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Chai X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Feng K, Jiang Y, Zhu A, Chen X, Di L, Wang R. Tumor Metabolism: A New Field for the Treatment of Glioma. Bioconjug Chem 2024. [PMID: 39013195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The clinical treatment of glioma remains relatively immature. Commonly used clinical treatments for gliomas are surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but there is a problem of drug resistance. In addition, immunotherapy and targeted therapies also suffer from the problem of immune evasion. The advent of metabolic therapy holds immense potential for advancing more efficacious and tolerable therapies against this aggressive disease. Metabolic therapy alters the metabolic processes of tumor cells at the molecular level to inhibit tumor growth and spread, and lead to better outcomes for patients with glioma that are insensitive to conventional treatments. Moreover, compared with conventional therapy, it has less impact on normal cells, less toxicity and side effects, and higher safety. The objective of this review is to examine the changes in metabolic characteristics throughout the development of glioma, enumerate the current methodologies employed for studying tumor metabolism, and highlight the metabolic reprogramming pathways of glioma along with their potential molecular mechanisms. Importantly, it seeks to elucidate potential metabolic targets for glioblastoma (GBM) therapy and summarize effective combination treatment strategies based on various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kuanhan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yingyu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Anran Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaojin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruoning Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
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Mirgaux M, Leherte L, Wouters J. Human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 cofactor lability and low substrate affinity explained by homology modeling, molecular dynamics and molecular docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4475-4488. [PMID: 37301605 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2220830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (hIDO2) protein is growing of interest as it is increasingly implicated in multiple diseases (cancer, autoimmune diseases, COVID-19). However, it is only poorly reported in the literature. Its mode of action remains unknown because it does not seem to catalyze the reaction for which it is attributed: the degradation of the L-Tryptophan into N-formyl-kynurenine. This contrasts with its paralog, the human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1), which has been extensively studied in the literature and for which several inhibitors are already in clinical trials. Yet, the recent failure of one of the most advanced hIDO1 inhibitors, the Epacadostat, could be caused by a still unknown interaction between hIDO1 and hIDO2. In order to better understand the mechanism of hIDO2, and in the absence of experimental structural data, a computational study mixing homology modeling, Molecular Dynamics, and molecular docking was conducted. The present article highlights an exacerbated lability of the cofactor as well as an inadequate positioning of the substrate in the active site of hIDO2, which might bring part of an answer to its lack of activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Mirgaux
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurence Leherte
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
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3
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Yang Y, Mou Y, Wan LX, Zhu S, Wang G, Gao H, Liu B. Rethinking therapeutic strategies of dual-target drugs: An update on pharmacological small-molecule compounds in cancer. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38769656 DOI: 10.1002/med.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenes and tumor suppressors are well-known to orchestrate several signaling cascades, regulate extracellular and intracellular stimuli, and ultimately control the fate of cancer cells. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed that perturbation of these key modulators by mutations or abnormal protein expressions are closely associated with drug resistance in cancer therapy; however, the inherent drug resistance or compensatory mechanism remains to be clarified for targeted drug discovery. Thus, dual-target drug development has been widely reported to be a promising therapeutic strategy for improving drug efficiency or overcoming resistance mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the therapeutic strategies of dual-target drugs, especially focusing on pharmacological small-molecule compounds in cancer, including small molecules targeting mutation resistance, compensatory mechanisms, synthetic lethality, synergistic effects, and other new emerging strategies. Together, these therapeutic strategies of dual-target drugs would shed light on discovering more novel candidate small-molecule drugs for the future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Mou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Xi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiou Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Zhao R, Zhu J, Jiang X, Bai R. Click chemistry-aided drug discovery: A retrospective and prospective outlook. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116037. [PMID: 38101038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as a valuable tool for rapid compound synthesis, presenting notable advantages and convenience in the exploration of potential drug candidates. In particular, in situ click chemistry capitalizes on enzymes as reaction templates, leveraging their favorable conformation to selectively link individual building blocks and generate novel hits. This review comprehensively outlines and introduces the extensive use of click chemistry in compound library construction, and hit and lead discovery, supported by specific research examples. Additionally, it discusses the limitations and precautions associated with the application of click chemistry in drug discovery. Our intention for this review is to contribute to the development of a modular synthetic approach for the rapid identification of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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5
