1
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Guo M, Wu D, Yang H, Zhang X, Xue DX, Zhang W. Enhanced Selectivity in 4-Quinolone Formation: A Dual-Base System for Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization with Fe(CO) 5. Molecules 2024; 29:850. [PMID: 38398602 PMCID: PMC10892599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of gaseous CO in Pd-catalyzed carbonylative quinolone synthesis presents challenges related to safety and precise pressure control. In response, a streamlined non-gaseous synthesis of 4-quinolone compounds has been developed. This study introduces a tunable CO-releasing system utilizing Fe(CO)5 activated by a dual-base system of piperazine and triethylamine. This alternative liquid CO resource facilitates the palladium-catalyzed carbonylative C-C coupling and subsequent intramolecular cyclization. By tuning the tandem kinetics of carbonylation and cyclization, this non-gaseous method achieves the successful synthesis of 22 distinct 4-quinolones with excellent yields. This is achieved through the three-component condensation of sub-stoichiometric amounts of Fe(CO)5 with 2-iodoaniline and terminal alkynes. Operando mechanistic studies have revealed a novel CO transfer mechanism that facilitates homogeneous carbonylative cyclization, distinguishing this method from traditional techniques. In addition to addressing safety concerns, this approach also provides precise control over selectivity, with significant implications for pharmaceutical research and the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutical and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Dou Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Dong-Xu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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2
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Vanangamudi M, Palaniappan S, Kathiravan MK, Namasivayam V. Strategies in the Design and Development of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs). Viruses 2023; 15:1992. [PMID: 37896769 PMCID: PMC10610861 DOI: 10.3390/v15101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To date, thousands of people have lost their lives annually due to HIV infection, and it continues to be a big public health issue globally. Since the discovery of the first drug, Zidovudine (AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), to date, 30 drugs have been approved by the FDA, primarily targeting reverse transcriptase, integrase, and/or protease enzymes. The majority of these drugs target the catalytic and allosteric sites of the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase. Compared to the NRTI family of drugs, the diverse chemical class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has special anti-HIV activity with high specificity and low toxicity. However, current clinical usage of NRTI and NNRTI drugs has limited therapeutic value due to their adverse drug reactions and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. To overcome drug resistance and efficacy issues, combination therapy is widely prescribed for HIV patients. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) includes more than one antiretroviral agent targeting two or more enzymes in the life cycle of the virus. Medicinal chemistry researchers apply different optimization strategies including structure- and fragment-based drug design, prodrug approach, scaffold hopping, molecular/fragment hybridization, bioisosterism, high-throughput screening, covalent-binding, targeting highly hydrophobic channel, targeting dual site, and multi-target-directed ligand to identify and develop novel NNRTIs with high antiviral activity against wild-type (WT) and mutant strains. The formulation experts design various delivery systems with single or combination therapies and long-acting regimens of NNRTIs to improve pharmacokinetic profiles and provide sustained therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Senthilkumar Palaniappan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamilnadu, India;
- Center for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Muthu Kumaradoss Kathiravan
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- LIED, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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3
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Moianos D, Prifti GM, Makri M, Zoidis G. Targeting Metalloenzymes: The "Achilles' Heel" of Viruses and Parasites. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:901. [PMID: 37375848 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to the regulation of a wide range of essential viral and parasitic functions, including protein degradation, nucleic acid modification, and many others. Given the impact of infectious diseases on human health, inhibiting metalloenzymes offers an attractive approach to disease therapy. Metal-chelating agents have been expansively studied as antivirals and antiparasitics, resulting in important classes of metal-dependent enzyme inhibitors. This review provides the recent advances in targeting the metalloenzymes of viruses and parasites that impose a significant burden on global public health, including influenza A and B, hepatitis B and C, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moianos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Makri
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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4
