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Qian L, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Zheng X, Xiao B, Zhang X, Wu Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhou P, Fu Q, Kang T, Gao Y. Activated STING-containing R-EVs from iPSC-derived MSCs promote antitumor immunity. Cancer Lett 2024; 597:217081. [PMID: 38909776 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
We recently revealed that activated STING is secreted into RAB22A-induced extracellular vesicles (R-EVs) and promotes antitumor immunity in cancer cells. Whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived R-EVs containing activated STING can be used as a novel antitumor immunotherapy remains unclear, as MSC-derived EVs are promising cell-free therapeutics due to their superior biocompatibility and safety, as well as low immunogenicity. Here, we report that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSCs can generate R-EVs with a size and mechanism of formation that are similar to those of R-EVs produced from cancer cells. Furthermore, these MSC-derived R-EVs containing activated STING induced IFNβ expression in recipient THP-1 monocytes and antitumor immunity in mice. Our findings reveal that the use of MSC-derived R-EVs containing activated STING is a promising cell-free strategy for antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China; School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhonghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Beibei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Departments of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingling Fu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Tian M, Zhang S, Tan F. The cGAS/STING Pathway-A New Potential Biotherapeutic Target for Gastric Cancer? J Pers Med 2024; 14:736. [PMID: 39063990 PMCID: PMC11277918 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer ranks among the top five deadliest tumors worldwide, both in terms of prevalence and mortality rates. Despite mainstream treatments, the efficacy in treating gastric cancer remains suboptimal, underscoring the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. The elucidation of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironments has shifted focus towards cancer biotherapeutics, which leverage the patient's immune system or biologics to target tumor cells. Biotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative for tumors resistant to traditional chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. Central to this paradigm is the cGAS-STING pathway, a pivotal component of the innate immune system. This pathway recognizes aberrant DNA, such as that from viral infections or tumor cells, and triggers an immune response, thereby reshaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into an immune-stimulating milieu. In the context of gastric cancer, harnessing the cGAS-STING pathway holds significant potential for biotherapeutic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on cGAS-STING in gastric cancer, including insights from clinical trials involving STING agonists. Furthermore, it assesses the prospects of targeting the cGAS-STING pathway as a novel biotherapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410017, China; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410017, China; (M.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410017, China; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
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3
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Xin GF, Chen NN, Li LL, Liu XC, Che CC, Wu BD, You QD, Xu XL. An updated patent review of stimulator of interferon genes agonists (2021 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:297-313. [PMID: 38849323 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2365409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is an innate immune sensor. Activation of STING triggers a downstream response that results in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) via nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) or the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) via an interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). IFNs can eventually result in promotion of the adaptive immune response including activation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells to abolish the tumor. Consequently, activation of STING has been considered as a potential strategy for cancer treatment. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview on structures and pharmacological data of CDN-like and non-nucleotide STING agonists acting as anticancer agents (January 2021 to October 2023) from a medicinal chemistry perspective. The data in this review come from EPO, WIPO, RCSB PDB, CDDI. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, several structurally diverse STING agonists have been identified. As an immune enhancer, they are used in the treatment of tumors, which has received extensive attention from scientific community and pharmaceutical companies. Despite the multiple challenges that have appeared, STING agonists may offer opportunities for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Chen Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei-Duo Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Slezak A, Chang K, Hossainy S, Mansurov A, Rowan SJ, Hubbell JA, Guler MO. Therapeutic synthetic and natural materials for immunoengineering. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1789-1822. [PMID: 38170619 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunoengineering is a rapidly evolving field that has been driving innovations in manipulating immune system for new treatment tools and methods. The need for materials for immunoengineering applications has gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing demand for effective therapies that can target and regulate the immune system. Biologics and biomaterials are emerging as promising tools for controlling immune responses, and a wide variety of materials, including proteins, polymers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels, are being developed for this purpose. In this review article, we explore the different types of materials used in immunoengineering applications, their properties and design principles, and highlight the latest therapeutic materials advancements. Recent works in adjuvants, vaccines, immune tolerance, immunotherapy, and tissue models for immunoengineering studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slezak
