longer half-life of the construct in physiological media, which together with the enhanced antigen multivalent presentation enabled by the particulate self-assembly, points to this self-adjuvanting tri-component vaccine as a promising synthetic candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pifferi
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Leire Aguinagalde
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Nagore Sacristán
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Priscila Tonon Baschirotto
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Ana Poveda
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, CIC BioGUNE, BRTA Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, CIC BioGUNE, BRTA Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country 48940 Leioa Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Anguita
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, CIC BioGUNE, BRTA Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
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4
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Liposomal Formulations of a Polyleucine-Antigen Conjugate as Therapeutic Vaccines against Cervical Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020602. [PMID: 36839923 PMCID: PMC9965676 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is responsible for all cases of cervical cancer. While prophylactic vaccines are available, the development of peptide-based vaccines as a therapeutic strategy is still under investigation. In comparison with the traditional and currently used treatment strategies of chemotherapy and surgery, vaccination against HPV is a promising therapeutic option with fewer side effects. A peptide derived from the HPV-16 E7 protein, called 8Qm, in combination with adjuvants showed promise as a therapeutic vaccine. Here, the ability of polymerized natural amino acids to act as a self-adjuvating delivery system as a therapeutic vaccine was investigated for the first time. Thus, 8Qm was conjugated to polyleucine by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis and self-assembled into nanoparticles or incorporated in liposomes. The liposome bearing the 8Qm conjugate significantly increased mice survival and decreased tumor growth after a single immunization. Further, these liposomes eradicated seven-day-old well-established tumors in mice. Dendritic cell (DC)-targeting moieties were introduced to further enhance vaccine efficacy, and the newly designed liposomal vaccine was tested in mice bearing 11-day-old tumors. Interestingly, these DCs-targeting moieties did not significantly improve vaccine efficacy, whereas the simple liposomal formulation of 8Qm-polyleucine conjugate was still effective in tumor eradication. In summary, a peptide-based anticancer vaccine was developed that stimulated strong cellular immune responses without the help of a classical adjuvant.
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5
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Yang J, Boer JC, Khongkow M, Phunpee S, Khalil ZG, Bashiri S, Deceneux C, Goodchild G, Hussein WM, Capon RJ, Ruktanonchai U, Plebanski M, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. The Development of Surface-Modified Liposomes as an Intranasal Delivery System for Group A Streptococcus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020305. [PMID: 36851183 PMCID: PMC9961534 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal vaccine administration can overcome the disadvantages of injectable vaccines and present greater efficiency for mass immunization. However, the development of intranasal vaccines is challenged by poor mucosal immunogenicity of antigens and the limited availability of mucosal adjuvants. Here, we examined a number of self-adjuvanting liposomal systems for intranasal delivery of lipopeptide vaccine against group A Streptococcus (GAS). Among them, two liposome formulations bearing lipidated cell-penetrating peptide KALA and a new lipidated chitosan derivative (oleoyl-quaternized chitosan, OTMC) stimulated high systemic antibody titers in outbred mice. The antibodies were fully functional and were able to kill GAS bacteria. Importantly, OTMC was far more effective at stimulating antibody production than the classical immune-stimulating trimethyl chitosan formulation. In a simple physical mixture, OTMC also enhanced the immune responses of the tested vaccine, without the need for a liposome delivery system. The adjuvanting capacity of OTMC was further confirmed by its ability to stimulate cytokine production by dendritic cells. Thus, we discovered a new immune stimulant with promising properties for mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Boer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Mattaka Khongkow
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarunya Phunpee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sahra Bashiri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cyril Deceneux
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Georgia Goodchild
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Uracha Ruktanonchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-73-346-9894
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6
