1
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Acharya B, Saha D, Garcia Garcia N, Armstrong D, Jabali B, Hanafi M, Frett B, Ryan KR. Discovery of 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole derivatives as dual RET/TRKA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 106:117749. [PMID: 38744018 PMCID: PMC11144469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant RET kinase signaling is activated in numerous cancers including lung, thyroid, breast, pancreatic, and prostate. Recent approvals of selective RET inhibitors, pralsetinib and selpercatinib, has shifted the focus of RET kinase drug discovery programs towards the development of selective inhibitors. However, selective inhibitors invariably lose efficacy as the selective nature of the inhibitor places Darwinian-like pressure on the tumor to bypass treatment through the selection of novel oncogenic drivers. Further, selective inhibitors are restricted for use in tumors with specific genetic backgrounds that do not encompass diverse patient classes. Here we report the identification of a pyrimido indole RET inhibitor found to also have activity against TRK. This selective dual RET/TRK inhibitor can be utilized in tumors with both RET and TRK genetic backgrounds and can also provide blockade of NTRK-fusions that are selected for from RET inhibitor treatments. Efforts towards developing dual RET/TRK inhibitors can be beneficial in terms of encompassing more diverse patient classes while also achieving blockade against emerging resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baku Acharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Conrad Prebys Centre for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Noemi Garcia Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daniel Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Baha'a Jabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maha Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11526, Egypt
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Katie Rose Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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2
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Zhu YL, Dong YF, Wang SR, Li YG, Wu X, Ye LW. Nucleophile-Controlled Trapping of Gold Carbene by Nitriles and Water: Synthesis of 5 H-Pyrimido[5,4- b]indoles and 2-Benzylidene-3-indolinones. Org Lett 2024; 26:631-635. [PMID: 38214532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A gold-catalyzed, nucleophile-controlled cascade reaction of N-(2-azidophenyl-ynyl)methanesulfonamides with nitriles and water is described that provides structurally diverse 5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles and 2-benzylidene-3-indolinones in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the β-sulfonamido-α-imino gold carbene is the key intermediate which is generated through the gold-catalyzed cyclization of N-(2-azidophenyl-ynyl)methanesulfonamides and undergoes formal [4 + 2] cascade annulation with nitriles and intramolecular SN2' type reaction with water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yi-Fan Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Si-Ru Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - You-Gui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Tsukidate T, Hespen CW, Hang HC. Small molecule modulators of immune pattern recognition receptors. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:1014-1036. [PMID: 38033733 PMCID: PMC10685800 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) represent a re-emerging class of therapeutic targets for vaccine adjuvants, inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review article, we summarize exciting developments in discovery and characterization of small molecule PRR modulators, focusing on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and the cGAS-STING pathway. We also highlight PRRs that are currently lacking small molecule modulators and opportunities for chemical biology and therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsukidate
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Charles W Hespen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology and Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla California 92037 USA
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4
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Zhao M, Yang K, Zhu X, Gao T, Yu W, Liu H, You Z, Liu Z, Qiao X, Song Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of dual Topo II/HDAC inhibitors bearing pyrimido[5,4-b]indole and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine motifs. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115303. [PMID: 36996717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Both topoisomerase II (Topo II) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) are important therapeutic targets for cancer. In this study, two series of novel compounds containing pyrimido[5,4-b]indole and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine motifs were designed and synthesized as dual Topo II/HDAC inhibitors. MTT assay indicated that all the compounds displayed potential antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines (MGC-803, MCF-7 and U937) and low cytotoxicity on normal cell line (3T3). In the enzyme activity inhibition experiments, compounds 7d and 8d exhibited excellent dual inhibitory activities against Topo II and HDAC. Cleavage reaction assay showed that 7d was a Topo II poison, which was consistent with the docking results. Further experimental results revealed that compounds 7d and 8d could promote apoptosis and significantly inhibit the migration in MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking showed that compounds 7d and 8d bind Topo II and HDAC at the active sites. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that 7d can stably bind to Topo II and HDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Han Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Zhihao You