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Hu S, Chen J, Cao JX, Zhang SS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106549. [PMID: 37119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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5
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Kang JX, Zhao GK, Yang XM, Huang MX, Hui WQ, Zeng R, Ouyang Q. Recent advances on dual inhibitors targeting HIV reverse transcriptase associated polymerase and ribonuclease H. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115196. [PMID: 36787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an indispensable role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through its associated polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities during the viral RNA genome transformation into proviral DNA. Due to the fact that HIV is a highly mutagenic virus and easily resistant to single-target RT inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting HIV RT associated polymerase and RNase H have been developed. These dual inhibitors have the advantages of increasing efficacy, reducing drug resistance, drug-drug interactions, and cytotoxicity, as well as improving patient compliance. In this review, we summarize recent advances in polymerase/RNase H dual inhibitors focusing on drug design strategies, and structure-activity relationships and share new insights into developing anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Police Forces Hospital of Sichuan, 614000, Leshan, China
| | - Guang-Kuan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Mou-Xin Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Fifth Hospital, Xian, 710082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Zhu M, Shan Q, Ma L, Dong B, Wang J, Zhang G, Wang M, Zhou J, Cen S, Wang Y. Structure based design and evaluation of benzoheterocycle derivatives as potential dual HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114981. [PMID: 36481598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of dual inhibitors of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase is an attractive strategy for multi-target therapeutic of AIDS, which may be privileged in delaying the occurrence of drug resistance. We herein designed a novel kind of dual inhibitors with benzofuran or indole cores. Biological results showed that a number of inhibitors displayed significant activity against both HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase. Among which, inhibitor 10f exhibited a good correlation with an approximate ratio of 1: 2 between the two enzymes. Furthermore, the dual inhibitors illustrated similar potency against both the wild-type virus and drug-resistant mutant. In addition, the molecular dynamic simulation studies verified the dual actions of such inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300462, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juxian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guoning Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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7
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Sawant AA, Jadav SS, Nayani K, Mainkar PS. Development of Synthetic Approaches Towards HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs). ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Amol Sawant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Surender Singh Jadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Uppal Road Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Kiranmai Nayani
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Uppal Road Hyderabad 500037 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Prathama S. Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Uppal Road Hyderabad 500037 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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8
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Denisova EI, Lipin DV, Parkhoma KY, Devyatkin IO, Shipilovskikh DA, Chashchina SV, Makhmudov RR, Igidov NM, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis, Intramolecular Cyclization, and Antinociceptive Activity of Substituted 2-[2-(4-Nitrobenzoyl)hydrazinylidene]-4-oxobut-2-enoic Acids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021120083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Shipilovskikh DA, Makhmudov RR, Rubtsov AE, Shipilovskikh SA. Hydrolysis of Substituted 3-(Thien-2-yl)imino-3H-furan-2-ones and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Reaction Products. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Karimi N, Roudsari RV, Hajimahdi Z, Zarghi A. Design, Synthesis and Docking Studies of Thioimidazolyl Diketoacid Derivatives Targeting HIV-1 Integrase. Med Chem 2021; 18:616-628. [PMID: 34587886 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210929124944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrase enzyme is a validated drug target to discover novel structures as anti-HIV-1 agents. OBJECTIVE Novel series of thioimidazolyl diketo acid derivatives characterizing various substituents at N-1 and 2-thio positions of central ring were developed as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. RESULTS The obtained molecules were evaluated in the enzyme assay, displaying promising integrase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 to 7.7 M. The synthesized compounds were also tested for antiviral activity and cytotoxicity using HeLa cells infected by the single-cycle replicable HIV-1 NL4-3. CONCLUSION The most potent compound was 18i with EC50=19 µM, IC50 0.9 µM and SI= 10.5. Docking studies indicated that the binding mode of the active molecule is well aligned with the known HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Karimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Rouhollah Vahabpour Roudsari