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Kevin Chang
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Samir Hossainy
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Aslan Mansurov
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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5
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Xuan C, Hu R. Chemical Biology Perspectives on STING Agonists as Tumor Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300405. [PMID: 37794702 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial adaptor protein in the innate immune response. STING activation triggers cytokine secretion, including type I interferon and initiates T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The activated immune system converts "cold tumors" into "hot tumors" that are highly responsive to T cells by recruiting them to the tumor microenvironment, ultimately leading to potent and long-lasting antitumor effects. Unlike most immune checkpoint inhibitors, STING agonists represent a groundbreaking class of innate immune agonists that hold great potential for effectively targeting various cancer populations and are poised to become a blockbuster in tumor immunotherapy. This review will focus on the correlation between the STING signaling pathway and tumor immunity, as well as explore the impact of STING activation on other biological processes. Ultimately, we will summarize the development and optimization of STING agonists from a medicinal chemistry perspective, evaluate their potential in cancer therapy, and identify possible challenges for future advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24, TongJiaXiang, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24, TongJiaXiang, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Huang C, Shao N, Huang Y, Chen J, Wang D, Hu G, Zhang H, Luo L, Xiao Z. Overcoming challenges in the delivery of STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review of strategies and future perspectives. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100839. [PMID: 38024837 PMCID: PMC10630661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) agonists have emerged as promising agents in the field of cancer immunotherapy, owing to their excellent capacity to activate the innate immune response and combat tumor-induced immunosuppression. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the strategies employed to develop effective formulations for STING agonists, with particular emphasis on versatile nano-delivery systems. The recent advancements in delivery systems based on lipids, natural/synthetic polymers, and proteins for STING agonists are summarized. The preparation methodologies of nanoprecipitation, self-assembly, and hydrogel, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in developing next-generation STING agonist delivery systems are elaborated. This review aims to serve as a reference for researchers in designing novel and effective STING agonist delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Huang
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Ni Shao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jifeng Chen
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Duo Wang
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Genwen Hu
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, 523560, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Zou Y, Zhang M, Zhou J. Recent trends in STING modulators: Structures, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103694. [PMID: 37393985 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase stimulator (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway has an integral role in the host immune response through DNA sensing followed by inducing a robust innate immune defense program. STING has become a promising therapeutic target associated with multiple diseases, including various inflammatory diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases, among others. Thus, modulators of STING are regarded as emerging therapeutic agents. Recent progress has been made in STING research, including recently identified STING-mediated regulatory pathways, the development of a new STING modulator, and the new association of STING with disease. In this review, we focus on recent trends in the development of STING modulators, including structures, mechanisms, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Tang Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Tomer S, Selvaraju M, Tien N, Sun D, Johnson DK, Zhen A, Li P, Wang J. Structural and Biological Evaluations of a Non-Nucleoside STING Agonist Specific for Human STING A230 Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.02.547363. [PMID: 37425806 PMCID: PMC10327114 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Previously we identified a non-nucleotide tricyclic agonist BDW568 that activates human STING (stimulator of interferon genes) gene variant containing A230 in a human monocyte cell line (THP-1). STINGA230 alleles, including HAQ and AQ, are less common STING variants in human population. To further characterize the mechanism of BDW568, we obtained the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of STINGA230 complexed with BDW-OH (active metabolite of BDW568) at 1.95 Å resolution and found the planar tricyclic structure in BDW-OH dimerizes in the STING binding pocket and mimics the two nucleobases of the endogenous STING ligand 2',3'-cGAMP. This binding mode also resembles a known synthetic ligand of human STING, MSA-2, but not another tricyclic mouse STING agonist DMXAA. Structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies revealed that all three heterocycles in BDW568 and the S-acetate side chain are critical for retaining the compound's activity. BDW568 could robustly activate the STING pathway in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with STINGA230 genotype from healthy individuals. We also observed BDW568 could robustly activate type I interferon signaling in purified human primary macrophages that were transduced with lentivirus expressing STINGA230, suggesting its potential use to selectively activate genetically engineered macrophages in macrophage-based approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-macrophage immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Junxing Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shallu Tomer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Manikandan Selvaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Nicholas Tien
