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Culkins C, Adomanis R, Phan N, Robinson B, Slaton E, Lothrop E, Chen Y, Kimmel BR. Unlocking the Gates: Therapeutic Agents for Noninvasive Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39324552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective network of various cell types that acts as a filter between the blood and the brain parenchyma. Because of this, the BBB remains a major obstacle for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, there has been a focus on developing various modifiable platforms, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nanobodies (Nbs), peptides, and nanoparticles, as both therapeutic agents and carriers for targeted drug delivery to treat brain cancers and diseases. Methods for bypassing the BBB can be invasive or noninvasive. Invasive techniques, such as transient disruption of the BBB using low pulse electrical fields and intracerebroventricular infusion, lack specificity and have numerous safety concerns. In this review, we will focus on noninvasive transport mechanisms that offer high levels of biocompatibility, personalization, specificity and are regarded as generally safer than their invasive counterparts. Modifiable platforms can be designed to noninvasively traverse the BBB through one or more of the following pathways: passive diffusion through a physio-pathologically disrupted BBB, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, receptor-mediated transcytosis, shuttle-mediated transcytosis, and somatic gene transfer. Through understanding the noninvasive pathways, new applications, including Chimeric Antigen Receptors T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, and approaches for drug delivery across the BBB are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Culkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Roman Adomanis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nathan Phan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Blaise Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ethan Slaton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Elijah Lothrop
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yinuo Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Blaise R Kimmel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Cancer Engineering, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Methamphetamine induced neurotoxic diseases, molecular mechanism, and current treatment strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113591. [PMID: 36007276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a extremely addictive psychostimulant drug with a significant abuse potential. Long-term MA exposure can induce neurotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial functional impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, axonal transport barriers, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. MA abuse increases the chances of developing neurotoxic conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurotoxic diseases. MA increases the risk of PD by increasing the expression of alpha-synuclein (ASYN). Furthermore, MA abuse is linked to high chances of developing AD and subsequent neurodegeneration due to biological variations in the brain region or genetic and epigenetic variations. To date, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for MA-induced neurotoxicity, although many studies are being conducted to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Most current studies are now focused on developing therapies to diminish the neurotoxic effects of MA, based on the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity. This review article highlights current research on several therapeutic techniques targeting multiple pathways to reduce the neurotoxic effects of MA in the brain, as well as the putative mechanism of MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Morita I, Kiguchi Y, Oyama H, Yamaki K, Sakio N, Kashiwabara K, Kuroda Y, Ito A, Yokota A, Ikeda N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Ueda H, Numazawa S, Yoshida T, Kobayashi N. Derivatization-assisted immunoassays: application for group-specific detection of potent methamphetamine and amphetamine enantiomers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2745-2753. [PMID: 35785801 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and feasible tools for detecting (S)-methamphetamine [(S)-MAP] and (S)-amphetamine [(S)-AP] are required for regulating their illicit circulation. Antibodies that react equally to these stimulants are desirable for this purpose, but have been difficult to generate because of the crucial difference between their characteristic structures: i.e., N-methylamino (MAP) and amino (AP) groups. Furthermore, their small molecular masses (Mr < 150) have hampered the generation of high-affinity antibodies. To overcome these problems, we converted (S)-MAP and -AP into their 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbamate forms, Teoc-(S)-MAP and -AP, respectively, as surrogate analytes. The Teoc-derivatization not only increases their molecular masses, but also masks their structural differences. We generated a novel monoclonal antibody that showed a satisfactory affinity to Teoc-(S)-MAP residues (Kd = 13 nM as the IgG form) and developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using microplates containing immobilized Teoc-(S)-MAP residues. Almost overlapping dose-response curves were obtained for Teoc-(S)-MAP and -AP, with the limit of detection of 0.078 and 0.10 ng per assay, respectively. A fixed amount of test powder sample (1 mg) was derivatized with Teoc-O-succinimidyl for 5 min, and subjected to ELISA using Teoc-(S)-MAP as the calibration standard. Under this protocol, (S)-MAP and -AP were converted to their Teoc derivatives with 30% and 34% yield, respectively, determined using ELISA as "Teoc-(S)-MAP equivalent," being distinguished from the derivatization products of (R)-MAP, (R)-AP, ephedrine, (S)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, tyramine, dopamine, and β-alanine. This ELISA detected as little as 10 μg of (S)-MAP and -AP, and (S)-MAP in urine obtained from (S)-MAP-administered rats. Immunochromatography devices were also developed using gold nanoparticles coated with the monoclonal antibody, with which 0.10 mg of (S)-MAP and -AP was detected by the naked eye. We conclude that the present derivatization-assisted immunoassays may be useful for the detection of (S)-MAP and/or -AP in early stage screening of suspicious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Morita