- Department of Medical Lab technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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11
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Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Abbasi M, Hajimahdi Z, Zarghi A. HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase/Integrase Dual Inhibitors: A Review of Recent Advances and Structure-activity Relationship Studies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:333-369. [PMID: 34567166 PMCID: PMC8457747 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115446.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The significant threat to humanity is HIV infection, and it is uncertain whether a definitive treatment or a safe HIV vaccine is. HIV-1 is continually evolving and resistant to commonly used HIV-resistant medications, presenting significant obstacles to HIV infection management. The drug resistance adds to the need for new anti-HIV drugs; it chooses ingenious approaches to fight the emerging virus. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a multi-target approach for specific therapies, has proved effective in AIDS treatment. Therefore, it is a dynamic system with high prescription tension, increased risk of medication reactions, and adverse effects, leading to poor compliance with patients. In the HIV-1 lifecycle, two critical enzymes with high structural and functional analogies are reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN), which can be interpreted as druggable targets for modern dual-purpose inhibitors. Designed multifunctional ligand (DML) is a new technique that recruited many targets to be achieved by one chemical individual. A single chemical entity that acts for multiple purposes can be much more successful than a complex multidrug program. The production of these multifunctional ligands as antiretroviral drugs is valued with the advantage that the viral-replication process may end in two or more phases. This analysis will discuss the RT-IN dual-inhibitory scaffolds' developments documented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Gorbunova IA, Shipilovskikh DA, Rubtsov AE, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis and Intramolecular Cyclization of Substituted 4-(Het)aryl-4-oxo-2-thienylaminobut-2-enoic Acids Containing Nitrile Group in the Thiophene Ring. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221090048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Fois B, Corona A, Tramontano E, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Meleddu R, Caboni P, Floris C, Cottiglia F. Flavonoids and Acid-Hydrolysis derivatives of Neo-Clerodane diterpenes from Teucrium flavum subsp. glaucum as inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H function. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:749-757. [PMID: 33715562 PMCID: PMC7952052 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1887170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract from Teucrium flavum subsp. glaucum, endowed with inhibitory activity towards the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase–associated RNase H function, led to the isolation of salvigenin (1), cirsimaritin (2) and cirsiliol (3) along with the neo-clerodanes teuflavin (4) and teuflavoside (5). Acid hydrolysis of the inactive teuflavoside provided three undescribed neo-clerodanes, flavuglaucins A-C (7-9) and one known neo-clerodane (10). Among all neo-clerodanes, flavuglaucin B showed the highest inhibitory activity towards RNase H function with a IC50 value of 9.1 μM. Molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis analysis suggested that flavuglaucin B binds into an allosteric pocket close to RNase H catalytic site. This is the first report of clerodane diterpenoids endowed with anti-reverse transcriptase activity. Neo-clerodanes represent a valid scaffold for the development of a new class of HIV-1 RNase H inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Fois
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Costantino Floris
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
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14
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Messore A, Corona A, Madia VN, Saccoliti F, Tudino V, De Leo A, Ialongo D, Scipione L, De Vita D, Amendola G, Novellino E, Cosconati S, Métifiot M, Andreola ML, Esposito F, Grandi N, Tramontano E, Costi R, Di Santo R. Quinolinonyl Non-Diketo Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of HIV-1 Ribonuclease H and Polymerase Functions of Reverse Transcriptase. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8579-8598. [PMID: 34106711 PMCID: PMC8279492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Novel anti-HIV agents
are still needed to overcome resistance issues,
in particular inhibitors acting against novel viral targets. The ribonuclease
H (RNase H) function of the reverse transcriptase (RT) represents
a validated and promising target, and no inhibitor has reached the
clinical pipeline yet. Here, we present rationally designed non-diketo
acid selective RNase H inhibitors (RHIs) based on the quinolinone
scaffold starting from former dual integrase (IN)/RNase H quinolinonyl
diketo acids. Several derivatives were synthesized and tested against
RNase H and viral replication and found active at micromolar concentrations.
