1
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Li Y, Dong J, Qin JJ. Small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90: An updated review. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116562. [PMID: 38865742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
As a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays important roles in the folding, stabilization, activation, and degradation of over 500 client proteins, and is extensively involved in cell signaling, proliferation, and survival. Thus, it has emerged as an important target in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Therefore, targeted inhibition of HSP90 provides a valuable and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HSP90-related diseases. This review aims to systematically summarize the progress of research on HSP90 inhibitors in the last five years, focusing on their structural features, design strategies, and biological activities. It will refer to the natural products and their derivatives (including novobiocin derivatives, deguelin derivatives, quinone derivatives, and terpenoid derivatives), and to synthetic small molecules (including resorcinol derivatives, pyrazoles derivatives, triazole derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, benzamide derivatives, benzothiazole derivatives, and benzofuran derivatives). In addition, the major HSP90 small-molecule inhibitors that have moved into clinical trials to date are also presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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2
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Zuo WF, Pang Q, Zhu X, Yang QQ, Zhao Q, He G, Han B, Huang W. Heat shock proteins as hallmarks of cancer: insights from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:81. [PMID: 39232809 PMCID: PMC11375894 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are essential molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in stabilizing protein structures, facilitating the repair or degradation of damaged proteins, and maintaining proteostasis and cellular functions. Extensive research has demonstrated that heat shock proteins are highly expressed in cancers and closely associated with tumorigenesis and progression. The "Hallmarks of Cancer" are the core features of cancer biology that collectively define a series of functional characteristics acquired by cells as they transition from a normal state to a state of tumor growth, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabled replicative immortality, the induction of angiogenesis, and the activation of invasion and metastasis. The pivotal roles of heat shock proteins in modulating the hallmarks of cancer through the activation or inhibition of various signaling pathways has been well documented. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the roles of heat shock proteins in vital biological processes from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer and summarizes the small-molecule inhibitors that target heat shock proteins to regulate various cancer hallmarks. Moreover, we further discuss combination therapy strategies involving heat shock proteins and promising dual-target inhibitors to highlight the potential of targeting heat shock proteins for cancer treatment. In summary, this review highlights how targeting heat shock proteins could regulate the hallmarks of cancer, which will provide valuable information to better elucidate and understand the roles of heat shock proteins in oncology and the mechanisms of cancer occurrence and development and aid in the development of more efficacious and less toxic novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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3
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Zhao P, Wang C, Sun S, Wang X, Balch WE. Tracing genetic diversity captures the molecular basis of misfolding disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3333. [PMID: 38637533 PMCID: PMC11026414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in human populations can result in the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, giving rise to systemic and neurodegenerative diseases that require management by proteostasis. Here, we define the role of GRP94, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 chaperone paralog, in managing alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency on a residue-by-residue basis using Gaussian process regression-based machine learning to profile the spatial covariance relationships that dictate protein folding arising from sequence variants in the population. Covariance analysis suggests a role for the ATPase activity of GRP94 in controlling the N- to C-terminal cooperative folding of alpha-1-antitrypsin responsible for the correction of liver aggregation and lung-disease phenotypes of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Gaussian process-based spatial covariance profiling provides a standard model built on covariant principles to evaluate the role of proteostasis components in guiding information flow from genome to proteome in response to genetic variation, potentially allowing us to intervene in the onset and progression of complex multi-system human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, and Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Sun S, Zhu R, Zhu M, Wang Q, Li N, Yang B. Visualization of conformational transition of GRP94 in solution. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302051. [PMID: 37949474 PMCID: PMC10638095 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GRP94, an ER paralog of the heat-shock protein 90 family, binds and hydrolyses ATP to chaperone the folding and maturation of its selected clients. Compared with other hsp90 proteins, the in-solution conformational dynamics of GRP94 along the ATP hydrolysis cycle are less understood, hindering our understanding of its chaperoning mechanism. Leveraging small-angle X-ray scattering, negative-staining EM, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled mass-spec, here we show that in its apo form, ∼60% of mouse GRP94 (mGRP94) populates an "extended" conformation, whereas the rest exist in either "close V" or "twist V" like "compact" conformations. Different from other hsp90 proteins, the presence of AMPPNP only impacts the relative abundance of the two compact conformations, rather than shifting the equilibrium between the "extended" and "compact" conformations of mGRP94. HDX-MS study of apo, AMPPNP-bound, and ADP-bound mGRP94 suggests a conformational transition from "twist V" to "close V" upon ATP binding and a back transition from "close V" to "twist V" upon ATP hydrolysis. These results illustrate the dissimilarities of GRP94 in conformation transition during ATP hydrolysis from other hsp90 paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwu Sun