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kiguchi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Oyama
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Kouya Yamaki
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Nami Sakio
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kashiwabara
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Yumi Kuroda
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Aya Ito
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Asaka Yokota
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Ikeda
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Numazawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takemi Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
- Council on Pharmacists Credentials, 1-9-2 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Kawada T, Yabushita K, Yasuda T, Ohta T, Yajima T, Tanaka K, Utsumi N, Watanabe M, Murata K, Kayaki Y, Kuwata S, Katayama T. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenative Amination of Benzylic Ketones Catalyzed by Cp*Ir(III) Complexes Bearing a Chiral N-(2-Picolyl)sulfonamidato Ligand. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8458-8468. [PMID: 35686909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient asymmetric reductive amination of benzylic ketones (α-arylated ketones) catalyzed by newly designed Cp*Ir complexes bearing a chiral N-(2-picolyl)sulfonamidato ligand was developed. Using readily available β-amino alcohols as chiral aminating agents, a range of benzo-fused and acyclic ketones were successfully reduced with formic acid in methanol at 40 °C to afford amines with favorable chemo- and diastereoselectivities. The amino alcohol-derived chiral auxiliary was easily removed by mild periodic oxidants, leading to optically active primary β-arylamines without erosion of the optical purity (up to 97% ee). The excellent catalytic performance was retained even upon lowering the amount of catalyst to a substrate/catalyst (S/C) ratio of 20,000, and the amination could be performed on a large scale exceeding 100 g. The precise hydride transfer to iminium species generated from the ketonic substrate and the chiral amine counterpart was suggested by the mechanistic studies on stoichiometric reactions of isolable hydridoiridium complexes and model intermediates such as N,O-acetal, enamine, and iminium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kawada
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Kenya Yabushita
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Yasuda
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yajima
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tanaka
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Utsumi
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Murata
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kayaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kuwata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takeaki Katayama
- Central Research Laboratory, Technology & Department Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 7-1, Inari 1-chome, Soka, Saitama 340-0003, Japan
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Vari CE. Psychoactive Drugs-From Chemical Structure to Oxidative Stress Related to Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:381. [PMID: 33806320 PMCID: PMC8000782 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more young people want to experience illegal, psychoactive substances, without knowing the risks of exposure. Besides affecting social life, psychoactive substances also have an important effect on consumer health. We summarized and analyzed the published literature data with reference to the mechanism of free radical generation and the link between chemical structure and oxidative stress related to dopaminergic neurotransmission. This review presents data on the physicochemical properties, on the ability to cross the blood brain barrier, the chemical structure activity relationship (SAR), and possible mechanisms by which neuronal injuries occur due to oxidative stress as a result of drug abuse such as "bath salts", amphetamines, or cocaine. The mechanisms of action of ingested compounds or their metabolites involve intermediate steps in which free radicals are generated. The brain is strongly affected by the consumption of such substances, facilitating the induction of neurodegenerative diseases. It can be concluded that neurotoxicity is associated with drug abuse. Dependence and oxidative stress are linked to inhibition of neurogenesis and the onset of neuronal death. Understanding the pathological mechanisms following oxidative attack can be a starting point in the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
