1
|
Shivani, Abdul Rahaman TA, Chaudhary S. Targeting cancer using scaffold-hopping approaches: illuminating SAR to improve drug design. Drug Discov Today 2024:104115. [PMID: 39067613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Scaffold hopping is a design approach involving alterations to the core structure of an already bioactive scaffold to generate novel molecules to discover bioactive hit compounds with innovative core structures. Scaffold hopping enhances selectivity and potency while maintaining physicochemical, pharmacodynamic (PD), and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, including toxicity parameters. Numerous molecules have been designed based on a scaffold-hopping strategy that showed potent inhibition activity against multiple targets for the diverse types of malignancy. In this review, we critically discuss recent applications of scaffold hopping along with essential components of medicinal chemistry, such as structure-activity relationship (SAR) profiles. Moreover, we shed light on the limitations and challenges associated with scaffold hopping-based anticancer drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - T A Abdul Rahaman
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Whitefield B, Nevius E, Hill M, DelRosario J, Sinitsyna N, Shanmugasundaram V, Mukherjee D, Shi L, Mayne CG, Rousseau AM, Bernard SM, Buenviaje J, Khambatta G, El Samin M, Wallace M, Nie Z, Sivakumar P, Hamann LG, McDonnell DP, D'Agostino LA. Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Ligand Directed Degraders of Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 1 and 2 (CaMKK1/2). J Med Chem 2023; 66:15750-15760. [PMID: 38009718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
CaMKK2 signals through AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways to trigger cellular outputs including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, resulting in changes to metabolism, bone mass accrual, neuronal function, hematopoiesis, and immunity. CAMKK2 is upregulated in tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate, breast, and gastric cancer, and genetic deletion in myeloid cells results in increased antitumor immunity in several syngeneic models. Validation of the biological roles of CaMKK2 has relied on genetic deletion or small molecule inhibitors with activity against several biological targets. We sought to generate selective inhibitors and degraders to understand the biological impact of inhibiting catalytic activity and scaffolding and the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting CaMKK2. We report herein selective, ligand-efficient inhibitors and ligand-directed degraders of CaMKK2 that were used to probe immune and tumor intrinsic biology. These molecules provide two distinct strategies for ablating CaMKK2 signaling in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brandon Whitefield
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erin Nevius
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 424 Dexter Ave. N. Seattle, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Mark Hill
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 424 Dexter Ave. N. Seattle, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Joselyn DelRosario
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nadia Sinitsyna
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Debarati Mukherjee
- Dept of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Lihong Shi
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Anne-Marie Rousseau
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 424 Dexter Ave. N. Seattle, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Steffen M Bernard
- Celgene, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Buenviaje
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gody Khambatta
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Miriam El Samin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Wallace
- Celgene, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhe Nie
- Celgene, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pallavur Sivakumar
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 424 Dexter Ave. N. Seattle, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Dept of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Z, Bourne PE. How Ligands Interact with the Kinase Hinge. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1503-1508. [PMID: 37974950 PMCID: PMC10641887 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors form hydrogen bond interactions with the kinase hinge region at the adenine binding site. Thus, it is crucial to explore hinge-ligand recognition as part of a rational drug design strategy. Here, harnessing known ligand-bound kinase structures and experimental assay resources, we first created a kinase structure-assay database (KSAD) containing 2705 nM ligand-bound kinase complexes. Then, using KSAD, we systematically investigate hinge-ligand binding patterns using interaction fingerprints, thereby delineating 15 different hydrogen-bond interaction modes. We believe these results will be valuable for de novo drug design and/or scaffold hopping of kinase-targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- School of Data Science and Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- School of Data Science and Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Petrvalska O, Honzejkova K, Koupilova N, Herman P, Obsilova V, Obsil T. 14-3-3 protein inhibits CaMKK1 by blocking the kinase active site with its last two C-terminal helices. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4805. [PMID: 37817008 PMCID: PMC10588359 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ /CaM-dependent protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 (CaMKK1 and CaMKK2) phosphorylate and enhance the catalytic activity of downstream kinases CaMKI, CaMKIV, and protein kinase B. Accordingly, CaMKK1 and CaMKK2 regulate key physiological and pathological processes, such as tumorigenesis, neuronal morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity, transcription factor activation, and cellular energy homeostasis, and promote cell survival. Both CaMKKs are partly inhibited by phosphorylation, which in turn triggers adaptor and scaffolding protein 14-3-3 binding. However, 14-3-3 binding only significantly affects CaMKK1 function. CaMKK2 activity remains almost unchanged after complex formation for reasons still unclear. Here, we aim at structurally characterizing CaMKK1:14-3-3 and CaMKK2:14-3-3 complexes by SAXS, H/D exchange coupled to MS, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results revealed that complex formation suppresses the interaction of both phosphorylated CaMKKs with Ca2+ /CaM and affects the structure of their kinase domains and autoinhibitory segments. But these effects are much stronger on CaMKK1 than on CaMKK2 because the CaMKK1:14-3-3γ complex has a more compact and rigid structure in which the active site of the kinase domain directly interacts with the last two C-terminal helices of the 14-3-3γ protein, thereby inhibiting CaMKK1. In contrast, the CaMKK2:14-3-3 complex has a looser and more flexible structure, so 14-3-3 binding only negligibly affects the catalytic activity of CaMKK2. Therefore, Ca2+ /CaM binding suppression and the interaction of the kinase active site of CaMKK1 with the last two C-terminal helices of 14-3-3γ protein provide the structural basis for 14-3-3-mediated CaMKK1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Petrvalska
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling ProteinsDivision BIOCEVVestecCzech Republic
| | - Karolina Honzejkova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Nicola Koupilova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Herman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling ProteinsDivision BIOCEVVestecCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling ProteinsDivision BIOCEVVestecCzech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Negoita F, Addinsall AB, Hellberg K, Bringas CF, Hafen PS, Sermersheim TJ, Agerholm M, Lewis CTA, Ahwazi D, Ling NXY, Larsen JK, Deshmukh AS, Hossain MA, Oakhill JS, Ochala J, Brault JJ, Sankar U, Drewry DH, Scott JW, Witczak CA, Sakamoto K. CaMKK2 is not involved in contraction-stimulated AMPK activation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101761. [PMID: 37380024 PMCID: PMC10362367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gets activated in response to energetic stress such as contractions and plays a vital role in regulating various metabolic processes such as insulin-independent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The main upstream kinase that activates AMPK through phosphorylation of α-AMPK Thr172 in skeletal muscle is LKB1, however some studies have suggested that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) acts as an alternative kinase to activate AMPK. We aimed to establish whether CaMKK2 is involved in activation of AMPK and promotion of glucose uptake following contractions in skeletal muscle. METHODS A recently developed CaMKK2 inhibitor (SGC-CAMKK2-1) alongside a structurally related but inactive compound (SGC-CAMKK2-1N), as well as CaMKK2 knock-out (KO) mice were used. In vitro kinase inhibition selectivity and efficacy assays, as well as cellular inhibition efficacy analyses of CaMKK inhibitors (STO-609 and SGC-CAMKK2-1) were performed. Phosphorylation and activity of AMPK following contractions (ex vivo) in mouse skeletal muscles treated with/without CaMKK inhibitors or isolated from wild-type (WT)/CaMKK2 KO mice were assessed. Camkk2 mRNA in mouse tissues was measured by qPCR. CaMKK2 protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting with or without prior enrichment of calmodulin-binding proteins from skeletal muscle extracts, as well as by mass spectrometry-based proteomics of mouse skeletal muscle and C2C12 myotubes. RESULTS STO-609 and SGC-CAMKK2-1 were equally potent and effective in inhibiting CaMKK2 in cell-free and cell-based assays, but SGC-CAMKK2-1 was much more selective. Contraction-stimulated phosphorylation and activation of AMPK were not affected with CaMKK inhibitors or in CaMKK2 null muscles. Contraction-stimulated glucose uptake was comparable between WT and CaMKK2 KO muscle. Both CaMKK inhibitors (STO-609 and SGC-CAMKK2-1) and the inactive compound (SGC-CAMKK2-1N) significantly inhibited contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. SGC-CAMKK2-1 also inhibited glucose uptake induced by a pharmacological AMPK activator or insulin. Relatively low levels of Camkk2 mRNA were detected in mouse skeletal muscle, but neither CaMKK2 protein nor its derived peptides were detectable in mouse skeletal muscle tissue. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition or genetic loss of CaMKK2 does not affect contraction-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation and activation, as well as glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Previously observed inhibitory effect of STO-609 on AMPK activity and glucose uptake is likely due to off-target effects. CaMKK2 protein is either absent from adult murine skeletal muscle or below the detection limit of currently available methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Negoita
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Alex B Addinsall
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kristina Hellberg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Conchita Fraguas Bringas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Paul S Hafen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Division of Science, Indiana University Purdue University Columbus, Columbus, IN 47203, USA