Docking studies within the RNase H catalytic site, coupled with site-directed
mutagenesis, and Mg2+ titration experiments demonstrated
that our compounds coordinate the Mg2+ cofactor and interact
with amino acids of the RNase H domain that are highly conserved among
naïve and treatment-experienced patients. In general, the new
inhibitors influenced also the polymerase activity of RT but were
selective against RNase H vs the IN enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Messore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Tudino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ialongo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratoire MFP, UMR 5234, CNRS - Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Marie-Line Andreola
- Laboratoire MFP, UMR 5234, CNRS - Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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Zhu M, Shan Q, Ma L, Wen J, Dong B, Zhang G, Wang M, Wang J, Zhou J, Cen S, Wang Y. Design and biological evaluation of cinnamic and phenylpropionic amide derivatives as novel dual inhibitors of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113498. [PMID: 33933756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Upon the basis of both possible ligand-binding site interactions and the uniformity of key residues in active sites, a novel class of HIV-1 PR/RT dual inhibitors was designed and evaluated. Cinnamic acids or phenylpropionic acids with more flexible chain and smaller steric hindrance were introduced into the inhibitors, giving rise to significant improvement in HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity by one or two orders of magnitude, with comparable or even improved potency against PR at the same time, compared with coumarin anologues in our previous studies. Among these inhibitors, 38d displayed a 19-fold improvement in anti-PR activity with IC50 value of 0.081 nM compared to the control DRV. In addition, inhibitor 38c exhibited an excellent anti-RT IC50 value of 0.43 μM, only a 4.7-fold less potent activity than the control EFV. More significantly, the disparate ratio between HIV-1 PR and RT inhibition became more reasonable with ratio of 1: 10.4, just as 37b. Furthermore, the assays on HIV-1 late stage and early stage supported the rationality of designing dual inhibitors. The SAR data as well as molecular modeling studies provided new insight for further optimization of more potent HIV-1 PR/RT dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guoning Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juxian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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16
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Classification and Design of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Based on Machine Learning. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5559338. [PMID: 33868450 PMCID: PMC8035010 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5559338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A key enzyme in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle, integrase (IN) aids the integration of viral DNA into the host DNA, which has become an ideal target for the development of anti-HIV drugs. A total of 1785 potential HIV-1 IN inhibitors were collected from the databases of ChEMBL, Binding Database, DrugBank, and PubMed, as well as from 40 references. The database was divided into the training set and test set by random sampling. By exploring the correlation between molecular descriptors and inhibitory activity, it is found that the classification and specific activity data of inhibitors can be more accurately predicted by the combination of molecular descriptors and molecular fingerprints. The calculation of molecular fingerprint descriptor provides the additional substructure information to improve the prediction ability. Based on the training set, two machine learning methods, the recursive partition (RP) and naive Bayes (NB) models, were used to build the classifiers of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. Through the test set verification, the RP technique accurately predicted 82.5% inhibitors and 86.3% noninhibitors. The NB model predicted 88.3% inhibitors and 87.2% noninhibitors with correlation coefficient of 85.2%. The results show that the prediction performance of NB model is slightly better than that of RP, and the key molecular segments are also obtained. Additionally, CoMFA and CoMSIA models with good activity prediction ability both were constructed by exploring the structure-activity relationship, which is helpful for the design and optimization of HIV-1 IN inhibitors.
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17
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Investigation of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. Oil and Its Main Components for Antiviral Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030243. [PMID: 33803165 PMCID: PMC7999460 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The resinous exudate produced by Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. is commonly known as true myrrh and has been used since antiquity for several medicinal applications. Hundreds of metabolites have been identified in the volatile component of myrrh so far, mainly sesquiterpenes. Although several efforts have been devoted to identifying these sesquiterpenes, the phytochemical analyses have been performed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) where the high temperature employed can promote degradation of the components. In this work, we report the extraction of C. myrrha by supercritical CO2, an extraction method known for the mild extraction conditions that allow avoiding undesired chemical reactions during the process. In addition, the analyses of myrrh oil and of its metabolites were performed by HPLC and GC-MS. Moreover, we evaluated the antiviral activity against influenza A virus of the myrrh extracts, that was possible to appreciate after the addition of vitamin E acetate (α-tocopheryl acetate) to the extract. Further, the single main bioactive components of the oil of C. myrrha commercially available were tested. Interestingly, we found that both furanodienone and curzerene affect viral replication by acting on different steps of the virus life cycle.