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Lee JC, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:77-93. [PMID: 34458776 PMCID: PMC8341824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is known to account for substance abuse disorders globally, second only to opioids, yet has no approved pharmacotherapies. Traditional therapies employ small molecule agonists or antagonists for substance use disorders or overdose reversal by targeting drug-specific receptors in the brain. However, the comprehensive mechanism of METH on multiple sites within the central nervous system (CNS) implies its receptors lack the high affinity and specificity required for an "ideal" drug target. The alternative to pharmacotherapies is to sequester abused drugs in the periphery, effectively eliminating the effects from CNS receptor occupation through pharmacokinetic antagonism. This review presents updates on immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse by focusing on the cultivation of research optimization strategies regarding hapten chemistry, carrier proteins, and adjuvants implemented in active immunization. Furthermore, we discuss necessary developments for each component of active immunopharmacotherapies and the future of active vaccines in treating METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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Lin M, Lee JC, Blake S, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Broadly Neutralizing Synthetic Cannabinoid Vaccines. JACS AU 2021; 1:31-40. [PMID: 34467269 PMCID: PMC8395583 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) constitute a significant portion of psychoactive substances forming a major public health risk. Due to the wide variety of SCs, broadly neutralizing antibodies generated by active immunization present an intriguing pathway to combat cannabinoid use disorder. Here, we probed hapten design for antibody affinity and cross reactivity against two classes of SCs. Of the 10 haptens screened, 3 vaccine groups revealed submicromolar IC50, each targeting 5-6 compounds in our panel of 22 drugs. Moreover, SCs were successfully sequestered when administered by vaping or intraperitoneal injection, which was confirmed within animal models by observing locomotion, body temperature, and pharmacokinetics. We also discovered synergistic effects to simultaneously blunt two drug classes through an admixture vaccine approach. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive foundation for the development of vaccines against SCs.
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Hambuchen MD, Berquist MD, Simecka CM, McGill MR, Gunnell MG, Hendrickson HP, Owens SM. Effect of Bile Duct Ligation-induced Liver Dysfunction on Methamphetamine Pharmacokinetics and Locomotor Activity in Rats. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020; 22:301-312. [PMID: 31329536 DOI: 10.18433/jpps30471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is associated with hepatic dysfunction related comorbidities such as HIV, hepatitis C, and polysubstance abuse with acetaminophen-containing opioid formulations. We aimed to develop a bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic dysfunction model for studying both METH and experimental treatments for METH abuse in this comorbidity. METHODS Sham or BDL surgery was performed in male Wistar rats on day 0. Liver function was measured throughout the study. On days 7 and 19, serum pharmacokinetics studies were performed with 1 mg/kg subcutaneous (sc) METH. On day 21, this dose was repeated to determine 2 h post-METH brain concentrations. METH-induced open field behaviors were measured every other day (days 12 - 16) with ascending sc doses (0.3 - 3 mg/kg). RESULTS BDL transiently increased alanine aminotransferase levels and altered liver structure, which resulted in significantly greater METH serum and brain exposure. In the BDL compared to sham group, there was a longer duration of METH-induced locomotor activity (after 1 and 3 mg/kg) and stereotypy (after 3 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS In rats, liver dysfunction reduced METH clearance, increased brain METH concentrations, and enhanced METH effects on locomotor activity in a dose dependent manner. In addition, this model could be further developed to simulate the associated hepatic dysfunction of key METH abuse comorbidities for preclinical testing of novel pharmacotherapies for effectiveness and/or toxicity in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hambuchen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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9
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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective (II). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:48-77. [PMID: 32396701 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - P Anantha Reddy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Hay CE, Ewing LE, Hambuchen MD, Zintner SM, Small JC, Bolden CT, Fantegrossi WE, Margaritis P, Owens SM, Peterson EC. The Development and Characterization of an scFv-Fc Fusion-Based Gene Therapy to Reduce the Psychostimulant Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:16-23. [PMID: 32245884 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) continues to be among the most addictive and abused drugs in the United States. Unfortunately, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological treatments for METH-use disorder. We have previously explored the use of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated gene transfer of an anti-METH monoclonal antibody. Here, we advance our approach by generating a novel anti-METH single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-Fc fusion construct (termed 7F9-Fc) packaged into AAV serotype 8 vector (called AAV-scFv-Fc) and tested in vivo and ex vivo. A range of doses [1 × 1010, 1 × 1011, and 1 × 1012 vector copies (vcs)/mouse] were administered to mice, eliciting a dose-dependent expression of 7F9-Fc in serum with peak circulating concentrations of 48, 1785, and 3831 µg/ml, respectively. Expressed 7F9-Fc exhibited high-affinity METH binding, IC50 = 17 nM. Between days 21 and 35 after vector administration, at both 1 × 1011 vc/mouse and 1 × 1012 vc/mouse doses, the AAV-7F9-Fc gene therapy significantly decreased the potency of METH in locomotor assays. On day 116 post-AAV administration, mice expressing 7F9-Fc sequestered over 2.5 times more METH in the serum than vehicle-treated mice, and METH concentrations in the brain were reduced by 1.2 times the value for vehicle mice. These data suggest that an AAV-delivered anti-METH Fc fusion antibody could be used to persistently reduce concentrations of METH in the central nervous system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this manuscript, we describe the testing of a novel antimethamphetamine (METH) single-chain variable fragment-Fc fusion protein delivered in mice using gene therapy. The results suggest that the gene therapy delivery system can lead to the production of significant antibody concentrations that mitigate METH's psychostimulant effects in mice over an extended time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Hay