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Ding D, Wen Y, Liao CM, Yin XG, Zhang RY, Wang J, Zhou SH, Zhang ZM, Zou YK, Gao XF, Wei HW, Yang GF, Guo J. Self-Adjuvanting Protein Vaccine Conjugated with a Novel Synthetic TLR4 Agonist on Virus-Like Liposome Induces Potent Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1467-1483. [PMID: 36625758 PMCID: PMC9844103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploring potent adjuvants and new vaccine strategies is crucial for the development of protein vaccines. In this work, we synthesized a new TLR4 agonist, structurally simplified lipid A analogue GAP112, as a potent built-in adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein. The new TLR4 agonist GAP112 was site-selectively conjugated on the N-terminus of RBD to construct an adjuvant-protein conjugate vaccine in a liposomal formulation. It is the first time that a TLR4 agonist is site-specifically and quantitatively conjugated to a protein antigen. Compared with an unconjugated mixture of GAP112/RBD, a two-dose immunization of the GAP112-RBD conjugate vaccine strongly activated innate immune cells, elicited a 223-fold increase in RBD-specific antibodies, and markedly enhanced T-cell responses. Antibodies induced by GAP112-RBD also effectively cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta/B.1.617.2 and Omicron/B.1.1.529). This conjugate strategy provides an effective method to greatly enhance the immunogenicity of antigen in protein vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Chun-Miao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xu-Guang Yin
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing
University, Shaoxing312000, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yong-Ke Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and
Instrumentation, East China University of Technology,
Nanchang330013, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology
Co. Ltd, Nantong226499, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
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7
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Abstract
Self-adjuvanting vaccines, covalent conjugates between antigens and adjuvants, are chemically well-defined compared with conventional vaccines formulated through mixing antigens with adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively induce acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity, thereby enhancing host immune responses. Thus, innate immune receptor ligands are often used as adjuvants in self-adjuvanting vaccines. In a self-adjuvanting vaccine, the covalent linkage of antigen and adjuvant enables their simultaneous uptake into immune cells where the adjuvant consequently induces antigen-specific immune responses. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require immobilization to carrier proteins or co-administration of additional adjuvants and thus avoid inducing undesired immune responses. Because of these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to be candidates for next-generation vaccines. Here, we take an overview of vaccine adjuvants, mainly focusing on those utilized in self-adjuvanting vaccines and then we review recent reports on self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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9
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Fully synthetic Tn-based three-component cancer vaccine using covalently linked TLR4 ligand MPLA and iNKT cell agonist KRN-7000 as built-in adjuvant effectively protects mice from tumor development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4432-4445. [PMID: 36561989 PMCID: PMC9764137 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new strategy for self-adjuvanting vaccine development that has different types of covalently-linked immunostimulants as the carrier molecule. Using Tn antigen as the model, a three-component vaccine (MPLA-Tn-KRN7000) containing the TLR4 ligand MPLA and the iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 was designed and synthesized. This expands fully synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccine studies that use a single carrier to one with two different types of carriers. The corresponding two-component conjugate vaccines Tn-MPLA, Tn-KRN7000 and Tn-CRM197 were also synthesized, as controls. The immunological evaluation found that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 elicits robust Tn-specific and T cell-dependent immunity. The antibodies specifically recognized, bound to and exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity against Tn-positive cancer cells. In addition, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 increased the survival rate and survival time of tumor-challenged mice, and surviving mice reject further tumor attacks without any additional treatment. Compared to the glycoprotein vaccine Tn-CRM197, the two-component conjugate vaccines, Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, and the physical mixture of Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 showed the most effect at combating tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. The comparison of immunological studies in wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice, along with the test of binding affinity to CD1d protein suggests that the covalently linked MPLA-KRN7000 immunostimulant induces a synergistic activation of TLR4 and iNKT cell that improves the immunogenicity of Tn. This work demonstrates that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 has the potential to be a vaccine candidate and provides a new direction for fully synthetic vaccine design.