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18
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Search for new therapeutics against HIV-1 via dual inhibition of RNase H and integrase: current status and future challenges. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:269-286. [PMID: 33399497 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase and integrase are key enzymes that play a pivotal role in HIV-1 viral maturation and replication. Reverse transcriptase consists of two active sites: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H. The catalytic domains of integrase and RNase H share striking similarity, comprising two aspartates and one glutamate residue, also known as the catalytic DDE triad, and a Mg2+ pair. The simultaneous inhibition of reverse transcriptase and integrase can be a rational drug discovery approach for combating the emerging drug resistance problem. In the present review, the dual inhibition of RNase H and integrase is systematically discussed, including rationality of design, journey of development, advancement and future perspective.
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19
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Joksimović N, Janković N, Davidović G, Bugarčić Z. 2,4-Diketo esters: Crucial intermediates for drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104343. [PMID: 33086180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Convenient structures such as 2,4-diketo esters have been widely used as an effective pattern in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology for drug discovery. 2,4-Diketonate is a common scaffold that can be found in many biologically active and naturally occurring compounds. Also, many 2,4-diketo ester derivatives have been prepared due to their suitable synthesis. These synthetic drugs and natural products have shown numerous interesting biological properties with clinical potential as a cure for the broad specter of diseases. This review aims to highlight the important evidence of 2,4-diketo esters as a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Herein, numerous aspects of 2,4-diketo esters will be summarized, including synthesis and isolation of their derivatives, development of novel synthetic methodologies, the evaluation of their biological properties as well as the mechanisms of action of the diketo ester derivates. This paperwork is expected to be a comprehensive, trustworthy, and critical review of the 2,4-diketo ester intermediate to the chemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Joksimović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Nenad Janković
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Goran Davidović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bugarčić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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20
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives as potential chitin synthase inhibitors and antifungal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Messore A, Corona A, Madia VN, Saccoliti F, Tudino V, De Leo A, Scipione L, De Vita D, Amendola G, Di Maro S, Novellino E, Cosconati S, Métifiot M, Andreola ML, Valenti P, Esposito F, Grandi N, Tramontano E, Costi R, Di Santo R. Pyrrolyl Pyrazoles as Non-Diketo Acid Inhibitors of the HIV-1 Ribonuclease H Function of Reverse Transcriptase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:798-805. [PMID: 32435387 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the biological liability of diketo acid (DKA) chain, we transferred this element of our previously reported anti-HIV-1 pyrrolyl derivatives to a non-DKA scaffold, obtaining a series of pyrrolyl-pyrazole carboxylic acids as new RNase H inhibitors. Among the newly synthesized derivatives, oxyphenylpyrrolyl-pyrazoles demonstrated inhibitory activities within the low micromolar/submicromolar range with compound 11b being the most potent. Interestingly, all tested compounds showed up to 2 orders of magnitude of selectivity for RNase H vs integrase. Docking studies within the RNase H catalytic site, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis, showed the key structural features that could confer the ability to establish specific interactions within RNase H. Furthermore, they proved the ability of our compounds to interact with amino acids highly conserved among HIV-1 subspecies isolated among patients carrying drug-resistant variants. In the end, the newly discovered pyrazole carboxylic acid derivatives feature promising serum stability with respect to their corresponding DKAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Messore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Tudino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratoire MFP, UMR 5234, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Marie-Line Andreola
- Laboratoire MFP, UMR 5234, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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22