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Laura E Ewing
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Michael D Hambuchen
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Shannon M Zintner
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Juliana C Small
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Chris T Bolden
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Paris Margaritis
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - S Michael Owens
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Eric C Peterson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
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11
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Xiaoshan T, Junjie Y, Wenqing W, Yunong Z, Jiaping L, Shanshan L, Kutty Selva N, Kui C. Immunotherapy for treating methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine use disorders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:610-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Stevens MW, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Gunnell MG, Tawney R, West CM, Owens SM. Antibody production and pharmacokinetics of METH in rats following vaccination with the METH vaccine, IXT-v100, adjuvanted with GLA-SE. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107484. [PMID: 31521953 PMCID: PMC6878175 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder continues to be inadequately treated, but improvements are being made in the field of immunotherapeutics, including vaccines, which could provide new options for treatment. Cocaine and nicotine vaccines have been tested clinically, but have yet to elicit the necessary antibody concentrations required to be effective. Methamphetamine vaccines have been tested in multiple nonclinical models and appear promising. Improved adjuvants have the potential to further stimulate the immune system to reach effective levels of antibodies. Previously, the methamphetamine vaccine IXT-v100 was administered with GLA-SE, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, in mice to produce higher levels of antibodies than when it was administered with two other widely used adjuvants, Alhydrogel and Sigma Adjuvant System. METHODS The purpose of this research was to evaluate IXT-v100, given in combination with the adjuvant GLA-SE, to determine its efficacy in antagonizing methamphetamine disposition in a rat pharmacokinetic study. Additional rat studies were conducted to compare the ability of IXT-v100 manufactured with greater hapten densities to elicit higher antibody levels. RESULTS As expected based on prior studies with anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies, the antibodies resulting from vaccination with IXT-v100 altered methamphetamine pharmacokinetics by increasing serum concentrations and extending the half-life. Furthermore, intentional variations in the ratio of components during manufacturing led to production of vaccines with higher hapten densities. The higher hapten densities resulted in production of antibodies that maintained the ability to bind methamphetamine with high affinity. CONCLUSIONS The results support continued development of IXT-v100 for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty W. Stevens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Melinda G. Gunnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Rachel Tawney
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - C. Michael West
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - S. Michael Owens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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13
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a bi-specific vaccine against α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in rats. Vaccine 2019; 38:336-344. [PMID: 31629568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α-PVP (α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone) and MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone) are potent abused stimulants that are members of the synthetic cathinone class of drugs. Although these drugs are taken with recreational intent, high doses can lead to unintended adverse effects including agitation, cardiovascular effects, sympathomimetic syndromes, hallucinations, and psychoses. One possible treatment is the use of a vaccine to block or attenuate adverse medical effects. These studies report the preparation of a vaccine that generates high affinity antibodies specific for both drugs and the pharmacological testing of this vaccine in male rats. Alkylation of a hydroxy-α-PVP analog with an appropriate thiol-bearing linker afforded the hapten. When hapten-conjugated carrier protein was mixed with adjuvant, the resulting vaccine stimulated production of antibodies in male Sprague Dawley rats that were found to significantly reduce α-PVP- and MDPV-induced hyperlocomotion as well as to significantly reduce the concentrations of MDPV drugs in critical organs. The novel vaccine produced high affinity antibodies against MDPV, (R)-MDPV, (S)-MDPV, and α-PVP. Cross-reactivity testing against nine structurally similar cathinones showed very limited binding, and no binding to off-target endogenous and exogenous compounds. Antibodies generated by this bi-specific vaccine also significantly shortened the duration of locomotor activity induced by both drugs up to a dose of 5.6 mg/kg in male rats.