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10
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Speetjens FM, Welters MJP, Slingerland M, van Poelgeest MIE, de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Roozen I, Boekestijn S, Loof NM, Zom GG, Valentijn ARPM, Krebber WJ, Meeuwenoord NJ, Janssen CAH, Melief CJM, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV, van der Burg SH, Gelderblom H, Ossendorp F. Intradermal vaccination of HPV-16 E6 synthetic peptides conjugated to an optimized Toll-like receptor 2 ligand shows safety and potent T cell immunogenicity in patients with HPV-16 positive (pre-)malignant lesions. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e005016. [PMID: 36261215 PMCID: PMC9582304 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amplivant is a molecularly optimized Toll-like receptor 2 ligand that can be covalently conjugated to tumor peptide antigens. In preclinical models, amplivant-adjuvanted synthetic long peptides (SLPs) strongly enhanced antigen presentation by dendritic cells, T cell priming and induction of effective antitumor responses. The current study is a first-in-human trial to investigate safety and immunogenicity of amplivant conjugated to human papillomavirus (HPV) 16-SLP. METHODS A dose escalation phase I vaccination trial was performed in 25 patients treated for HPV16 positive (pre-)malignant lesions. Amplivant was conjugated to two SLPs derived from the two most immunodominant regions of the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein. The vaccine, containing a mix of these two conjugates in watery solution without any other formulation, was injected intradermally three times with a 3-week interval in four dose groups (1, 5, 20 or 50 µg per conjugated peptide). Safety data were collected during the study. Peptide-specific T cell immune responses were determined in blood samples taken before, during and after vaccination using complementary immunological assays. RESULTS Toxicity after three amplivant-conjugated HPV16-SLP vaccinations was limited to grade 1 or 2, observed as predominantly mild skin inflammation at the vaccination site and sometimes mild flu-like symptoms. Adverse events varied from none in the lowest dose group to mild/moderate vaccine-related inflammation in all patients and flu-like symptoms in three out of seven patients in the highest dose group, after at least one injection. In the lowest dose group, vaccine-induced T cell responses were observed in the blood of three out of six vaccinated persons. In the highest dose group, all patients displayed a strong HPV16-specific T cell response after vaccination. These HPV16-specific T cell responses lasted until the end of the trial. CONCLUSIONS Amplivant-conjugated SLPs can safely be used as an intradermal therapeutic vaccine to induce robust HPV16-specific T cell immunity in patients previously treated for HPV16 positive (pre-) malignancies. Increased vaccine dose was associated with a higher number of mild adverse events and with stronger systemic T cell immunity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT02821494 and 2014-000658-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Speetjens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Slingerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Inge Roozen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boekestijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki M Loof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs G Zom
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Rob P M Valentijn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nico J Meeuwenoord
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Alharbi N, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. The influence of component structural arrangement on peptide vaccine immunogenicity. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108029. [PMID: 36028180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines utilise minimal immunogenic components (i.e. peptides) to generate highly specific immune responses, without triggering adverse reactions. However, strong adjuvants and/or effective delivery systems must be incorporated into such vaccines, as peptide antigens cannot induce substantial immune responses on their own. Unfortunately, many adjuvants are too weak or too toxic to be used in combination with peptide antigens. These shortcomings have been addressed by the conjugation of peptide antigens with lipidic/ hydrophobic adjuvanting moieties. The conjugates have shown promising safety profiles and improved immunogenicity without the help of traditional adjuvants and have been efficient in inducing desired immune responses following various routes of administration, including subcutaneous, oral and intranasal. However, not only conjugation per se, but also component arrangement influences vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the importance of influence of the vaccine chemical structure modification on the immune responses generated. It discusses a variety of factors that affect the immunogenicity of peptide conjugates, including: i) self-adjuvanting moiety length and number; ii) the orientation of epitopes and self-adjuvanting moieties in the conjugate; iii) the presence of spacers between conjugated components; iv) multiepitopic arrangement; and v) the effect of chirality on vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alharbi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; University of Jeddah, College of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Li Z, Derking R, Lee W, Bosman GP, Ward AB, Sanders RW, Boons G. Conjugation of a Toll-Like Receptor Agonist to Glycans of an HIV Native-Like Envelope Trimer Preserves Neutralization Epitopes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200236. [PMID: 35647713 PMCID: PMC9510654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule adjuvants are attractive for enhancing broad protection and durability of immune responses elicited by subunit vaccines. Covalent attachment of an adjuvant to an immunogen is particularly attractive because it simultaneously delivers both entities to antigen presenting cells resulting in more efficient immune activation. There is, however, a lack of methods to conjugate small molecule immune potentiators to viral glycoprotein immunogens without compromising epitope integrity. We describe herein a one-step enzymatic conjugation approach for the covalent attachment of small molecule adjuvants to N-linked glycans of viral glycoproteins. It involves the attachment of an immune potentiator to CMP-Neu5AcN3 by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition followed by sialyltransferase-mediated transfer to N-glycans of a viral glycoprotein. The method was employed to modify a native-like HIV envelope trimer with a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist. The modification did not compromise Env-trimer recognition by several broadly neutralization antibodies. Electron microscopy confirmed structural integrity of the modified immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam1105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wen‐Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA, 92037USA