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (Zhangjiang Laboratory), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Yang
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- https://ror.org/030bhh786 Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Biomacromolecules and Precision Medicine, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
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5
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Serwetnyk M, Crowley VM, Brackett CM, Carter TR, Elahi A, Kommalapati VK, Chadli A, Blagg BSJ. Enniatin A Analogues as Novel Hsp90 Inhibitors that Modulate Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1785-1790. [PMID: 38116437 PMCID: PMC10726464 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90 kilo-Dalton heat shock protein (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that facilitates the maturation of nascent polypeptides into their biologically active conformation. Because many of the >400 known client protein substrates are implicated in the development/progression of cancer, it is hypothesized that Hsp90 inhibition will simultaneously shut down numerous oncogenic pathways. Unfortunately, most of the small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors that have undergone clinical evaluation thus far have failed due to various toxicities. Therefore, the disruption of Hsp90 protein-protein interactions with cochaperones and/or client substrates has been proposed as an alternative way to achieve Hsp90 inhibition without such adverse events. The hexadepsipeptide Enniatin A (EnnA) has recently been reported to be one such inhibitor that also manifests immunogenic activity. Herein, we report preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to determine the structural features that confer this unprecedented activity for an Hsp90 inhibitor. Our studies find that EnnA's branching moieties are necessary for its activity, but some structural modifications are tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Serwetnyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vincent M. Crowley
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Trever R. Carter
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Asif Elahi
- Georgia
Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia
at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kommalapati
- Georgia
Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia
at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Georgia
Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia
at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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6
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Mafethe O, Ntseane T, Dongola TH, Shonhai A, Gumede NJ, Mokoena F. Pharmacophore Model-Based Virtual Screening Workflow for Discovery of Inhibitors Targeting Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38220-38232. [PMID: 37867657 PMCID: PMC10586269 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most lethal and widespread form of malaria. Eradication of malaria remains a priority due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance. The heat shock protein 90 of P. falciparum (PfHsp90) is a validated drug target essential for parasite survival. Most PfHsp90 inhibitors bind at the ATP binding pocket found in its N-terminal domain, abolishing the chaperone's activities, which leads to parasite death. The challenge is that the NTD of PfHsp90 is highly conserved, and its disruption requires selective inhibitors that can act without causing off-target human Hsp90 activities. We endeavored to discover selective inhibitors of PfHsp90 using pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening protocols, induced fit docking (IFD), and cell-based and biochemical assays. The pharmacophore model (DHHRR), composed of one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrophobic groups, and two aromatic rings, was used to mine commercial databases for initial hits, which were rescored to 20 potential hits using IFD. Eight of these compounds displayed moderate to high activity toward P. falciparum NF54 (i.e., IC50s ranging from 6.0 to 0.14 μM) and averaged >10 in terms of selectivity indices toward CHO and HepG2 cells. Additionally, four compounds inhibited PfHsp90 with greater selectivity than a known inhibitor, harmine, and bound to PfHsp90 with weak to moderate affinity. Our findings support the use of a pharmacophore model to discover diverse chemical scaffolds such as FM2, FM6, F10, and F11 exhibiting anti-Plasmodium activities and serving as valuable new PfHsp90 inhibitors. Optimization of these hits may enable their development into potent leads for future antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofentse Mafethe
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Tlhalefo Ntseane
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Joyfull Gumede
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Private Bag X01, Umthatha, Eastern Cape 4099, South Africa
| | - Fortunate Mokoena
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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7