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14
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Wang X, Zhai S, Liu C, Wang X, Yang Y, Tu Y. A Convenient Electrochemiluminescent Immunosensor for Detecting Methamphetamine Antibody. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:875-882. [PMID: 30982800 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An antibody-based immunotherapy for methamphetamine (MA) addictive treatment is has been drawing more and more attention in recent years. However, studies about methamphetamine antibody (anti-MA) immunodetections are rare, owing to the lack of immunogenicity of small molecule MA. This study provides a simple and effective approach to develop a convenient electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunosensor for the testing of anti-MA. In short, the synthetic holoantigen of MA is immobilized on a homemade gold nanoparticles modified electrode as the sensing host for the specific recognition and detection of anti-MA. The research suggested, under optimal experimental conditions, the ECL intensity on resultant immunosensor has a wide-linear regression toward the anti-MA quantity within the range from 0.03 to 3.07 ng with a detection limit of 2.32 pg. It responded to the dosage of anti-MA in spiked blood samples with satisfactory recovery. According to the research, the developed sensor shows promise as a portable Anti-MA fast seized device which performs quickly and offers convenience, and will be helpful for forensic identification and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Suyan Zhai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Xiaoshu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Yifeng Tu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
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15
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Smith LC, Bremer PT, Hwang CS, Zhou B, Ellis B, Hixon MS, Janda KD. Monoclonal Antibodies for Combating Synthetic Opioid Intoxication. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10489-10503. [PMID: 31187995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid abuse in the United States has been declared a national crisis and is exacerbated by an inexpensive, readily available, and illicit supply of synthetic opioids. Specifically, fentanyl and related analogues such as carfentanil pose a significant danger to opioid users due to their high potency and rapid acting depression of respiration. In recent years these synthetic opioids have become the number one cause of drug-related deaths. In our research efforts to combat the public health threat posed by synthetic opioids, we have developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the fentanyl class of drugs. The mAbs were generated in hybridomas derived from mice vaccinated with a fentanyl conjugate vaccine. Guided by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assay, we selected six hybridomas that produced mAbs with 10-11 M binding affinity for fentanyl, yet broad cross-reactivity with related fentanyl analogues. In mouse antinociception models, our lead mAb (6A4) could blunt the effects of both fentanyl and carfentanil in a dose-responsive manner. Additionally, mice pretreated with 6A4 displayed enhanced survival when subjected to fentanyl above LD50 doses. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the antibody sequesters large amounts of these drugs in the blood, thus reducing drug biodistribution to the brain and other tissue. Lastly, the 6A4 mAb could effectively reverse fentanyl/carfentanil-induced antinociception comparable to the opioid antagonist naloxone, the standard of care drug for treating opioid overdose. While naloxone is known for its short half-life, we found the half-life of 6A4 to be approximately 6 days in mice, thus monoclonal antibodies could theoretically be useful in preventing renarcotization events in which opioid intoxication recurs following quick metabolism of naloxone. Our results as a whole demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies could be a desirable treatment modality for synthetic opioid overdose and possibly opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Cessation Therapeutics LLC , 3031 Tisch Way Ste 505 , San Jose , California 95128 , United States
| | - Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Southern Connecticut State University , New Haven , Connecticut 06515 , United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mark S Hixon
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Mark S. Hixon Consulting LLC , 11273 Spitfire Road , San Diego , California 92126 , United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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16
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Myagkova MA, Morozova VS. Vaccines for substance abuse treatment: new approaches in the immunotherapy of addictions. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Development and testing of AAV-delivered single-chain variable fragments for the treatment of methamphetamine abuse. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200060. [PMID: 29958300 PMCID: PMC6025879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) substance abuse disorders have major impact on society, yet no medications have proven successful at preventing METH relapse or cravings. Anti-METH monoclonal antibodies can reduce METH brain concentrations; however, this therapy has limitations, including the need for repeated dosing throughout the course of addiction recovery. An adeno-associated viral (AAV)-delivered DNA sequence for a single-chain variable fragment could offer long-term, continuous expression of anti-METH antibody fragments. For these studies, we injected mice via tail vein with 1 x 1012 vector genomes of two AAV8 scFv constructs and measured long-term expression of the antibody fragments. Mice expressed each scFv for at least 212 days, achieving micromolar scFv concentrations in serum. In separate experiments 21 days and 50 days after injecting mice with AAV-scFvs mice were challenged with METH in vivo. The circulating scFvs were capable of decreasing brain METH concentrations by up to 60% and sequestering METH in serum for 2 to 3 hrs. These results suggest that AAV-delivered scFv could be a promising therapy to treat methamphetamine abuse.