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Zeng W, Xie F, Pan Y, Chen Z, Chen H, Liu X, Tian K, Xu D. A comprehensive prognostic score for head and neck squamous cancer driver genes and phenotype traits. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:193. [PMID: 37897503 PMCID: PMC10613197 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cancer (HNSCC) presents variable phenotype and progression features. Clinically applicable, high-accuracy multifactorial prognostic models for HNSCC survival outcomes are warranted and an active area of research. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive prognostic tool for HNSCC overall survival by integrating cancer driver genes with tumor clinical and phenotype information. METHODS Key overall survival-related cancer driver genes were screened from among main effector and reciprocal gene pairs using TCGA data using univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Independent validation was performed using the GSE41613 dataset. The main effector genes among these were selected using LASSO regression and transcriptome score modeling was performed using multivariate Cox regression followed by validation analysis of the prognostic score. Next, multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed using the transcriptome score combined with age, grade, gender, and stage. An 'Accurate Prediction Model of HNSCC Overall Survival Score' (APMHO) was computed and validated. Enriched functional pathways, gene mutational landscape, immune cell infiltration, and immunotherapy sensitivity markers associated with high and low APMHO scores were analyzed. RESULTS Screening 107 overall survival-related cancer genes and 402 interacting gene pairs, 6 genes: CRLF2, HSP90AA1, MAP2K1, PAFAH1B2, MYCL and SET genes, were identified and a transcriptional score was obtained. Age, stage and transcriptional score were found to be significant predictors in Cox regression analysis and used to construct a final APMHO model showing an AUC > 0.65 and validated. Transcriptional score, age, pathologic_N, pathologic_T, stage, and TCGA_subtype were significantly different in distribution between high and low APMHO groups. High APMHO samples showed significantly higher mutation rate, enriched tumor-related pathways including Hypoxia, unfold_protein_response, Glycolysis, and mTORC1 signaling, along with differences in immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint, interferon-γ pathway and m6A regulator expression patterns. CONCLUSION The APMHO score combining transcriptional and clinical variables showed good prognostic ability for HNSCC overall survival outcomes and was associated with different patterns of phenotypical features, immune and mutational landscape, and immunotherapy sensitivity marker expression. Future studies should validate this score in independent clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Pan
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengcong Chen
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqiang Tian
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dechang Xu
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Gannan Medical College Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No.19, Huayuan Road, Zhanggong Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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León-Letelier RA, Dou R, Vykoukal J, Sater AHA, Ostrin E, Hanash S, Fahrmann JF. The kynurenine pathway presents multi-faceted metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1256769. [PMID: 37876966 PMCID: PMC10591110 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1256769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) and associated catabolites play key roles in promoting tumor progression and modulating the host anti-tumor immune response. To date, considerable focus has been on the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and its catabolite, kynurenine (Kyn). However, increasing evidence has demonstrated that downstream KP enzymes and their associated metabolite products can also elicit tumor-microenvironment immune suppression. These advancements in our understanding of the tumor promotive role of the KP have led to the conception of novel therapeutic strategies to target the KP pathway for anti-cancer effects and reversal of immune escape. This review aims to 1) highlight the known biological functions of key enzymes in the KP, and 2) provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging therapies aimed at targeting discrete enzymes in the KP for anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. León-Letelier
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rongzhang Dou
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ali Hussein Abdel Sater
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Edwin Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Sun H, Yang Q, Yu X, Huang M, Ding M, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. Prediction of IDO1 Inhibitors by a Fingerprint-Based Stacking Ensemble Model Named IDO1Stack. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300151. [PMID: 37340939 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is viewed as an extremely promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we proposed a two-layer stacking ensemble model, IDO1Stack, that can efficiently predict IDO1 inhibitors. First, we constructed a series of classification models based on five machine learning algorithms and eight molecular characterization methods. Then, a stacking ensemble model was built using the top five models as the base classifier and logistic regression as the meta-classifier. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of IDO1Stack on the test set and external validation set were 0.952 and 0.918, respectively. Furthermore, we computed the applicability domain and privileged substructures of the model and interpreted the model using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). It is expected that IDO1Stack can well study the interaction between target and ligand, providing practitioners with a reliable tool for rapid screening and discovery of IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinxin Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengting Huang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Huang RZ, Liang QL, Jing XT, Wang K, Zhang HY, Wang HS, Ma XL, Wei JH, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-Amino-1,4-Naphthoquinone Amide-Oxime Derivatives as Potent IDO1/STAT3 Dual Inhibitors with Prospective Antitumor Effects. Molecules 2023; 28:6135. [PMID: 37630387 PMCID: PMC10459814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) have emerged as significant targets in the tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy. In this study, we synthesized three novel 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone amide-oxime derivatives and identified them as dual inhibitors of IDO1 and STAT3. The representative compound NK3 demonstrated effective binding to IDO1 and exhibited good inhibitory activity (hIDO1 IC50 = 0.06 μM), leading to its selection for further investigation. The direct interactions between compound NK3 and IDO1 and STAT3 proteins were confirmed through surface plasmon resonance analysis. A molecular docking study of compound NK3 revealed key interactions between NK3 and IDO1, with the naphthoquinone-oxime moiety coordinating with the heme iron. In the in vitro anticancer assay, compound NK3 displayed potent antitumor activity against selected cancer cell lines and effectively suppressed nuclear translocation of STAT3. Moreover, in vivo assays conducted on CT26 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice and an athymic HepG2 xenograft model revealed that compound NK3 exhibited potent antitumor activity with low toxicity relative to 1-methyl-L-tryptophan (1-MT) and doxorubicin (DOX). Overall, these findings provided evidence that the dual inhibitors of IDO1 and STAT3 may offer a promising avenue for the development of highly effective drug candidates for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Zhen Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
| | - Qiao-Ling Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
| | - Xiao-Teng Jing
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Xinyi Road 15, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
| | - Hui-Yong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
| | - Jian-Hua Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China (K.W.)