| | - Gerlof P. Bosman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA, 92037USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam1105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY 10021USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
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13
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Burn OK, Farrand K, Pritchard T, Draper S, Tang CW, Mooney AH, Schmidt AJ, Yang SH, Williams GM, Brimble MA, Kandasamy M, Marshall AJ, Clarke K, Painter GF, Hermans IF, Weinkove R. Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines elicit CD8 + T-cell responses and prevent breast cancer metastasis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1401. [PMID: 35795321 PMCID: PMC9250805 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Metastasis is the principal cause of breast cancer mortality. Vaccines targeting breast cancer antigens have yet to demonstrate clinical efficacy, and there remains an unmet need for safe and effective treatment to reduce the risk of metastasis, particularly for people with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Certain glycolipids can act as vaccine adjuvants by specifically stimulating natural killer T (NKT) cells to provide a universal form of T-cell help. Methods We designed and made a series of conjugate vaccines comprising a prodrug of the NKT cell-activating glycolipid α-galactosylceramide covalently linked to tumor-expressed peptides, and assessed these using E0771- and 4T1-based breast cancer models in vivo. We employed peptides from the model antigen ovalbumin and from clinically relevant breast cancer antigens HER2 and NY-ESO-1. Results Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines that activate NKT cells led to antigen-presenting cell activation, induced inflammatory cytokines, and, compared with peptide alone or admixed peptide and α-galactosylceramide, specifically enhanced CD8+ T-cell responses against tumor-associated peptides. Primary tumor growth was delayed by vaccination in all tumor models. Using 4T1-based cell lines expressing HER2 or NY-ESO-1, a single administration of the relevant conjugate vaccine prevented tumor colonisation of the lung following intravenous inoculation of tumor cells or spontaneous metastasis from breast, respectively. Conclusion Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines that activate NKT cells prevent lung metastasis in breast cancer models and warrant investigation as adjuvant therapies for high-risk breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine University of Otago Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Farrand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Tara Pritchard
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Sarah Draper
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ching-Wen Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Anna H Mooney
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Sung H Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Kate Clarke
- Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre Capital & Coast District Health Board Wellington New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine University of Otago Wellington Wellington New Zealand.,Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre Capital & Coast District Health Board Wellington New Zealand
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14
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Kaur A, Baldwin J, Brar D, Salunke DB, Petrovsky N. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as a driving force behind next-generation vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102172. [PMID: 35785601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery of the toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors that directly or indirectly are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and respond to them by activating innate and adaptive immune pathways. Hundreds of ligands targeting various TLRs have since been identified and characterized as vaccine adjuvants. This work has important implications not only for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases but also for immuno-therapies against cancer, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction and other diseases. Each TLR has its own specific tissue localization and downstream gene signalling pathways, providing researchers the opportunity to precisely tailor adjuvants with specific immune effects. TLR agonists can be combined with other TLR or alternative adjuvants to create combination adjuvants with synergistic or modulatory effects. This review provides an introduction to the various classes of TLR adjuvants and their respective signalling pathways. It provides an overview of recent advancements in the TLR field in the past 2-3 years and discusses criteria for selecting specific TLR adjuvants based on considerations, such as disease mechanisms and correlates of protection, TLR immune biasing capabilities, route of administration, antigen compatibility, new vaccine technology platforms, and age- and species-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Deshkanwar Brar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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15
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Lipid A analog CRX-527 conjugated to synthetic peptides enhances vaccination efficacy and tumor control. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:64. [PMID: 35739113 PMCID: PMC9226002 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants play a determinant role in cancer vaccination by optimally activating APCs and shaping the T cell response. Bacterial-derived lipid A is one of the most potent immune-stimulators known, and is recognized via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this study, we explore the use of the synthetic, non-toxic, lipid A analog CRX-527 as an adjuvant for peptide cancer vaccines. This well-defined adjuvant was covalently conjugated to antigenic peptides as a strategy to improve vaccine efficacy. We show that coupling of this TLR4 agonist to peptide antigens improves vaccine uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), maturation of DCs and T cell activation in vitro, and stimulates DC migration and functional T cell priming in vivo. This translates into enhanced tumor protection upon prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination via intradermal injection against B16-OVA melanoma and HPV-related TC1 tumors. These results highlight the potential of CRX-527 as an adjuvant for molecularly defined cancer vaccines, and support the design of adjuvant-peptide conjugates as a strategy to optimize vaccine formulation.