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18
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Yang X, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhong Y, Chen L, Du Y, He J, Liao L, Xiong K, Yi CX, Yan J. The Main Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Methamphetamine- Induced Neurotoxicity and Implications for Pharmacological Treatment. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:186. [PMID: 29915529 PMCID: PMC5994595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a popular new-type psychostimulant drug with complicated neurotoxicity. In spite of mounting evidence on METH-induced damage of neural cell, the accurate mechanism of toxic effect of the drug on central nervous system (CNS) has not yet been completely deciphered. Besides, effective treatment strategies toward METH neurotoxicity remain scarce and more efficacious drugs are to be developed. In this review, we summarize cellular and molecular bases that might contribute to METH-elicited neurotoxicity, which mainly include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. We also discuss some drugs that protect neural cells suffering from METH-induced neurotoxic consequences. We hope more in-depth investigations of exact details that how METH produces toxicity in CNS could be carried out in future and the development of new drugs as natural compounds and immunotherapies, including clinic trials, are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiyan Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxian Zhong
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangpei Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yajun Du
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lvshuang Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Morley KC, Cornish JL, Faingold A, Wood K, Haber PS. Pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:563-578. [PMID: 28351169 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1313229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use is a serious public health concern in many countries and is second to cannabis as the most widely abused illicit drug in the world. Effective management for methamphetamine dependence remains elusive and the large majority of methamphetamine users relapse following treatment. Areas covered: Progression in the understanding of the pharmacological basis of methamphetamine use has provided us with innovative opportunities to develop agents to treat dependence. The current review summarizes relevant literature on the neurobiological and clinical correlates associated with methamphetamine use. We then outline agents that have been explored for potential treatments in preclinical studies, human laboratory phase I and phase II trials over the last ten years. Expert opinion: No agent has demonstrated a broad and strong effect in achieving MA abstinence in Phase II trials. Agents with novel therapeutic targets appear promising. Advancement in MA treatment, including translation into practice, faces several clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Morley
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cornish
- b Department of Psychology , Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Alon Faingold
- c Drug Health Services , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown , Australia
| | - Katie Wood
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c Drug Health Services , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown , Australia
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20
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Gooyit M, Miranda PO, Wenthur CJ, Ducime A, Janda KD. Influencing Antibody-Mediated Attenuation of Methamphetamine CNS Distribution through Vaccine Linker Design. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:468-472. [PMID: 27958709 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Active vaccination examining a single hapten engendered with a series of peptidic linkers has resulted in the production of antimethamphetamine antibodies. Given the limited chemical complexity of methamphetamine, the structure of the linker species embedded within the hapten could have a substantial effect on the ultimate efficacy of the resulting vaccines. Herein, we investigate linker effects by generating a series of methamphetamine haptens that harbor a linker with varying amino acid identity, peptide length, and associated carrier protein. Independent changes in each of these parameters were found to result in alterations in both the quantity and quality of the antibodies induced by vaccination. Although it was found that the consequence of the linker design was also dependent on the identity of the carrier protein, we demonstrate overall that the inclusion of a short, structurally simple, amino acid linker benefits the efficacy of a methamphetamine vaccine in limiting brain penetration of the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Major Gooyit
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pedro O. Miranda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody J. Wenthur
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alex Ducime
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Tobaldi E, Dovgan I, Mosser M, Becht JM, Wagner A. Structural investigation of cyclo-dioxo maleimide cross-linkers for acid and serum stability. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9305-9310. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01757j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The size of the acetal ring and the length of the carbon chain strongly influence the serum stability of cyclo-dioxo-based amino-to-thiol coupling reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tobaldi
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Chemistry
- UMR 7199
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- 67400 Illkirch
- France
| | - Igor Dovgan
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Chemistry
- UMR 7199