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Batalha PN, da S M Forezi L, Tolentino NMDC, Sagrillo FS, de Oliveira VG, de Souza MCBV, da C S Boechat F. 4-Oxoquinoline Derivatives as Antivirals: A Ten Years Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:244-255. [PMID: 31995008 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200129100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4-Oxoquinoline derivatives constitute an important family of biologically important substances, associated with different bioactivities, which can be synthesized by different synthetic methods, allowing the design and preparation of libraries of substances with specific structural variations capable of modulating their pharmacological action. Over the last years, these substances have been extensively explored by the scientific community in efforts to develop new biologically active agents, with greater efficiency for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Viral infections have been one of the targets of these studies, although to a lesser extent than other diseases such as cancer and bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the literature provides examples that corroborate with the fact that these substances may act on different pharmacological targets in different viral pathogens. This review provides a compilation of some of the major studies published in recent years showing the discovery and/or development of new antiviral oxoquinoline agents, highlighting, whenever possible, their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Batalha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana da S M Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathalia M de C Tolentino
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Sagrillo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília B V de Souza
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da C S Boechat
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Outeiro de Sao Joao Baptista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
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23
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Zhu M, Ma L, Wen J, Dong B, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang G, Wang J, Guo Y, Liang C, Cen S, Wang Y. Rational design and Structure-Activity relationship of coumarin derivatives effective on HIV-1 protease and partially on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111900. [PMID: 31771827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since dual inhibitors may yield lower toxicity and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance, as well as inhibitors of HIV-1 PR and RT constitute the core of chemotherapy for AIDS treatment, we herein designed and synthesized new coumarin derivatives characterized by various linkers that exhibited excellent potency against PR and a weak inhibition of RT. Among which, compounds 6f and 7c inhibited PR with IC50 values of 15.5 and 62.1 nM, respectively, and weakly affected also RT with IC50 values of 241.8 and 188.7 μM, respectively, showing the possibility in the future of developing dual HIV-1 PR/RT inhibitors. Creative stimulation for further research of more potent dual HIV-1 inhibitors was got according to the molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guoning Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juxian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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24
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Zhang X, Niu W, Tang T, Hou C, Guo Y, Kong R. A Strategy to Find Novel Candidate DKAs Inhibitors Using Modified QSAR Model with Favorable Druggability Properties. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-9183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Wang R, Xu K, Shi W. Quinolone derivatives: Potential anti‐HIV agent—development and application. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900045. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wang
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiong Shi
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian People's Republic of China
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26
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Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Ahemad N. Evolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase dual inhibitors: Recent advances and developments. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:423-448. [PMID: 31265935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is a major challenge to mankind and a definitive cure or a viable vaccine for HIV is still elusive. HIV-1 is constantly evolving and developing resistant against clinically used anti-HIV drugs thus posing serious hurdles in the treatment of HIV infection. This prompts the need to developed new anti-HIV drugs; preferentially adopting intelligent ways to counteract an evolving virus. Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART): a strategy involving multiple targeting through various drugs has proven beneficial in the management of AIDS. However, it is a complex regimen with high drug load, increased risk of drug interactions and adverse effects, which lead to poor patient compliance. Reverse transcriptase (RT) and Integrase (IN) are two pivotal enzymes in HIV-1 lifecycle with high structural and functional analogy to be perceived as drug-able targets for novel dual-purpose inhibitors. Designed multi-functional ligand (DML) is a modern strategy by which multiple targets can be exploited using a single chemical entity. A single chemical entity acting on multiple targets can be much more effective than a complex multi-drug regimen. The development of such multifunctional ligands is highly valued in anti-HIV drug discovery with the proposed advantage of being able to stop two or more stages of viral replication cycle. This review will encompass the evolution of the RT-IN dual inhibitory scaffolds reported so far and the contribution made by the leading research groups over the years in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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27