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
| | - Yali Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
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5
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Khanal HD, Perumal M, Lee YR. Annulation strategies for diverse heterocycles via the reductive transformation of 2-nitrostyrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7675-7693. [PMID: 35971908 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the stable nitro group is a fundamental and widely used transformation for the construction of complex and functionalized heterocyclic architectures. The unfolding of the reactivity of the nitro group in the 2-nitrostyrene moiety not only triggers the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds, but also offers the opportunity for annulation and heteroannulation, thereby providing a cascade process for the synthesis of highly conjugated natural and unnatural molecules. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the use of 2-nitrostyrene motifs in the synthesis of various N-heterocycles. We offer readers an overview of the synthetic achievements achieved to date, highlighting their important features, reactivities, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Datta Khanal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muthuraja Perumal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Wu Q, Xu G, Li W, Wan J, Liu T, Huang C. Cu(I)-Catalyzed and Base-Promoted [5 + 2 + 1] Cascade Cyclization of 2-Nitrochalcones with Aliphatic Primary Amines to 5 H-Pyrimido[5,4- b]indole Frameworks. Org Lett 2022; 24:3950-3954. [PMID: 35639963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented [5 + 2 + 1] cascade cyclization to the preparation of 5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indole derivatives has been disclosed. The novel protocol of 2-nitrochalcones reacted with aliphatic primary amines catalyzed by CuI and promoted by Cs2CO3, which underwent a critical intermediate 2,3-disubstituted indole, providing structurally diverse 5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles in generally high yields (77-90%) and broad substrate scopes (34 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Genrui Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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7
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Tang ML, Li H, Ning JF, Shen X, Sun X. Discovery of First-in-Class TAK1-MKK3 Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Inhibitor (R)-STU104 for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis through Modulating TNF-α Production. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6690-6709. [PMID: 35442672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) has been demonstrated to be a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. However, this biological therapy exhibits some inevitable disadvantages, such as risk of infection. Thus, small-molecule alternatives by targeting TNF-α production signaling pathway are still in demand. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of 3-aryindanone compounds regarding their modulation of TNF-α production. Among them, (R)-STU104 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity on TNF-α production, which suppressed the TAK1/MKK3/p38/MnK1/MK2/elF4E signal pathways through binding with MKK3 and disrupting the TAK1 phosphorylating MKK3. As a result, (R)-STU104 demonstrated remarkable dose-effect relationships on both acute and chronic mouse UC models. In addition to its good pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profile, (R)-STU104 showed better anti-UC efficacy in vivo at 10 mg/kg/d than mesalazine at the dose of 50 mg/kg/d. These results suggested that TAK1-MKK3 interaction inhibitors could be potentially utilized for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lin Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haidong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xun Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
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8
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Shukla NM, Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Pu M, Chan M, Lao FS, Sako Y, Saito T, Messer K, Hayashi T, Cottam HB, Corr M, Carson DA. A Triple High Throughput Screening for Extracellular Vesicle Inducing Agents With Immunostimulatory Activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869649. [PMID: 35479316 PMCID: PMC9035538 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication and regulation of cells, especially in the immune system where EVs can participate in antigen presentation and may have adjuvant effects. We aimed to identify small molecule compounds that can increase EV release and thereby enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines. We utilized a THP-1 reporter cell line engineered to release EV-associated tetraspanin (CD63)-Turbo-luciferase to quantitatively measure EVs released in culture supernatants as a readout of a high throughput screen (HTS) of 27,895 compounds. In parallel, the cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by PrestoBlue dye assay. For screening immunostimulatory potency, we performed two additional independent HTS on the same compound library using NF-κB and interferon-stimulated response element THP-1 reporter