| | - Tyler J Sermersheim
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marianne Agerholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Christopher T A Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Danial Ahwazi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Jeppe K Larsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Mohammad A Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julien Ochala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Uma Sankar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John W Scott
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Carol A Witczak
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao Z, Bourne PE. Rigid Scaffolds Are Promising for Designing Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1182-1191. [PMID: 37588756 PMCID: PMC10425998 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic kinase inhibitors (MKIs) are gaining attention due to their favorable selectivity and potential to overcome drug resistance, yet they remain challenging to design because of their novel structures. To facilitate the design and discovery of MKIs, we investigate MKI rational design starting from initial acyclic compounds by performing microsecond-scale atomistic simulations for multiple MKIs, constructing an MKI database, and analyzing MKIs using hierarchical cluster analysis. Our studies demonstrate that the binding modes of MKIs are like those of their corresponding acyclic counterparts against the same kinase targets. Importantly, within the respective binding sites, the MKI scaffolds retain the same conformations as their corresponding acyclic counterparts, demonstrating the rigidity of scaffolds before and after molecular cyclization. The MKI database includes 641 nanomole-level MKIs from 56 human kinases elucidating the features of rigid scaffolds and the core structures of MKIs. Collectively these results and resources can facilitate MKI development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- School of Data Science and Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- School of Data Science and Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Devasahayam Arokia Balaya R, Chandrasekaran J, Kanekar S, Kumar Modi P, Dagamajalu S, Gopinathan K, Raju R, Prasad TSK. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) inhibitors: a novel approach in small molecule discovery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15196-15206. [PMID: 37029757 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) plays a key role in regulation of intracellular calcium levels and signaling pathways. It is involved in activation of downstream signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes. Dysregulation of CAMKK2 activity has been linked to various diseases including cancer, suggesting that CAMKK2 inhibitors might be beneficial in oncological, metabolic and inflammatory indications. The most pressing issues in small molecule discovery are synthesis feasibility, novel chemical structure and desired biological characteristics. To circumvent this constraint, we employed 'DrugspaceX' for rapid lead identification, followed by repositioning seven FDA-approved drugs for CAMKK2 inhibition. Further, first-level transformation (Set1 analogues) was performed in 'DrugspaceX', followed by virtual screening. The t-SNE visualization revealed that the transformations surrounding Rucaparib, Treprostinil and Canagliflozin are more promising for developing CAMKK2 inhibitors. Second, using the top-ranked Set1 analogues, Set2 analogues were generated, and virtual screening revealed the top-ranked five analogues. Among the top five Set2 analogues, DE273038_5 had the lowest docking score of -11.034 kcal/mol and SA score of 2.59, retaining the essential interactions with Hotspot residues LYS194 and VAL270 across 250 ns simulation period. When compared to the other four compounds, the ligand effectiveness score was 0.409, and the number of rotatable penalties was only three. Further, DE273038_5 after two rounds of transformations was discovered to be novel and had not been previously described in other databases. These data suggest that the new candidate DE273038_5 is likely to have inhibitory activity at the CAMKK2 active site, implying potential therapeutic use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaikanth Chandrasekaran
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Saptami Kanekar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirthika Gopinathan
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schröder M, Leiendecker M, Grädler U, Braun J, Blum A, Wanior M, Berger BT, Krämer A, Müller S, Esdar C, Knapp S, Heinrich T. MSC-1186, a Highly Selective Pan-SRPK Inhibitor Based on an Exceptionally Decorated Benzimidazole-Pyrimidine Core. J Med Chem 2023; 66:837-854. [PMID: 36516476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved catalytic sites in protein kinases make it difficult to identify ATP competitive inhibitors with kinome-wide selectivity. Serendipitously, during a dedicated fragment campaign for the focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a scaffold that had lost its initial FAK affinity showed remarkable potency and selectivity for serine-arginine-protein kinases 1-3 (SRPK1-3). Non-conserved interactions with the uniquely structured hinge region of the SRPK family were the key drivers of the exclusive selectivity of the discovered fragment hit. Structure-guided medicinal chemistry efforts led to the SRPK inhibitor MSC-1186, which fulfills all hallmarks of a reversible chemical probe, including nanomolar cellular potency and excellent kinome-wide selectivity. The combination of MSC-1186 with CDC2-like kinase (CLK) inhibitors showed additive attenuation of SR-protein phosphorylation compared to the single agents. MSC-1186 and negative control (MSC-5360) are chemical probes available via the Structural Genomics Consortium chemical probe program (https://www.sgc-ffm.uni-frankfurt.de/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schröder