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Modulation of T cells by tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:442-456. [PMID: 37248103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes maturing in the thymus (T cells) are key factors in adaptive immunity and the regulation of inflammation. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes several enzymes and compounds that can modulate T cell function, but manipulating these pharmacologically has not achieved the expected therapeutic activity for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and cancer. With increasing knowledge of other pathways interacting with kynurenines, the expansion of screening methods, and the application of virtual techniques to understanding enzyme structures and mechanisms, details of interactions between kynurenines and other pathways are being revealed. This review surveys some of these alternative approaches to influence T cell function indirectly via the kynurenine pathway and summarizes the most recent work on the development of compounds acting directly on the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
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10
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Interactions of IDO and the Kynurenine Pathway with Cell Transduction Systems and Metabolism at the Inflammation-Cancer Interface. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112895. [PMID: 37296860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying a relationship between inflammation and cancer are unclear, but much emphasis has been placed on the role of tryptophan metabolism to kynurenine and downstream metabolites, as these make a substantial contribution to the regulation of immune tolerance and susceptibility to cancer. The proposed link is supported by the induction of tryptophan metabolism by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), in response to injury, infection or stress. This review will summarize the kynurenine pathway and will then focus on the bi-directional interactions with other transduction pathways and cancer-related factors. The kynurenine pathway can interact with and modify activity in many other transduction systems, potentially generating an extended web of effects other than the direct effects of kynurenine and its metabolites. Conversely, the pharmacological targeting of those other systems could greatly enhance the efficacy of changes in the kynurenine pathway. Indeed, manipulating those interacting pathways could affect inflammatory status and tumor development indirectly via the kynurenine pathway, while pharmacological modulation of the kynurenine pathway could indirectly influence anti-cancer protection. While current efforts are progressing to account for the failure of selective IDO1 inhibitors to inhibit tumor growth and to devise means of circumventing the issue, it is clear that there are wider factors involving the relationship between kynurenines and cancer that merit detailed consideration as alternative drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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Ye K, Wang K, Wang T, Tang H, Wang L, Zhang W, Jiang S, Zhang X, Zhang K. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of urea substituted 1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamides as novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115217. [PMID: 36842272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has been considered as an attractive target for oncology immunotherapy due to its immunosuppressive effects on the tumor microenvironment. The most advanced IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody failed to show desirable objective response. Epacadostat is now reevaluated in phase III clinical trials, but its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties are unsatisfactory. To further unravel the antitumor efficacy of IDO1 inhibitors, we designed a series of epacadostat analogues by introducing various urea-containing side chains. In particular, the most active compound 3 showed superior inhibitory potency against recombinant hIDO1 and hIDO1 in HeLa cells induced by interferon γ (IFNγ) relative to epacadostat (3, biochemical hIDO1 IC50 = 67.4 nM, HeLa hIDO1 IC50 = 17.6 nM; epacadostat, biochemical hIDO1 IC50 = 75.9 nM, HeLa hIDO1 IC50 = 20.6 nM). Moreover, compound 3 exhibited improved physicochemical properties and rat PK profile with better oral exposure and bioavailability compared with epacadostat. Importantly, this compound exhibited comparable antitumor efficacy with epacadostat in LLC syngeneic xenograft models. Hence, compound 3 represents a promising lead compound for discovery of more effective IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kaizheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - He Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wanheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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12
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Zhou H, Jia W, Lu L, Han R. MicroRNAs with Multiple Targets of Immune Checkpoints, as a Potential Sensitizer for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:824. [PMID: 36765782 PMCID: PMC9913694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in the treatment of breast cancer, yet there are still a considerable number of patients who are unable to gain lasting and ideal clinical benefits by immunotherapy alone, which leads to the development of a combination regimen as a novel research hotspot. Furthermore, one miRNA can target several checkpoint molecules, mimicking the therapeutic effect of a combined immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which means that the miRNA therapy has been considered to increase the efficiency of ICIs. In this review, we summarized potential miRNA therapeutics candidates which can affect multiple targets of immune checkpoints in breast cancer with more therapeutic potential, and the obstacles to applying miRNA therapeutically through the analyses of the resources available from a drug target perspective. We also included the content of "too many targets for miRNA effect" (TMTME), combined with applying TargetScan database, to discuss adverse events. This review aims to ignite enthusiasm to explore the application of miRNAs with multiple targets of immune checkpoint molecules, in combination with ICIs for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Wentao Jia