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Diyun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David K. Johnson
- Computation Chemical Biology Core, and Molecular Graphics and Modeling Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Coderch C, Arranz-Herrero J, Nistal-Villan E, de Pascual-Teresa B, Rius-Rocabert S. The Many Ways to Deal with STING. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109032. [PMID: 37240378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein involved in the activation of IFN-β and many other genes associated with the immune response activation in vertebrates. STING induction has gained attention from different angles such as the potential to trigger an early immune response against different signs of infection and cell damage, or to be used as an adjuvant in cancer immune treatments. Pharmacological control of aberrant STING activation can be used to mitigate the pathology of some autoimmune diseases. The STING structure has a well-defined ligand binding site that can harbor natural ligands such as specific purine cyclic di-nucleotides (CDN). In addition to a canonical stimulation by CDNs, other non-canonical stimuli have also been described, whose exact mechanism has not been well defined. Understanding the molecular insights underlying the activation of STING is important to realize the different angles that need to be considered when designing new STING-binding molecules as therapeutic drugs since STING acts as a versatile platform for immune modulators. This review analyzes the different determinants of STING regulation from the structural, molecular, and cell biology points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Coderch
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Herrero
- Transplant Immunology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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10
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Chen NN, Zhang H, Zhu QS, Zeng T, Dai W, Zhou YL, Xin GF, Wu BD, Gong SJ, Jiang ZY, You QD, Xu XL. Development of Orally Bioavailable Amidobenzimidazole Analogues Targeting Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) Receptor. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5584-5610. [PMID: 37027512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon gene (STING) is a critical adaptor protein that has a pivotal role in triggering inherent immune responses to infection. STING-linked interferon production has been involved in anti-inflammation, anti-infection, and antitumor immunity. Herein, a series of amidobenzimidazole analogues as STING agonists were profiled for potency and drug-like properties. By structure-based modification and optimization based on mono-aminobenzimidazole (ABZI), analogues with nanomolar STING agonistic activities were obtained. Among them, compounds D59 and D61 significantly increased the transcription of IFN-β and proinflammatory cytokine CXCL10, as well as dramatically induced the phosphorylation of STING downstream proteins in THP1 cells. Furthermore, compound D61 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and metabolic stabilities. In a CT-26 syngeneic mice-bearing tumor model, D61 effectively inhibited tumor growth with good tolerance when administered via intratumoral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral routes. This research on orally bioavailable amidobenzimidazole analogues expands the diversity of chemical structures of agonists for STING-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ye-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guo-Feng Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bei-Duo Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Si-Jia Gong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Zang R, Xue L, Zhang M, Peng X, Li X, Du K, Shi C, Liu Y, Lin Y, Han W, Yu R, Wang Q, Yang J, Wang X, Jiang T. Design and syntheses of a bimolecular STING agonist based on the covalent STING antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115184. [PMID: 36758305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling stimulators, an essential innate immunity component, monitor invading pathogen DNA and damaged self-DNA, making them an appealing target for drug development. The natural STING agonist, 2'3'-cGAMP, mounts and stabilizes the STING homodimer to trigger an antiviral or antitumor immune responses. However, cyclic-dinucleotide-based STING agonists show limited clinical effects owing to their short half-lives. To explore whether STING-dimer stabilizers could trigger STING signaling instead of cyclic dinucleotide-based molecules, we analyzed the structural characteristics of STING to design and synthesize a series of compounds based on the covalent STING inhibitor C-170, three of which were 23, 26, and 27, exhibited STING-dependent immune activation, both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 23 could act synergistically with cGAMP and other STING agonists as a promising moderate STING agonist. This indicates that promoting STING dimerization is a promising strategy for designing next-generation STING agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts and Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoyue Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xionghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kaixin Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chuanqin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Center of Translational Medicine, ZiBo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266100, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation Platform, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation Platform, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts and Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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12
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Huang R, Ning Q, Zhao J, Zhao X, Zeng L, Yi Y, Tang S. Targeting STING for cancer immunotherapy: From mechanisms to translation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Feng X, Pan L, Qian Z, Liu D, Guan X, Feng L, Song B, Xu X, Tan N, Ma Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Bian J. Discovery of Selenium-Containing STING Agonists as Orally Available Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15048-15065. [PMID: 36069713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to achieve antitumor response is an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we report the identification of BSP16 (LF250) as a potent, orally available STING agonist. BSP16 strongly activates STING signaling in human and mouse cells and binds STING as a homodimer. A 2.4 Å cocrystal structure revealed that BSP16 could induce the "closed" conformation of STING. In vivo studies revealed that BSP16 is well tolerated, has an excellent pharmacokinetic profile as an oral drug, and induces tumor regression and durable antitumor immunity. The promising bioactivities of BSP16 make it valuable for further development as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, P. R. China