- SGC Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Grädler
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Juliane Braun
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Blum
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marek Wanior
- SGC Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- SGC Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krämer
- SGC Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- SGC Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Esdar
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- SGC Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Heinrich
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wells C, Liang Y, Pulliam TL, Lin C, Awad D, Eduful B, O’Byrne S, Hossain MA, Catta-Preta CMC, Ramos PZ, Gileadi O, Gileadi C, Couñago RM, Stork B, Langendorf CG, Nay K, Oakhill JS, Mukherjee D, Racioppi L, Means AR, York B, McDonnell DP, Scott JW, Frigo DE, Drewry DH. SGC-CAMKK2-1: A Chemical Probe for CAMKK2. Cells 2023; 12:287. [PMID: 36672221 PMCID: PMC9856672 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) plays critical roles in a range of biological processes. Despite its importance, only a handful of inhibitors of CAMKK2 have been disclosed. Having a selective small molecule tool to interrogate this kinase will help demonstrate that CAMKK2 inhibition can be therapeutically beneficial. Herein, we disclose SGC-CAMKK2-1, a selective chemical probe that targets CAMKK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrow Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yi Liang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas L. Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Benjamin Eduful
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sean O’Byrne
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carolina Moura Costa Catta-Preta
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Priscila Zonzini Ramos
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Carina Gileadi
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Couñago
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Brittany Stork
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Kevin Nay
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | - Debarati Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Luigi Racioppi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anthony R. Means
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian York
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - John W. Scott
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaneshige R, Ohtsuka S, Harada Y, Kawamata I, Magari M, Kanayama N, Hatano N, Sakagami H, Tokumitsu H. Substrate recognition by Arg/Pro-rich insert domain in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase for target protein kinases. FEBS J 2022; 289:5971-5984. [PMID: 35490408 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKs) activate CaMKI, CaMKIV, protein kinase B/Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by phosphorylating Thr residues in activation loops to mediate various Ca2+ -signaling pathways. Mammalian cells expressing CaMKKα and CaMKKβ lacking Arg/Pro-rich insert domain (RP-domain) sequences showed impaired phosphorylation of AMPKα, CaMKIα, and CaMKIV, whereas the autophosphorylation activities of CaMKK mutants remained intact and were similar to those of wild-type CaMKKs. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1, an AMPK kinase) complexed with STRAD and MO25 and was unable to phosphorylate CaMKIα and CaMKIV; however, mutant LKB1 with the RP-domain sequences of CaMKKα and CaMKKβ inserted between kinase subdomains II and III acquired CaMKIα and CaMKIV phosphorylating activity in vitro and in transfected cultured cells. Furthermore, ionomycin-induced phosphorylation of hemagglutinin (HA)-CaMKIα at Thr177, HA-CaMKIV at Thr196, and HA-AMPKα at Thr172 in transfected cells was significantly suppressed by cotransfection of kinase-dead mutants of CaMKK isoforms, but these dominant-negative effects were abrogated with RP-deletion mutants, suggesting that sequestration of substrate kinases by loss-of-function CaMKK mutants requires the RP-domain. This was confirmed by pulldown experiments that showed that dominant-negative mutants of CaMKKα and CaMKKβ interact with target kinases but not RP-deletion mutants. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that both CaMKK isoforms require the RP-domain to recognize downstream kinases to interact with and phosphorylate Thr residues in their activation loops. Thus, the RP-domain may be a promising target for specific CaMKK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riku Kaneshige
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Yuhei Harada
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Issei Kawamata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911025. [PMID: 36232320 PMCID: PMC9570080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is the activating kinase for multiple downstream kinases, including CaM-kinase I (CaMKI), CaM-kinase IV (CaMKIV), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and 5′AMP-kinase (AMPK), through the phosphorylation of their activation-loop Thr residues in response to increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, as CaMKK itself is a Ca2+/CaM-dependent enzyme. The CaMKK-mediated kinase cascade plays important roles in a number of Ca2+-dependent pathways, such as neuronal morphogenesis and plasticity, transcriptional activation, autophagy, and metabolic regulation, as well as in pathophysiological pathways, including cancer progression, metabolic syndrome, and mental disorders. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism underlying CaMKK-mediated signal transduction in normal and pathophysiological conditions. We summarize the current knowledge of the structural, functional, and physiological properties of the regulatory kinase, CaMKK, and the development and application of its pharmacological inhibitors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Drewry DH, Potjewyd FM, Bayati A, Smith JL, Dickmander RJ, Howell S, Taft-Benz S, Min SM, Hossain MA, Heise M, McPherson PS, Moorman NJ, Axtman AD. Identification and Utilization of a Chemical Probe to Interrogate the Roles of PIKfyve in the Lifecycle of β-Coronaviruses. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12860-12882. [PMID: 36111834 PMCID: PMC9574855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