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Chang TC, Manabe Y, Ito K, Yamamoto R, Kabayama K, Ohshima S, Kametani Y, Fujimoto Y, Lin CC, Fukase K. Precise immunological evaluation rationalizes the design of a self-adjuvanting vaccine composed of glycan antigen, TLR1/2 ligand, and T-helper cell epitope. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18985-18993. [PMID: 35873332 PMCID: PMC9241363 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn (STn), overexpressed on various tumors, has been investigated for its application in anti-cancer vaccine therapy. However, Theratope, an STn-based vaccine, failed in the phase III clinical trial due to poor immunogenicity and epitope suppression by the foreign carrier protein. We therefore developed a self-adjuvanting STn based-vaccine, a conjugate of clustered STn (triSTn) antigen, TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4), and T-helper (Th) cell epitope, and found that this three-component self-adjuvanting vaccine effectively resulted in the production of anti-triSTn IgG antibodies. We herein analyzed immune responses induced by this self-adjuvanting vaccine in detail. We newly synthesized two-component vaccines, i.e., Pam3CSK4- or Th epitope-conjugated triSTn, as references to evaluate the immune-stimulating functions of Pam3CSK4 and Th epitope. Immunological evaluation of the synthesized vaccine candidates revealed that Pam3CSK4 was essential for antibody production, indicating that the uptake of triSTn antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was promoted by the recognition of Pam3CSK4 by TLR1/2. The function of the Th epitope was also confirmed. Th cell activation was important for boosting antibody production and IgG subclass switching. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and other monocytes, were first employed in the evaluation of self-adjuvanting vaccines and revealed that the three-component vaccine was able to induce antigen-specific immune responses for efficient antibody production without excessive inflammatory responses. Importantly, the co-administration of Freund's adjuvants was suggested to cause excessive myeloid cell accumulation and decreased plasma cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that vaccines can be designed to achieve the desired immune responses via the bottom-up construction of each immune element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryuku Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University 143 Shimokasuya Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University 143 Shimokasuya Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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Strobl S, Hofbauer K, Heine H, Zamyatina A. Lipid A Mimetics Based on Unnatural Disaccharide Scaffold as Potent TLR4 Agonists for Prospective Immunotherapeutics and Adjuvants. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200547. [PMID: 35439332 PMCID: PMC9325513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 is a key pattern recognition receptor that can sense pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns to activate the downstream signaling pathways which results in the upregulation of transcription factors and expression of interferons and cytokines to mediate protective pro-inflammatory responses involved in immune defense. Bacterial lipid A is the primary TLR4 ligand with very complex, species-specific, and barely predictable structure-activity relationships. Given that therapeutic targeting of TLR4 is an emerging tool for management of a variety of human diseases, the development of novel TLR4 activating biomolecules other than lipid A is of vast importance. We report on design, chemical synthesis and immunobiology of novel glycan-based lipid A-mimicking molecules that can activate human and murine TLR4-mediated signaling with picomolar affinity. Exploiting crystal structure - based design we have created novel disaccharide lipid A mimetics (DLAMs) where the inherently flexible β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is exchanged with a conformationally restrained non-reducing βGlcN(1↔1')βGlcN scaffold. Excellent stereoselectivity in a challenging β,β-1,1' glycosylation was achieved by tuning the reactivities of donor and acceptor molecules using protective group manipulation strategy. Divergent streamlined synthesis of β,β-1,1'-linked diglucosamine-derived glycolipids entailing multiple long-chain (R)-3- acyloxyacyl residues and up two three phosphate groups was developed. Specific 3D-molecular shape and conformational rigidity of unnatural β,β-1,1'-linked diglucosamine combined with carefully optimized phosphorylation and acylation pattern ensured efficient induction of the TLR4-mediated signaling in a species-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Strobl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Karin Hofbauer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate ImmunityResearch Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL)Parkallee 22Borstel23845Germany