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Shen C, Wang A, Xu J, An Z, Loh KY, Zhang P, Liu X. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Synthesis of 4-Quinolones. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Yang F, Zheng G, Fu T, Li X, Tu G, Li YH, Yao X, Xue W, Zhu F. Prediction of the binding mode and resistance profile for a dual-target pyrrolyl diketo acid scaffold against HIV-1 integrase and reverse-transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 20:23873-23884. [PMID: 29947629 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of drug-resistant variants is one of the most common causes of highly active antiretroviral therapeutic (HAART) failure in patients infected with HIV-1. Compared with the existing HAART, the recently developed pyrrolyl diketo acid scaffold targeting both HIV-1 integrase (IN) and reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) is an efficient approach to counteract the failure of anti-HIV treatment due to drug resistance. However, the binding mode and potential resistance profile of these inhibitors with important mechanistic principles remain poorly understood. To address this issue, an integrated computational method was employed to investigate the binding mode of inhibitor JMC6F with HIV-1 IN and RNase H. By using per-residue binding free energy decomposition analysis, the following residues: Asp64, Thr66, Leu68, Asp116, Tyr143, Gln148 and Glu152 in IN, Asp443, Glu478, Trp536, Lys541 and Asp549 in RNase H were identified as key residues for JMC6F binding. And then computational alanine scanning was carried to further verify the key residues. Moreover, the resistance profile of the currently known major mutations in HIV-1 IN and 2 mutations in RNase H against JMC6F was predicted by in silico mutagenesis studies. The results demonstrated that only three mutations in HIV-1 IN (Y143C, Q148R and N155H) and two mutations in HIV-1 RNase H (Y501R and Y501W) resulted in a reduction of JMC6F potency, thus indicating their potential role in providing resistance to JMC6F. These data provided important insights into the binding mode and resistance profile of the inhibitors with a pyrrolyl diketo acid scaffold in HIV-1 IN and RNase H, which would be helpful for the development of more effective dual HIV-1 IN and RNase H inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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29
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Recent advances in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO338. [PMID: 30416746 PMCID: PMC6222271 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS caused by the infection of HIV is a prevalent problem today. Rapid development of drug resistance to existing drug classes has called for the discovery of new targets. Within the three major enzymes (i.e., HIV-1 protease, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase [IN]) of the viral replication cycle, HIV-1 IN has been of particular interest due to the absence of human cellular homolog. HIV-1 IN catalyzes the integration of viral genetic material with the host genome, a key step in the viral replication process. Several novel classes of HIV IN inhibitors have been explored by targeting different sites on the enzyme. This review strives to provide readers with updates on the recent developments of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. AIDS is an epidemic disease that endangers the lives of millions of people across the world. The AIDS virus, also known as HIV, has developed resistance to the majority of available drugs on the market, thus requiring the need for new drugs. HIV integrase is one of the key viral enzymes required for viral cell proliferation. Since there is no similar enzyme in the human body, major emphasis is being made to develop therapeutics for this novel target. The drugs that are at various stages of development for this target are reviewed here.
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30
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Bongarzone S, Nadal M, Kaczmarska Z, Machón C, Álvarez M, Albericio F, Coll M. Structure-Driven Discovery of α,γ-Diketoacid Inhibitors Against UL89 Herpesvirus Terminase. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8497-8505. [PMID: 31458978 PMCID: PMC6645139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen causing a variety of severe viral infections, including irreversible congenital disabilities. Nowadays, HCMV infection is treated by inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase. However, DNA polymerase inhibitors have several drawbacks. An alternative strategy is to use compounds against the packaging machinery or terminase complex, which is essential for viral replication. Our discovery that raltegravir (1), a human immunodeficiency virus drug, inhibits the nuclease function of UL89, one of the protein subunits of the complex, prompted us to further develop terminase inhibitors. On the basis of the structure of 1, a library of diketoacid (α,γ-DKA and β,δ-DKA) derivatives were synthesized and tested for UL89-C nuclease activity. The mode of action of α,γ-DKA derivatives on the UL89 active site was elucidated by using X-ray crystallography, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Our studies identified α,γ-DKA derivative 14 able to inhibit UL89 in vitro in the low micromolar range, making 14 an optimal candidate for further development and virus-infected cell assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Nadal
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Kaczmarska
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Machón
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Álvarez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Coll