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Que NLS, Seidler PM, Aw WJ, Chiosis G, Gewirth DT. Selective inhibition of hsp90 paralogs: Structure and binding studies uncover the role of helix 1 in Grp94-selective ligand binding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551342. [PMID: 37577523 PMCID: PMC10418071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Grp94 is the endoplasmic reticulum paralog of the hsp90 family of chaperones, which have been targeted for therapeutic intervention via their highly conserved ATP binding sites. The design of paralog-selective inhibitors relies on understanding the structural elements that mediate each paralog's response to inhibitor binding. Here, we determined the structures of Grp94 and Hsp90 in complex with the Grp94-selective inhibitor PU-H36, and of Grp94 with the non-selective inhibitor PU-H71. In Grp94, the 8-aryl moiety of PU-H36 is inserted into Site 2, a conditionally available side pocket, but in Hsp90 it occupies Site 1, a non-selective side pocket that is accessible in all hsp90 paralogs. The structure of Grp94 in complex with the non-selective PU-H71 shows only Site 1 binding. Large conformational shifts involving helices 1, 4 and 5 of the N-terminal domain of Grp94 are associated with the engagement of the Site 2 pocket for ligand binding. To understand the origins of Site 2 pocket engagement, we tested the binding of Grp94-selective ligands to chimeric Grp94/Hsp90 constructs. These studies show that helix 1 of the Grp94 N-terminal domain is the discriminating element that allows for remodeling of the ATP binding pocket and exposure of the Site 2 selective pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M. Seidler
- Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Wen J. Aw
- Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Daniel T. Gewirth
- Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY 14203
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263
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8
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Dernovšek J, Tomašič T. Following the design path of isoform-selective Hsp90 inhibitors: Small differences, great opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108396. [PMID: 37001734 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family consists of four highly conserved isoforms: the mitochondrial TRAP-1, the endoplasmic reticulum-localised Grp94, and the cytoplasmic Hsp90α and Hsp90β. Since the late 1990s, this family has been extensively studied as a potential target for the treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. The initial approach was to develop non-selective, so-called pan-Hsp90 ATP-competitive inhibitors of the N-terminal domain. Many of these agents were tested in clinical trials, mainly for the treatment of cancer, but none of them succeeded in the clinic. This was mainly due to the lack of efficacy and various toxicities associated with the induction of heat shock response (HSR). This lack of success has prompted a turn to new approaches of Hsp90 inhibition. Thus, inhibitors selective for a particular isoform of Hsp90 have been developed. These isoform-selective inhibitors do not induce HSR and have a more targeted effect because not all client proteins are equally dependent on all four paralogues of Hsp90. However, it is extremely difficult to develop such selective compounds because the family is highly conserved. Hsp90α and Hsp90β have an amazing 95% identity of the N-terminal ATP binding site, differing only in two amino acid residues. Therefore, the focus of this review is to fully elucidate the key structural features of the selective inhibitor classes in terms of binding site dissimilarities. In addition to a methodological characterisation of the structure-activity relationships, the main advantages of selective inhibition of the TRAP-1, Grp94, Hsp90α and Hsp90β isoforms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Dernovšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Pugh KW, Alnaed M, Brackett CM, Blagg BSJ. The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2007-2024. [PMID: 35861260 PMCID: PMC10003671 DOI: 10.1002/med.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler W. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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10
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Shao H, Taguwa S, Gilbert L, Shkedi A, Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Gale-Day ZJ, Young ZT, Brodsky JL, Weissman J, Gestwicki JE, Frydman J. A campaign targeting a conserved Hsp70 binding site uncovers how subcellular localization is linked to distinct biological activities. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1303-1316.e3. [PMID: 35830852 PMCID: PMC9513760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential of small molecules to localize within subcellular compartments is rarely explored. To probe this question, we measured the localization of Hsp70 inhibitors using fluorescence microscopy. We found that even closely related analogs had dramatically different distributions, with some residing predominantly in the mitochondria and others in the ER. CRISPRi screens supported this idea, showing that different compounds had distinct chemogenetic interactions with Hsp70s of the ER (HSPA5/BiP) and mitochondria (HSPA9/mortalin) and their co-chaperones. Moreover, localization seemed to determine function, even for molecules with conserved binding sites. Compounds with distinct partitioning have distinct anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer cells compared with anti-viral activity in cellular models of Dengue virus replication, likely because different sets of Hsp70s are required in these processes. These findings highlight the contributions of subcellular partitioning and chemogenetic interactions to small molecule activity, features that are rarely explored during medicinal chemistry campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luke Gilbert
- Department of Urology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arielle Shkedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Zachary J Gale-Day