From a designed library of indolyl pyrimidinamines, we
identified
a highly potent and cell-active chemical probe (17) that
inhibits phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve). Comprehensive
evaluation of inhibitor selectivity confirmed that this PIKfyve probe
demonstrates excellent kinome-wide selectivity. A structurally related
indolyl pyrimidinamine (30) was characterized as a negative
control that lacks PIKfyve inhibitory activity and exhibits exquisite
selectivity when profiled broadly. Chemical probe 17 disrupts
multiple phases of the lifecycle of β-coronaviruses: viral replication
and viral entry. The diverse antiviral roles of PIKfyve have not been
previously probed comprehensively in a single study or using the same
compound set. Our scaffold is a distinct chemotype that lacks the
canonical morpholine hinge-binder of classical lipid kinase inhibitors
and has a non-overlapping kinase off-target profile with known PIKfyve
inhibitors. Our chemical probe set can be used by the community to
further characterize the role of PIKfyve in virology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frances M. Potjewyd
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Armin Bayati
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jeffery L. Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J. Dickmander
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stefanie Howell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sharon Taft-Benz
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sophia M. Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark Heise
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter S. McPherson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fanti RC, Vasconcelos SNS, Catta-Preta CMC, Sullivan JR, Riboldi GP, Dos Reis CV, Ramos PZ, Edwards AM, Behr MA, Couñago RM. A Target Engagement Assay to Assess Uptake, Potency, and Retention of Antibiotics in Living Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1449-1467. [PMID: 35815896 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics are urgently needed to counter the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria. A major challenge in antibiotic drug discovery is to turn potent biochemical inhibitors of essential bacterial components into effective antimicrobials. This difficulty is underpinned by a lack of methods to investigate the physicochemical properties needed for candidate antibiotics to permeate the bacterial cell envelope and avoid clearance by the action of bacterial efflux pumps. To address these issues, here we used a target engagement assay to measure the equilibrium and kinetic binding parameters of antibiotics targeting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in live bacteria. We also used this assay to identify novel DHFR ligands having antimicrobial activity. We validated this approach using the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the emerging human pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus. We expect the use of target engagement assays in bacteria to expedite the discovery and progression of novel, cell-permeable antibiotics with on-target activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka C Fanti
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PGBM), UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Stanley N S Vasconcelos
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Carolina M C Catta-Preta
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Jaryd R Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2B4, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Montréal H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Gustavo P Riboldi
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Caio V Dos Reis
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Priscila Z Ramos
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Aled M Edwards
- Structural Genomics Consortium, 101 College Street, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2B4, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Montréal H4A 3S5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PGBM), UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pulliam TL, Awad D, Han JJ, Murray MM, Ackroyd JJ, Goli P, Oakhill JS, Scott JW, Ittmann MM, Frigo DE. Systemic Ablation of Camkk2 Impairs Metastatic Colonization and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in TRAMP Mice: Evidence for Cancer Cell-Extrinsic CAMKK2 Functions in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:1890. [PMID: 35741020 PMCID: PMC9221545 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite early studies linking calcium-calmodulin protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) to prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, the role of CAMKK2 in metastasis in vivo remains unclear. Moreover, while CAMKK2 is known to regulate systemic metabolism, whether CAMKK2's effects on whole-body metabolism would impact prostate cancer progression and/or related comorbidities is not known. Here, we demonstrate that germline ablation