cell lines. Hit compounds were then identified in each of the 3 HTS’s, using a “Top X″ and a Gaussian Mixture Model approach to rule out false positive compounds and to increase the sensitivity of the hit selection. Thus, 644 compounds were selected as hits which were further evaluated for induction of IL-12 in murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (mBMDCs) and for effects of cell viability. The resulting 130 hits were then assessed from a medicinal chemistry perspective to remove compounds with functional group liabilities. Finally, 80 compounds were evaluated as vaccine adjuvants in vivo using ovalbumin as a model antigen. We analyzed 18 compounds with adjuvant activity for their ability to induce the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on mBMDCs. The full complement of data was then used to cluster the compounds into 4 distinct biological activity profiles. These compounds were also evaluated for quantitation of EV release and spider plot overlays were generated to compare the activity profiles of compounds within each cluster. This tiered screening process identified two compounds that belong to the 4-thieno-2-thiopyrimidine scaffold with identical screening profiles supporting data reproducibility and validating the overall screening process. Correlation patterns in the adjuvanticity data suggested a role for CD63 and NF-κB pathways in potentiating antigen-specific antibody production. Thus, our three independent cell-based HTS campaigns led to identification of immunostimulatory compounds that release EVs and have adjuvant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Minya Pu
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yukiya Sako
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen Messer
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dennis A. Carson,
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9
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Losada Méndez J, Palomares F, Gómez F, Ramírez-López P, Ramos-Soriano J, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Rojo J. Immunomodulatory Response of Toll-like Receptor Ligand-Peptide Conjugates in Food Allergy. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2651-2664. [PMID: 34761908 PMCID: PMC8609526 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent conjugation
of allergens to toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists
appears to be a powerful strategy for the development of safety compounds
for allergen-specific immunomodulatory response toward tolerance in
allergy. In this work, we have synthesized two family of ligands,
an 8-oxoadenine derivative as a ligand for TLR7 and a pyrimido[5,4-b]indole as a ligand for TLR4, both conjugated with a T-cell
peptide of Pru p 3 allergen, the lipid transfer protein (LTP) responsible
for LTP-dependent food allergy. These conjugates interact with dendritic
cells, inducing their specific maturation, T-cell proliferation, and
cytokine production in peach allergic patients. Moreover, they increased
the Treg-cell frequencies in these patients and could induce the IL-10
production. These outcomes were remarkable in the case of the TLR7
ligand conjugated with Pru p 3, opening the door for the potential
application of these allergen–adjuvant systems in food allergy
immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Losada Méndez
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisca Palomares
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, 29009 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Gómez
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramírez-López
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad de Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, 29009 Malaga, Spain
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
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10
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Shukla NM, Chan M, Lao FS, Chu PJ, Belsuzarri M, Yao S, Nan J, Sato-Kaneko F, Saito T, Hayashi T, Corr M, Carson DA, Cottam HB. Structure-activity relationship studies in substituted sulfamoyl benzamidothiazoles that prolong NF-κB activation. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 43:116242. [PMID: 34274759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the face of emerging infectious diseases, there remains an unmet need for vaccine development where adjuvants that enhance immune responses to pathogenic antigens are highly desired. Using high-throughput screens with a cell-based nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) reporter assay, we identified a sulfamoyl benzamidothiazole bearing compound 1 that demonstrated a sustained activation of NF-κB after a primary stimulus with a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we explore systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on compound 1 that indicated the sites on the scaffold that tolerated modification and yielded more potent compounds compared to 1. The selected analogs enhanced release of immunostimulatory cytokines in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells and murine primary dendritic cells. In murine vaccination studies, select compounds were used as co-adjuvants in combination with the Food and Drug Administration approved TLR-4 agonistic adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) that showed significant enhancement in antigen-specific antibody titers compared to MPLA alone. Additionally, our SAR studies led to identification of a photoaffinity probe which will aid the target identification and mechanism of action studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj M Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA.