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zapporah T Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Pan- and isoform-specific inhibition of Hsp90: Design strategy and recent advances. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Peng S, Woodruff J, Pathak PK, Matts RL, Deng J. Crystal structure of the middle and C-terminal domains of Hsp90α labeled with a coumarin derivative reveals a potential allosteric binding site as a drug target. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:571-585. [PMID: 35503206 PMCID: PMC9063849 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The 90 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) is an abundant molecular chaperone that is essential to activate, stabilize and regulate the function of a plethora of client proteins. As drug targets for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, Hsp90 inhibitors that bind to the N-terminal ATP-binding site of Hsp90 have shown disappointing efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, allosteric regulation of the function of Hsp90 by compounds that interact with its middle and C-terminal (MC) domains is now being pursued as a mechanism to inhibit the ATPase activity and client protein-binding activity of Hsp90 without concomitant induction of the heat-shock response. Here, the crystal structure of the Hsp90αMC protein covalently linked to a coumarin derivative, MDCC {7-diethylamino-3-[N-(2-maleimidoethyl)carbamoyl]coumarin}, which is located in a hydrophobic pocket that is formed at the Hsp90αMC hexamer interface, is reported. MDCC binding leads to the hexamerization of Hsp90, and the stabilization and conformational changes of three loops that are critical for its function. A fluorescence competition assay demonstrated that other characterized coumarin and isoflavone-containing Hsp90 inhibitors compete with MDCC binding, suggesting that they could bind at a common site or that they might allosterically alter the structure of the MDCC binding site. This study provides insights into the mechanism by which the coumarin class of allosteric inhibitors potentially disrupt the function of Hsp90 by regulating its oligomerization and the burial of interaction sites involved in the ATP-dependent folding of Hsp90 clients. The hydrophobic binding pocket characterized here will provide new structural information for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jeff Woodruff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Prabhat Kumar Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Robert L. Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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13
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6-acrylic phenethyl ester-2-pyranone derivative induces apoptosis and G2/M arrest by targeting GRP94 in colorectal cancer. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Triveri A, Sanchez-Martin C, Torielli L, Serapian SA, Marchetti F, D'Acerno G, Pirota V, Castelli M, Moroni E, Ferraro M, Quadrelli P, Rasola A, Colombo G. Protein allostery and ligand design: Computational design meets experiments to discover novel chemical probes. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 6BrCaQ-TPP conjugates for targeting the mitochondrial heat shock protein TRAP1. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114052. [PMID: 34952432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 6BrCaQ-Cn-TPP conjugates 3a-f and 5 was designed and synthesized as a novel class of TRAP1 inhibitors. Compound 3a displayed an excellent anti-proliferative activity with mean GI50 values at a nanomolar level in a diverse set of human cancer cells (GI50 = 0.008-0.30 μM) including MDA-MB231, HT-29, HCT-116, K562, and PC-3 cancer cell lines. Moreover, the best lead compound 6BrCaQ-C10-TPP induces a significant mitochondrial membrane disturbance combined to a regulation of HSP and partner protein levels as a first evidence that his mechanism of action involves the TRAP-1 mitochondrial Hsp90 machinery.
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16
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Xu S, Guo A, Chen NN, Dai W, Yang HA, Xie W, Wang M, You QD, Xu XL. Design and synthesis of Grp94 selective inhibitors based on Phe199 induced fit mechanism and their anti-inflammatory effects. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113604. [PMID: 34174740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), a member of the Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family, is implicated in many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Here, we describe our effort to design and develop a new series of Grp94 inhibitors based on Phe199 induced fit mechanism. Using an alkynyl-containing inhibitor as a starting point, we developed compound 4, which showed potent inhibitory activity toward Grp94 in a fluorescence polarization-based assay. With improved physicochemical properties and suitable pharmacokinetic properties, compound 4 was advanced into in vivo bioactivity evaluation. In a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC), compound 4 showed anti-inflammatory property and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). Together, these findings provide evidence that this approach may be promising for further Grp94 drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Anping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Nan-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huan-Aoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenqin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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17
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Stofberg ML, Caillet C, de Villiers M, Zininga T. Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 towards Selective Antimalarial Drug Design: The Past, Present and Future. Cells 2021; 10:2849. [PMID: 34831072 PMCID: PMC8616389 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still one of the major killer parasitic diseases in tropical settings, posing a public health threat. The development of antimalarial drug resistance is reversing the gains made in attempts to control the disease. The parasite leads a complex life cycle that has adapted to outwit almost all known antimalarial drugs to date, including the first line of treatment, artesunate. There is a high unmet need to develop new strategies and identify novel therapeutics to reverse antimalarial drug resistance development. Among the strategies, here we focus and discuss the merits of the development of antimalarials targeting the Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) due to the central role it plays in protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (M.L.S.); (C.C.); (M.d.V.)