of Camkk2 slows, but does not stop, primary prostate tumorigenesis in the TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) genetic mouse model. Consistent with prior epidemiological reports supporting a link between obesity and prostate cancer aggressiveness, TRAMP mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited a pronounced increase in the colonization of lung metastases. We demonstrated that this effect on the metastatic spread was dependent on CAMKK2. Notably, diet-induced lung metastases exhibited a highly aggressive neuroendocrine phenotype. Concurrently, Camkk2 deletion improved insulin sensitivity in the same mice. Histological analyses revealed that cancer cells were smaller in the TRAMP;Camkk2-/- mice compared to TRAMP;Camkk2+/+ controls. Given the differences in circulating insulin levels, a known regulator of cell growth, we hypothesized that systemic CAMKK2 could promote prostate cancer cell growth and disease progression in part through cancer cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Accordingly, host deletion of Camkk2 impaired the growth of syngeneic murine prostate tumors in vivo, confirming nonautonomous roles for CAMKK2 in prostate cancer. Cancer cell size and mTOR signaling was diminished in tumors propagated in Camkk2-null mice. Together, these data indicate that, in addition to cancer cell-intrinsic roles, CAMKK2 mediates prostate cancer progression via tumor-extrinsic mechanisms. Further, we propose that CAMKK2 inhibition may also help combat common metabolic comorbidities in men with advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny J. Han
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Mollianne M. Murray
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Ackroyd
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Pavithr Goli
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (J.S.O.); (J.W.S.)
| | - John W. Scott
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (J.S.O.); (J.W.S.)
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (T.L.P.); (D.A.); (J.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (J.J.A.); (P.G.)
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
In 2011, CAMKK2, the gene encoding calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2), was demonstrated to be a direct target of the androgen receptor and a driver of prostate cancer progression. Results from multiple independent studies have confirmed these findings and demonstrated the potential role of CAMKK2 as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancer using a variety of preclinical models. Drug development efforts targeting CAMKK2 have begun accordingly. CAMKK2 regulation can vary across disease stages, which might have important implications in the use of CAMKK2 as a biomarker. Moreover, new non-cell-autonomous roles for CAMKK2 that could affect tumorigenesis, metastasis and possible comorbidities linked to disease and treatment have emerged and could present novel treatment opportunities for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Miller KJ, Asim M. Unravelling the Role of Kinases That Underpin Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060952. [PMID: 35326402 PMCID: PMC8946764 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway is the key driver in most prostate cancers (PCa), and is underpinned by several kinases both upstream and downstream of the AR. Many popular therapies for PCa that target the AR directly, however, have been circumvented by AR mutation, such as androgen receptor variants. Some upstream kinases promote AR signalling, including those which phosphorylate the AR and others that are AR-regulated, and androgen regulated kinase that can also form feed-forward activation circuits to promotes AR function. All of these kinases represent potentially druggable targets for PCa. There has generally been a divide in reviews reporting on pathways upstream of the AR and those reporting on AR-regulated genes despite the overlap that constitutes the promotion of AR signalling and PCa progression. In this review, we aim to elucidate which kinases—both upstream and AR-regulated—may be therapeutic targets and require future investigation and ongoing trials in developing kinase inhibitors for PCa.
Collapse
|
17
|
Axtman AD. Characterizing the role of the dark kinome in neurodegenerative disease - A mini review. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:130014. [PMID: 34547390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs that modulate previously unexplored targets could potentially slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Several candidate proteins lie within the dark kinome, those human kinases that have not been well characterized. Much of the kinome (~80%) remains poorly studied, and these targets likely harbor untapped biological potential. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review highlights the significance of kinases as mediators of aberrant pathways in neurodegeneration and provides examples of published high-quality small molecules that modulate some of these kinases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is a need for continued efforts to develop high-quality chemical tools to illuminate the function of understudied kinases in the brain. Potent and selective small molecules enable accurate pairing of an observed phenotype with a protein target. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The examples discussed herein support the premise that validation of therapeutic hypotheses surrounding kinase targets can be accomplished via small molecules and they can serve as the basis for disease-focused drug development campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Axtman
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Structural Genomics Consortium, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|