| | | | - Bin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Ninghua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
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14
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Vavřina Z, Perlíková P, Milisavljević N, Chevrier F, Smola M, Smith J, Dejmek M, Havlíček V, Buděšínský M, Liboska R, Vaneková L, Brynda J, Boura E, Řezáčová P, Hocek M, Birkuš G. Design, Synthesis, and Biochemical and Biological Evaluation of Novel 7-Deazapurine Cyclic Dinucleotide Analogues as STING Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14082-14103. [PMID: 36201304 PMCID: PMC9620234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are second messengers that activate stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The cGAS-STING pathway plays a promising role in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we describe the synthesis of CDNs containing 7-substituted 7-deazapurine moiety. We used mouse cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and bacterial dinucleotide synthases for the enzymatic synthesis of CDNs. Alternatively, 7-(het)aryl 7-deazapurine CDNs were prepared by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. New CDNs were tested in biochemical and cell-based assays for their affinity to human STING. Eight CDNs showed better activity than 2'3'-cGAMP, the natural ligand of STING. The effect on cytokine and chemokine induction was also evaluated. The best activities were observed for CDNs bearing large aromatic substituents that point above the CDN molecule. We solved four X-ray structures of complexes of new CDNs with human STING. We observed π-π stacking interactions between the aromatic substituents and Tyr240 that are involved in the stabilization of CDN-STING complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Vavřina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Nemanja Milisavljević
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Chevrier
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Smith
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- First
Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Havlíček
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Liboska
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vaneková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department
of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Vinicna 1594/7, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
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15
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Zhao J, Tang Z, Selvaraju M, Johnson KA, Douglas JT, Gao PF, Petrassi HM, Wang MZ, Wang J. Cellular Target Deconvolution of Small Molecules Using a Selection-Based Genetic Screening Platform. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1424-1434. [PMID: 36313155 PMCID: PMC9615120 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule drug target identification is an essential and often rate-limiting step in phenotypic drug discovery and remains a major challenge. Here, we report a novel platform for target identification of activators of signaling pathways by leveraging the power of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout library. This platform links the expression of a suicide gene to the small-molecule-activated signaling pathway to create a selection system. With this system, loss-of-function screening using a CRISPR single-guide (sg) RNA library positively enriches cells in which the target has been knocked out. The identities of the drug targets and other essential genes required for the activity of small molecules of interest are then uncovered by sequencing. We tested this platform on BDW568, a newly discovered type-I interferon signaling activator, and identified stimulator of interferon genes (STING) as its target and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to be a key metabolizing enzyme required to activate BDW568 for target engagement. The platform we present here can be a general method applicable for target identification for a wide range of small molecules that activate different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Zhichao Tang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Manikandan Selvaraju
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- Calibr,
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Justin T. Douglas
- Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Philip F. Gao
- Protein
Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - H. Michael Petrassi
- Calibr,
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael Zhuo Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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16
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Kang J, Wu J, Liu Q, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Post-Translational Modifications of STING: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888147. [PMID: 35603197 PMCID: PMC9120648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an endoplasmic-reticulum resident protein, playing essential roles in immune responses against microbial infections. However, over-activation of STING is accompanied by excessive inflammation and results in various diseases, including autoinflammatory diseases and cancers. Therefore, precise regulation of STING activities is critical for adequate immune protection while limiting abnormal tissue damage. Numerous mechanisms regulate STING to maintain homeostasis, including protein-protein interaction and molecular modification. Among these, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key to accurately orchestrating the activation and degradation of STING by temporarily changing the structure of STING. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of PTMs that regulate activation and inhibition of STING, and provide insights into the roles of the PTMs of STING in disease pathogenesis and as potential targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Kang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
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