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
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Huang L, Ge X, Liu Y, Li H, Zhang Z. The Role of Toll-like Receptor Agonists and Their Nanomedicines for Tumor Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061228. [PMID: 35745800 PMCID: PMC9230510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) as vaccine adjuvant candidates have become one of the recent research hotspots in the cancer immunomodulatory field. Nevertheless, numerous current systemic deliveries of TLRa are inappropriate for clinical adoption due to their low efficiency and systemic adverse reactions. TLRa-loaded nanoparticles are capable of ameliorating the risk of immune-related toxicity and of strengthening tumor suppression and eradication. Herein, we first briefly depict the patterns of TLRa, followed by the mechanism of agonists at those targets. Second, we summarize the emerging applications of TLRa-loaded nanomedicines as state-of-the-art strategies to advance cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we outline perspectives related to the development of nanomedicine-based TLRa combined with other therapeutic modalities for malignancies immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
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Liu Z, Xu N, Zhao L, Yu J, Zhang P. Bifunctional lipids in tumor vaccines: An outstanding delivery carrier and promising immune stimulator. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121078. [PMID: 34500059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major threat for human life, and the cancer immunotherapy can be more optimized to prolong life. However, the effect of immunotherapy is not encouraging. In order to achieve outstanding immune effect, it is necessary to strengthen antigens uptake of antigen presenting cells. Adjuvants were added to vaccines to achieve this purpose, which could be divided into two types: as an immunostimulatory molecule, the innate immunities of the body were triggered; or as a delivery carrier, and antigens were cross-delivery through the "cytoplasmic pathway" and released at a specific location. This paper reviewed the relevant research status of tumor vaccine immune adjuvants in recent years. Among the review, the function, combination strategies and derivatives of lipid A were discussed in detail. In addition, some suggestions on the existing problems and research direction of lipids as tumor vaccine adjuvants were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Shimoyama A, Fukase K. Lipid A-Mediated Bacterial-Host Chemical Ecology: Synthetic Research of Bacterial Lipid As and Their Development as Adjuvants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206294. [PMID: 34684874 PMCID: PMC8538916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial cell surface component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its active principle, lipid A, exhibit immunostimulatory effects and have the potential to act as adjuvants. However, canonical LPS acts as an endotoxin by hyperstimulating the immune response. Therefore, LPS and lipid A must be structurally modified to minimize their toxic effects while maintaining their adjuvant effect for application as vaccine adjuvants. In the field of chemical ecology research, various biological phenomena occurring among organisms are considered molecular interactions. Recently, the hypothesis has been proposed that LPS and lipid A mediate bacterial-host chemical ecology to regulate various host biological phenomena, mainly immunity. Parasitic and symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the host are predicted to possess low-toxicity immunomodulators due to the chemical structural changes of their LPS caused by co-evolution with the host. Studies on the chemical synthesis and functional evaluation of their lipid As have been developed to test this hypothesis and to apply them to low-toxicity and safe adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.F.)
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Gao L, Lian Q, Ma L, Su S, Yang M, Fang Y, Liu Z, Luo X, Liao G. Full synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of Tn-RC-529 derivative conjugates as self-adjuvanting cancer vaccines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Feng Q, Yu X, Wang Y, Li S, Yang Y. Synthesis and functional studies of self-adjuvanting multicomponent anti-HER2 cancer vaccines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33814-33822. [PMID: 35497522 PMCID: PMC9042281 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricomponent anti-HER2 vaccine that synthesized by incorporating MFCH401 with Pam3CSK4 and helper T cell epitope could efficiently trigger anti-HER2 antibodies and induce specific recognition and killing to HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yixue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
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