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
- School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Data Science, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
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13
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Wu Y, Yang Z, Cheng K, Bi H, Chen J. Small molecule-based immunomodulators for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4287-4308. [PMID: 36562003 PMCID: PMC9764074 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Current cancer immunotherapies are mostly antibody-based, thus possessing advantages in regard to pharmacodynamics (e.g., specificity and efficacy). However, they have limitations in terms of pharmacokinetics including long half-lives, poor tissue/tumor penetration, and little/no oral bioavailability. In addition, therapeutic antibodies are immunogenic, thus may cause unwanted adverse effects. Therefore, researchers have shifted their efforts towards the development of small molecule-based cancer immunotherapy, as small molecules may overcome the above disadvantages associated with antibodies. Further, small molecule-based immunomodulators and therapeutic antibodies are complementary modalities for cancer treatment, and may be combined to elicit synergistic effects. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of small molecule-based cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the current progress in small molecule-based immunomodulators (inhibitors/agonists/degraders) for cancer therapy, including those targeting PD-1/PD-L1, chemokine receptors, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), Toll-like receptor (TLR), etc. The tumorigenesis mechanism of various targets and their respective modulators that have entered clinical trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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14
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Davies C, Dötsch L, Ciulla MG, Hennes E, Yoshida K, Gasper R, Scheel R, Sievers S, Strohmann C, Kumar K, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Identification of a Novel Pseudo-Natural Product Type IV IDO1 Inhibitor Chemotype. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209374. [PMID: 35959923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural product (NP)-inspired design principles provide invaluable guidance for bioactive compound discovery. Pseudo-natural products (PNPs) are de novo combinations of NP fragments to target biologically relevant chemical space not covered by NPs. We describe the design and synthesis of apoxidoles, a novel pseudo-NP class, whereby indole- and tetrahydropyridine fragments are linked in monopodal connectivity not found in nature. Apoxidoles are efficiently accessible by an enantioselective [4+2] annulation reaction. Biological evaluation revealed that apoxidoles define a new potent type IV inhibitor chemotype of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a heme-containing enzyme considered a target for the treatment of neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and cancer. Apoxidoles target apo-IDO1, prevent heme binding and induce unique amino acid positioning as revealed by crystal structure analysis. Novel type IV apo-IDO1 inhibitors are in high demand, and apoxidoles may provide new opportunities for chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Davies
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technical University of Dortmund, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lara Dötsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technical University of Dortmund, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Current address: Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Hennes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technical University of Dortmund, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kei Yoshida
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Raphael Gasper
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Technical University of Dortmund, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technical University of Dortmund, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Current address: AiCuris Anti-infective Cures AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 475, 42117, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technical University of Dortmund, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Davies C, Dötsch L, Ciulla MG, Hennes E, Yoshida K, Gasper R, Scheel R, Sievers S, Strohmann C, Kumar K, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Identification of a Novel Pseudo‐Natural Product Type IV IDO1 Inhibitor Chemotype. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Davies
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Lara Dötsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Elisabeth Hennes
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Kei Yoshida
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Raphael Gasper
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Crystallography and Biophysics Facility GERMANY
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Technische Universität Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Compound Management and Screening Center GERMANY
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology: Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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16