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Fitzgerald S Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Paul J Chu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Masiel Belsuzarri
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Jason Nan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, USA
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809, USA
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11
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Kimani FW, Ajit J, Galluppi A, Manna S, Howitz WJ, Tang S, Esser-Kahn AP. Receptor-Ligand Kinetics Influence the Mechanism of Action of Covalently Linked TLR Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:380-388. [PMID: 33523635 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a mechanistic study comparing the immune activation of conjugated Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and their unlinked mixtures. Herein, we synthesized a set of six linked dual agonists with different ligands, molecular structures, receptor locations, and biophysical characteristics. With these dimers, we ran a series of in vitro cell-based assays, comparing initial and overall NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation, cytokine expression profiles, as well as time-resolved TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha) expression. We show that initial activation kinetics, ligand specificity, and the dose of the agonist influence the activity of these linked TLR systems. These results can help improve vaccine design by showing how linked TLR agonists can improve their potency with the appropriate selection of key criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora W. Kimani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jainu Ajit
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander Galluppi
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - William J. Howitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sophia Tang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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12
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Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV strategy modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems with broader activation to redeploy antitumor immunity with individualized tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens). Following a sequential scheme of tumor biopsy, mutation analysis, and epitope prediction, the administration of neoantigens with synthetic long peptide (SLP) or mRNA formulations dramatically improves the population and activity of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the promising prospect of PCVs, there is still great potential for optimizing prevaccination procedures and vaccine potency. In particular, the arduous development of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-based vaccines provides valuable experience and rational principles for augmenting vaccine potency which is expected to advance PCV through the design of adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reversion since current personalized vaccination simply admixes antigens with adjuvants. Considering the broader application of TAA-based vaccine design, these two strategies complement each other and can lead to both personalized and universal therapeutic methods. Chemical strategies provide vast opportunities for (1) exploring novel adjuvants, including synthetic molecules and materials with optimizable activity, (2) constructing efficient and precise delivery systems to avoid systemic diffusion, improve biosafety, target secondary lymphoid organs, and enhance antigen presentation, and (3) combining bioengineering methods to innovate improvements in conventional vaccination, "smartly" re-educate the TME, and modulate antitumor immunity. As chemical strategies have proven versatility, reliability, and universality in the design of T cell- and B cell-based antitumor vaccines, the union of such numerous chemical methods in vaccine construction is expected to provide new vigor and vitality in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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13
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Van Herck S, De Geest BG. Nanomedicine-mediated alteration of the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule cancer immunotherapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:881-894. [PMID: 32451411 PMCID: PMC7471422 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy is a game changer in cancer therapy with monoclonal antibody- and T cell-based therapeutics being the current flagships. Small molecule immunotherapeutics might offer advantages over the biological drugs in terms of complexity, tissue penetration, manufacturing cost, stability, and shelf life. However, small molecule drugs are prone to rapid systemic distribution, which might induce severe off-target side effects. Nanotechnology could aid in the formulation of the drug molecules to improve their delivery to specific immune cell subsets. In this review we summarize the current efforts in changing the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule immunotherapeutics with a strong focus on Toll-like receptor agonists. In addition, we give our vision on limitations and future pathways in the route of nanomedicine to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Lao FS, Shpigelman J, Messer K, Pu M, Shukla NM, Cottam HB, Chan M, Chu PJ, Burkhart D, Schoener R, Matsutani T, Carson DA, Corr M, Hayashi T. A Novel Synthetic Dual Agonistic Liposomal TLR4/7 Adjuvant Promotes Broad Immune Responses in an Influenza Vaccine With Minimal Reactogenicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1207. [PMID: 32636840 PMCID: PMC7318308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines is usually attributed to ongoing variation in the major antigenic targets for protective antibody responses including hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Hence, vaccine development has largely focused on broadening antigenic epitopes to generate cross-reactive protection. However, the vaccine adjuvant components which can accelerate, enhance and prolong antigenic immune responses, can also increase the breadth of these responses. We previously demonstrated that the combination of synthetic small-molecule Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7 ligands is a potent adjuvant for recombinant influenza virus HA, inducing rapid, and sustained antibody responses that are protective against influenza viruses in homologous and heterologous murine challenge models. To further enhance adjuvant efficacy, we performed a structure-activity relationship study for the TLR4 ligand, N-cyclohexyl-2-((5-methyl-4-oxo-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indol-2-yl)thio)acetamide (C25H26N4O2S; 1Z105), and identified the 8-(furan-2-yl) substituted pyrimido[5,4-b]indole analog (C29H28N4O3S; 2B182C) as a derivative with higher potency in activating both human and mouse TLR4-NF-κB reporter cells and primary cells. In a prime-boost immunization model using inactivated influenza A virus [IIAV; A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09], 2B182C used as adjuvant induced higher serum anti-HA and anti-NA IgG1 levels compared to 1Z105, and also increased the anti-NA IgG2a responses. In combination with a TLR7 ligand, 1V270, 2B182C induced equivalent levels of anti-NA and anti-HA IgG1 to 1V270+1Z105. However, the combination of 1V270+2B182C induced 10-fold higher anti-HA and anti-NA IgG2a levels compared to 1V270+1Z105. A stable liposomal formulation of 1V270+2B182C was developed, which synergistically enhanced anti-HA and anti-NA IgG1 and IgG2a responses without demonstrable reactogenicity after intramuscular injection. Notably, vaccination with IIAV plus the liposomal formulation of 1V270+2B182C protected mice against lethal homologous influenza virus (H1N1)pdm09 challenge and reduced lung viral titers and cytokine levels. The combination adjuvant induced a greater diversity in B cell clonotypes of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) genes in the draining lymph nodes and antibodies against a broad spectrum of HA epitopes encompassing HA head and stalk domains and with cross-reactivity against different subtypes of HA and NA. This novel combination liposomal adjuvant contributes to a more broadly protective vaccine while demonstrating an attractive safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Shpigelman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Minya Pu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Paul J. Chu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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15
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Kanoh H, Nitta T, Go S, Inamori KI, Veillon L, Nihei W, Fujii M, Kabayama K, Shimoyama A, Fukase K, Ohto U, Shimizu T, Watanabe T, Shindo H, Aoki S, Sato K, Nagasaki M, Yatomi Y, Komura N, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Natori Y, Yoshimura Y, Zonca A, Cattaneo A, Letizia M, Ciampa M, Mauri L, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Suzuki A, Inokuchi JI. Homeostatic and pathogenic roles of GM3 ganglioside molecular species in TLR4 signaling in obesity. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101732. [PMID: 32378734 PMCID: PMC7298289 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling via TLR4 plays critical roles in pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, but the contribution of different lipid species to metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases is less clear. GM3 ganglioside in human serum is composed of a variety of fatty acids, including long‐chain (LCFA) and very‐long‐chain (VLCFA). Analysis of circulating levels of human serum GM3 species from patients at different stages of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation reveals that levels of VLCFA‐GM3 increase significantly in metabolic disorders, while LCFA‐GM3 serum levels decrease. Specific GM3 species also correlates with disease symptoms. VLCFA‐GM3 levels increase in the adipose tissue of obese mice, and this is blocked in TLR4‐mutant mice. In cultured monocytes, GM3 by itself has no effect on TLR4 activation; however, VLCFA‐GM3 synergistically and selectively enhances TLR4 activation by LPS/HMGB1, while LCFA‐GM3 and unsaturated VLCFA‐GM3 suppresses TLR4 activation. GM3 interacts with the extracellular region of TLR4/MD2 complex to modulate dimerization/oligomerization. Ligand‐molecular docking analysis supports that VLCFA‐GM3 and LCFA‐GM3 act as agonist and antagonist of TLR4 activity, respectively, by differentially binding to the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Our findings suggest that VLCFA‐GM3 is a risk factor for TLR4‐mediated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanoh
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wataru Nihei
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Watanabe
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shindo
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sorama Aoki
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Nagasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Computational Diagnostic Radiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Organization for Research and Community Development, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshimura
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asia Zonca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Feng W, Zhang XG. Organophosphine-free copper-catalyzed isothiocyanation of amines with sodium bromodifluoroacetate and sulfur. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1144-1147. [PMID: 30632549 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed isothiocyanation of amines with sodium bromodifluoroacetate and sulfur in the absence of organophosphine has been established. This approach represents a simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of isothiocyanates, and features excellent functional group tolerance and the use of a cheap, safe and odorless sulfur source. Moreover, this process could directly provide isothiocyanate analogous bioactive molecules, thiocarbonyl-containing pesticides and facile construction of benzoxazole and benzimidazole frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xing-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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17
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Shukla N, Chan M, Hayashi T, Carson DA, Cottam HB. Recent Advances and Perspectives in Small-molecule TLR Ligands and Their Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1156-1159. [PMID: 30613317 PMCID: PMC6295859 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located on immune cells leads to induction of immune responses that can be useful in vaccines for infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases. Novel TLR signaling pathway modulators can further enhance the efficacy of TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj
M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
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18
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Ignacio BJ, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Verdoes M. Toll-like Receptor Agonist Conjugation: A Chemical Perspective. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:587-603. [PMID: 29378134 PMCID: PMC10642707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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