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18
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Tosh DK, Brackett CM, Jung YH, Gao ZG, Banerjee M, Blagg BSJ, Jacobson KA. Biological Evaluation of 5'-( N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine Analogues as Grp94-Selective Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:373-379. [PMID: 33738064 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 kDa (Hsp90) family of chaperones is highly sought-after for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum localized isoform that is responsible for the maturation of proteins involved in cell adhesion and the immune response, including Toll-like receptors, immunoglobulins, and integrins. Consequently, Grp94 has been implicated in many different diseases including cancer metastasis, glaucoma, and viral infection. 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA) was identified from a high-throughput screen as one of the first molecules to exhibit isoform selectivity toward Grp94, with the ethyl group projecting into a unique pocket within the ATP binding site of Grp94. This pocket has since been exploited by several groups to develop Grp94 selective inhibitors. Despite success in the development of other classes of inhibitors, relatively little work has been done to further develop inhibitors with the NECA scaffold. Unfortunately, NECA is also a potent adenosine receptor agonist, which is likely to confound any biological activity. Therefore, structure-activity relationship studies were performed on the NECA scaffold leading to the discovery of several molecules that displayed similar selectivity and affinity as the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Young-Hwan Jung
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Monimoy Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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19
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Marcyk PT, LeBlanc EV, Kuntz DA, Xue A, Ortiz F, Trilles R, Bengtson S, Kenney TM, Huang DS, Robbins N, Williams NS, Krysan DJ, Privé GG, Whitesell L, Cowen LE, Brown LE. Fungal-Selective Resorcylate Aminopyrazole Hsp90 Inhibitors: Optimization of Whole-Cell Anticryptococcal Activity and Insights into the Structural Origins of Cryptococcal Selectivity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1139-1169. [PMID: 33444025 PMCID: PMC8493596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The essential eukaryotic chaperone Hsp90 regulates the form and function of diverse client proteins, many of which govern thermotolerance, virulence, and drug resistance in fungal species. However, use of Hsp90 inhibitors as antifungal therapeutics has been precluded by human host toxicities and suppression of immune responses. We recently described resorcylate aminopyrazoles (RAPs) as the first class of Hsp90 inhibitors capable of discriminating between fungal (Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans) and human isoforms of Hsp90 in biochemical assays. Here, we report an iterative structure-property optimization toward RAPs capable of inhibiting C. neoformans growth in culture. In addition, we report the first X-ray crystal structures of C. neoformans Hsp90 nucleotide binding domain (NBD), as the apoprotein and in complexes with the non-species-selective Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 and three RAPs revealing unique ligand-induced conformational rearrangements, which reaffirm the hypothesis that intrinsic differences in protein flexibility can confer selective inhibition of fungal versus human Hsp90 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Marcyk
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Emmanuelle V. LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Douglas A. Kuntz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alice Xue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Francisco Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Richard Trilles
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Stephen Bengtson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tristan M.G. Kenney
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David S. Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Damian J. Krysan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Gilbert G. Privé
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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20
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Taldone T, Wang T, Rodina A, Pillarsetty NVK, Digwal CS, Sharma S, Yan P, Joshi S, Pagare PP, Bolaender A, Roboz GJ, Guzman ML, Chiosis G. A Chemical Biology Approach to the Chaperome in Cancer-HSP90 and Beyond. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a034116. [PMID: 30936118 PMCID: PMC6773535 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is often associated with alterations in the chaperome, a collection of chaperones, cochaperones, and other cofactors. Changes in the expression levels of components of the chaperome, in the interaction strength among chaperome components, alterations in chaperome constituency, and in the cellular location of chaperome members, are all hallmarks of cancer. Here we aim to provide an overview on how chemical biology has played a role in deciphering such complexity in the biology of the chaperome in cancer and in other diseases. The focus here is narrow and on pathologic changes in the chaperome executed by enhancing the interaction strength between components of distinct chaperome pathways, specifically between those of HSP90 and HSP70 pathways. We will review chemical tools and chemical probe-based assays, with a focus on HSP90. We will discuss how kinetic binding, not classical equilibrium binding, is most appropriate in the development of drugs and probes for the chaperome in disease. We will then present our view on how chaperome inhibitors may become potential drugs and diagnostics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Tai Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Anna Rodina
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | | | - Chander S Digwal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alexander Bolaender