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Sun L, Gao P, Dong G, Zhang X, Cheng X, Ding X, Wang X, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P, Liu X. 5-Hydroxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-one derivatives as novel dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H and integrase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:714-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Chen XB, Gong JW, Zhang XD, Liu XL, Liu W, Wang YC. Catalyst-free concise synthesis of multi-functional 3-cyano-4-quinolinone derivatives from cyanoacetylenaminones and DMF-DMA. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Poongavanam V, Namasivayam V, Vanangamudi M, Al Shamaileh H, Veedu RN, Kihlberg J, Murugan NA. Integrative approaches in
HIV
‐1 non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor design. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistrySree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy Tirupathi India
| | | | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative GenomicsMurdoch University Perth Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth Australia
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry‐BMCUppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
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34
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The Current Case of Quinolones: Synthetic Approaches and Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:268. [PMID: 27043501 PMCID: PMC6274096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are broad-spectrum synthetic antibacterial drugs first obtained during the synthesis of chloroquine. Nalidixic acid, the prototype of quinolones, first became available for clinical consumption in 1962 and was used mainly for urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and other pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, significant work has been carried out to synthesize novel quinolone analogues with enhanced activity and potential usage for the treatment of different bacterial diseases. These novel analogues are made by substitution at different sites--the variation at the C-6 and C-8 positions gives more effective drugs. Substitution of a fluorine atom at the C-6 position produces fluroquinolones, which account for a large proportion of the quinolones in clinical use. Among others, substitution of piperazine or methylpiperazine, pyrrolidinyl and piperidinyl rings also yields effective analogues. A total of twenty six analogues are reported in this review. The targets of quinolones are two bacterial enzymes of the class II topoisomerase family, namely gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Quinolones increase the concentration of drug-enzyme-DNA cleavage complexes and convert them into cellular toxins; as a result they are bactericidal. High bioavailability, relative low toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetics have resulted in the clinical success of fluoroquinolones and quinolones. Due to these superior properties, quinolones have been extensively utilized and this increased usage has resulted in some quinolone-resistant bacterial strains. Bacteria become resistant to quinolones by three mechanisms: (1) mutation in the target site (gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV) of quinolones; (2) plasmid-mediated resistance; and (3) chromosome-mediated quinolone resistance. In plasmid-mediated resistance, the efflux of quinolones is increased along with a decrease in the interaction of the drug with gyrase (topoisomerase IV). In the case of chromosome-mediated quinolone resistance, there is a decrease in the influx of the drug into the cell.
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35
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Zhan P, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Liu X. Anti-HIV Drug Discovery and Development: Current Innovations and Future Trends. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2849-78. [PMID: 26509831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The early effectiveness of combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the treatment of HIV infection has been compromised to some extent by rapid development of multidrug-resistant HIV strains, poor bioavailability, and cumulative toxicities, and so there is a need for alternative strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and additional therapeutic agents with novel action modes or targets. From this perspective, we first review current strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and optimization, with the aid of selected examples from the recent literature. We highlight the development of phosphate ester-based prodrugs as a means to improve the aqueous solubility of HIV inhibitors, and the introduction of the substrate envelope hypothesis as a new approach for overcoming HIV drug resistance. Finally, we discuss future directions for research, including opportunities for exploitation of novel antiretroviral targets, and the strategy of activation of latent HIV reservoirs as a means to eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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36
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Xia C, Wei Z, Yang Y, Yu W, Liao H, Shen C, Zhang P. Palladium-Catalyzed Thioetherification of Quinolone Derivatives via Decarboxylative C−S Cross-Couplings. Chem Asian J 2015; 11:360-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Xia
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
- Pharmacy College; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Zhenjiang Wei
- Pharmacy College; Taishan Medical University; Tai'an 271016 China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Pharmacy College; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Hanxiao Liao
- Pharmacy College; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
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