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- 67400 Illkirch
- France
| | - Michel Mosser
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Chemistry
- UMR 7199
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- 67400 Illkirch
- France
| | - Jean-Michel Becht
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (UMR 7361)
- University of Mulhouse
- 68057 Mulhouse cedex
- France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Chemistry
- UMR 7199
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- 67400 Illkirch
- France
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22
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Brashier DBS, Sharma AK, Akhoon N. Are therapeutic vaccines an answer to the global problem of drug and alcohol abuse? Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 48:487-489. [PMID: 27721531 PMCID: PMC5051239 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.190717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug Abuse has become a major challenging problem for the society. It effects people of all countries economical strata's and all ages. According. Monetary loss all over the world regarding drug abuse is in million dollars, it not only has an impact on human productivity and healthcare cost but also on cost of crimes conducted by these drugs and alcohol abuse. Therapeutic vaccine has come as new approach to deal with this problem, after failures in search for a pharmaceutical agent to deal with drug of abuse and alcohol. Research in field of nicotine abuse has gone a way ahead with number of vaccines being tried clinically followed by cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine, phencyclidine and alcohol. All of them have a common mechanism of action by antibody production whereas alcohol acts by genetic intervention. None have being approved yet due to poor results in phase II trials, possibly due to not able to trigger an adequate immunological response. But still quest is on for cracking the ice by developing first successful vaccine against drug of abuse, that would follow for other drugs too. It would be great step in field of therapeutic vaccines for drug abuse after similar successful vaccines being approved for other diseases like cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick B S Brashier
- Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Akhoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Pravetoni M. Biologics to treat substance use disorders: Current status and new directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3005-3019. [PMID: 27441896 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1212785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and genetically modified enzymes) offer a promising class of therapeutics to treat substance use disorders (SUD) involving abuse of opioids and stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In contrast to small molecule medications targeting brain receptors, biologics for SUD are larger molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but target the drug itself, preventing its distribution to the brain and blunting its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive immunization approaches rely on antibodies (Ab) that bind drugs of abuse in serum and block their distribution to the brain, preventing the rewarding effects of drugs and addiction-related behaviors. Alternatives to vaccines and anti-drug mAb are genetically engineered human or bacterial enzymes that metabolize drugs of abuse, lowering the concentration of free active drug. Pre-clinical and clinical data support development of effective biologics for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- a Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology , Center for Immunology , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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24
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Hambuchen MD, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Gunnell MG, Hendrickson H, Owens SM. Chronic treatment of (+)-methamphetamine-induced locomotor effects in rats using one or a combination of two high affinity anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2240-8. [PMID: 27163775 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1179407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that treatment of methamphetamine (METH) effects with a mixture of 2 high affinity anti-METH monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with differing molecular recognition for METH-like structures could increase efficacy compared to treatment with a single mAb. The antibodies studied were mAb7F9 (METH and amphetamine [AMP] KD = 7.7 and 270 nM) and mAb4G9 (16 nM and 110 nM, respectively) in a 50:50 mixture. Adult male Sprague Dawley Rats were treated with iv saline or a loading dose of mAb7F9-mAb4G9 (141 mg/kg of each mAb) followed by 2 weekly doses (70.5 mg/kg total) on days 7 and 14. METH challenge doses (0.56 mg/kg) were administered 4 hrs and 3 days after each mAb7F9-mAb4G9 treatment, and 7 days after the final treatment (day 21). Locomotor activity (0-4 hrs) and serum METH and AMP concentrations (at 5 hrs) were measured after each METH challenge. MAb7F9-mAb4G9 treatment significantly reduced the duration of locomotor activity after 6 of the 7 METH doses (P < 0.05) and significantly increased serum METH and AMP concentrations. Administering three-fold higher METH doses (1.68 mg/kg) on days 24 and 28 showed mAb7F9-mAb4G9 treatment had negligible effects on the duration of METH-induced locomotor activity. These data were then compared to previous monotherapy data. While mAb7F9-mAb4G9 therapy inhibited the effects of multiple METH challenge doses, the inhibition was not as profound or as long lasting as the effects of mAb7F9 treatment alone. These data demonstrate the importance of both mAb affinity and specificity in the production of effective, long-lasting anti-METH mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hambuchen
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Melinda G Gunnell