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He G, Wan S, Wu Y, Chu Z, Shen H, Zhang S, Chen L, Bao Z, Gu S, Huang J, Huang L, Gong G, Zou Y, Zhu Q, Xu Y. Discovery of the First Selective IDO2 Inhibitor As Novel Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14348-14365. [PMID: 35952367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a closely related homologue of well-studied immunomodulatory enzyme IDO1, has been identified as a pathogenic mediator of inflammatory autoimmunity in preclinical models. Therapeutic targeting IDO2 in autoimmune diseases has been challenging due to the lack of small-molecule IDO2 inhibitors. Here, based on our previously developed IDO1/IDO2 dual inhibitor, guided by the homology model of the IDO2 structure, we discovered compound 22, the most potent inhibitor targeting IDO2 with good in vitro inhibitory activity (IDO2 IC50 = 112 nM). Notably, treatment with 22 alleviated disease severity and reduced inflammatory cytokines in both the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model and adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat model. Our study offered for the first time a selective small-molecule IDO2 inhibitor 22 with IC50 at the nanomolar level, which may be used not only as a candidate compound for the treatment of autoimmune diseases but also as a tool compound for further IDO2-related mechanistic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Sheng Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yunze Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Linya Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zijing Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shuhui Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junzhang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoqing Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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17
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Dual-target inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase 1 (Ido1): A promising direction in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114524. [PMID: 35696861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the first step, and the kynurenine pathway plays a fundamental role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, researchers are vigorously developing IDO1 inhibitors, hoping to apply them to cancer immunotherapy. Nowadays, there have been 11 kinds of IDO1 inhibitors entering clinical trials, among which many inhibitors have shown good tumor inhibitory effect in phase I/II clinical trials. But the phase III study of the most promising IDO1 inhibitor compound 29 (Epacadostat) failed in 2018, which may be caused by the compensation effect offered by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), the mismatched drug combination strategies, or other reasons. Luckily, dual-target inhibitors show great potential and advantages in solving these problems. In recent years, many studies have linked IDO1 to popular targets and selected many IDO1 dual-target inhibitors through pharmacophore fusion strategy and library construction, which enhance the tumor inhibitory effect and reduce side effects. Currently, three kinds of IDO1/TDO dual-target inhibitors have entered clinical trials, and extensive studies have been developing on IDO1 dual-target inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the IDO1 dual-target inhibitors developed in recent years and focus on the structure optimization process, structure-activity relationship, and the efficacy of in vitro and in vivo experiments, shedding a light on the pivotal significance of IDO1 dual-target inhibitors in the treatment of cancer, providing inspiration for the development of new IDO1 dual-target inhibitors.
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18
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Peng X, Zhao Z, Liu L, Bai L, Tong R, Yang H, Zhong L. Targeting Indoleamine Dioxygenase and Tryptophan Dioxygenase in Cancer Immunotherapy: Clinical Progress and Challenges. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2639-2657. [PMID: 35965963 PMCID: PMC9374094 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s373780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenases (IDO1/2) and tryptophan 2.3-dioxygenase (TDO) are the initial and rate-limiting enzymes in tryptophan metabolism, which play an essential role in mediating immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence has indicated that both IDO1 and TDO are highly expressed in many malignant tumors, and their expression is generally associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating immune cells, increased regulatory T-cell infiltration, as well as cancer progression and poor prognosis for malignancies. A large number of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors have been screened or synthesized in the last two decades. Thus far, at least 12 antagonists targeting IDO1 and TDO have advanced to clinical trials. In this account, we conducted a comprehensive review of the development of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy, particularly their clinical research progress, and presented the current challenges and corresponding solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerun Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengrun District People’s Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- POWERCHINA Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
- Hao Yang, POWERCHINA Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Zhong, Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China, Email
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19
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Unbalanced IDO1/IDO2 Endothelial Expression and Skewed Keynurenine Pathway in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061332. [PMID: 35740354 PMCID: PMC9220124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular relevance of an activated tryptophan/kynurenine pathway as described in this review. Recent histological studies have documented that, in COVID-19 patients, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzymes are differentially expressed in the pulmonary blood vessels, i.e., IDO1 prevails in early/mild pneumonia and in lung tissues from patients suffering from long COVID-19, whereas IDO2 is predominant in severe/fatal cases. We hypothesize that IDO1 is necessary for a correct control of the vascular tone of pulmonary vessels, and its deficiency in COVID-19 might be related to the syndrome’s evolution toward vascular dysfunction. The complexity of this scenario is discussed in light of possible therapeutic manipulations of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.
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