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Howard Hendrickson
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - S Michael Owens
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
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Phillips TJ, Mootz JRK, Reed C. Identification of Treatment Targets in a Genetic Mouse Model of Voluntary Methamphetamine Drinking. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:39-85. [PMID: 27055611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine has powerful stimulant and euphoric effects that are experienced as rewarding and encourage use. Methamphetamine addiction is associated with debilitating illnesses, destroyed relationships, child neglect, violence, and crime; but after many years of research, broadly effective medications have not been identified. Individual differences that may impact not only risk for developing a methamphetamine use disorder but also affect treatment response have not been fully considered. Human studies have identified candidate genes that may be relevant, but lack of control over drug history, the common use or coabuse of multiple addictive drugs, and restrictions on the types of data that can be collected in humans are barriers to progress. To overcome some of these issues, a genetic animal model comprised of lines of mice selectively bred for high and low voluntary methamphetamine intake was developed to identify risk and protective alleles for methamphetamine consumption, and identify therapeutic targets. The mu opioid receptor gene was supported as a target for genes within a top-ranked transcription factor network associated with level of methamphetamine intake. In addition, mice that consume high levels of methamphetamine were found to possess a nonfunctional form of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). The Taar1 gene is within a mouse chromosome 10 quantitative trait locus for methamphetamine consumption, and TAAR1 function determines sensitivity to aversive effects of methamphetamine that may curb intake. The genes, gene interaction partners, and protein products identified in this genetic mouse model represent treatment target candidates for methamphetamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Phillips
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - J R K Mootz
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - C Reed
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Ohia-Nwoko O, Kosten TA, Haile CN. Animal Models and the Development of Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:263-91. [PMID: 27055616 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders (SUDs) is a high priority in addiction research. At present, there are no approved pharmacotherapies for cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders, while treatments for nicotine and opioid use are moderately effective. Indeed, many of these treatments can cause adverse drug side effects and have poor medication compliance, which often results in increased drug relapse rates. An alternative to these traditional pharmacological interventions is immunotherapy or vaccines that can target substances associated with SUDs. In this chapter, we discuss the current knowledge on the efficacy of preclinical vaccines, particularly immunogens that target methamphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, or opioids to attenuate drug-induced behaviors in animal models of SUDs. We also review vaccines (and antibodies) against cocaine, nicotine, and methamphetamine that have been assessed in human clinical trials. While preclinical studies indicate that several vaccines show promise, these findings have not necessarily translated to the clinical population. Thus, continued effort to design more effective vaccine immunogens using SUD animal models is necessary in order to support the use of immunotherapy as a viable option for individuals with SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ohia-Nwoko
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - T A Kosten
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - C N Haile
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
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Mediouni S, Marcondes MCG, Miller C, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. The cross-talk of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1164. [PMID: 26557111 PMCID: PMC4615951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the lives of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals. Nonetheless, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which range from undetectable neurocognitive impairments to severe dementia, still affect approximately 50% of the infected population, hampering their quality of life. The persistence of HAND is promoted by several factors, including longer life expectancies, the residual levels of virus in the central nervous system (CNS) and the continued presence of HIV-1 regulatory proteins such as the transactivator of transcription (Tat) in the brain. Tat is a secreted viral protein that crosses the blood–brain barrier into the CNS, where it has the ability to directly act on neurons and non-neuronal cells alike. These actions result in the release of soluble factors involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, ultimately resulting in neuronal damage. The percentage of methamphetamine (MA) abusers is high among the HIV-1-positive population compared to the general population. On the other hand, MA abuse is correlated with increased viral replication, enhanced Tat-mediated neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments. Although several strategies have been investigated to reduce HAND and MA use, no clinically approved treatment is currently available. Here, we review the latest findings of the effects of Tat and MA in HAND and discuss a few promising potential therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
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