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gail J Roboz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Leukemia Program, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Leukemia Program, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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21
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Li P, Zhao R, Fan K, Iwanowycz S, Fan H, Li Z, Liu B. Regulation of dendritic cell function improves survival in experimental sepsis through immune chaperone. Innate Immun 2020; 25:235-243. [PMID: 31018807 PMCID: PMC6830886 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919840423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional Ag-presenting cells that play a critical
role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs recognize and respond to
bacteria through multiple PRRs, including TLRs. Heat shock protein gp96/grp94 is
a master essential chaperone for TLRs in the endoplasmic reticulum. We generated
DC-specific gp96-knockout (KO) mice and showed that gp96 KO DCs were unable to
respond to multiple TLR ligands. TLR-mediated hyperinflammatory response can
lead to sepsis. However, the roles of neither DCs nor the DC-intrinsic gp96 in
the process are completely understood. In a LPS-induced sepsis model, we hereby
found that deletion of gp96 in DCs significantly reduced serum TNF-α levels and
improved survival. Furthermore, using the well-defined polymicrobial sepsis
model of cecal ligation and puncture, we found that DC-specific ablation of gp96
improved survival with significantly attenuated liver and renal injuries,
decreased circulating inflammatory cytokines, altered DC maturation and
activation, and increased serum Ig. Collectively, we demonstrate that deletion
of gp96 in DCs is beneficial in protecting mice against sepsis induced by both
endotoxemia and polymicrobial infections. We conclude that targeting gp96 in DCs
may provide a potential novel approach for reducing the morbidity and mortality
of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ran Zhao
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin Fan
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephen Iwanowycz
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hongkuan Fan
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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22
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Li L, Wang L, You QD, Xu XL. Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors: An Update on Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1798-1822. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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23
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Huck JD, Que NL, Sharma S, Taldone T, Chiosis G, Gewirth DT. Structures of Hsp90α and Hsp90β bound to a purine-scaffold inhibitor reveal an exploitable residue for drug selectivity. Proteins 2019; 87:869-877. [PMID: 31141217 PMCID: PMC6718336 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90α and Hsp90β are implicated in a number of cancers and neurodegenerative disorders but the lack of selective pharmacological probes confounds efforts to identify their individual roles. Here, we analyzed the binding of an Hsp90α-selective PU compound, PU-11-trans, to the two cytosolic paralogs. We determined the co-crystal structures of Hsp90α and Hsp90β bound to PU-11-trans, as well as the structure of the apo Hsp90β NTD. The two inhibitor-bound structures reveal that Ser52, a nonconserved residue in the ATP binding pocket in Hsp90α, provides additional stability to PU-11-trans through a water-mediated hydrogen-bonding network. Mutation of Ser52 to alanine, as found in Hsp90β, alters the dissociation constant of Hsp90α for PU-11-trans to match that of Hsp90β. Our results provide a structural explanation for the binding preference of PU inhibitors for Hsp90α and demonstrate that the single nonconserved residue in the ATP-binding pocket may be exploited for α/β selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Huck
- Hauptman-Wood ward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Sahil Sharma
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tony Taldone
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel T. Gewirth
- Hauptman-Wood ward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
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24
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Huck JD, Que NLS, Immormino RM, Shrestha L, Taldone T, Chiosis G, Gewirth DT. NECA derivatives exploit the paralog-specific properties of the site 3 side pocket of Grp94, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16010-16019. [PMID: 31501246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hsp90 chaperones govern the function of essential client proteins critical for normal cell function as well as cancer initiation and progression. Hsp90 activity is driven by ATP, which binds to the N-terminal domain and induces large conformational changes that are required for client maturation. Inhibitors targeting the ATP-binding pocket of the N-terminal domain have anticancer effects, but most bind with similar affinity to cytosolic Hsp90α and Hsp90β, endoplasmic reticulum Grp94, and mitochondrial Trap1, the four cellular hsp90 paralogs. Paralog-specific inhibitors may lead to drugs with fewer side effects. The ATP-binding pockets of the four paralogs are flanked by three side pockets, termed sites 1, 2, and 3, which differ between the paralogs in their accessibility to inhibitors. Previous insights into the principles governing access to sites 1 and 2 have resulted in development of paralog-selective inhibitors targeting these sites, but the rules for selective targeting of site 3 are less clear. Earlier studies identified 5'N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine (NECA) as a Grp94-selective ligand. Here we use NECA and its derivatives to probe the properties of site 3. We found that derivatives that lengthen the 5' moiety of NECA improve selectivity for Grp94 over Hsp90α. Crystal structures reveal that the derivatives extend further into site 3 of Grp94 compared with their parent compound and that selectivity is due to paralog-specific differences in ligand pose and ligand-induced conformational strain in the protein. These studies provide a structural basis for Grp94-selective inhibition using site 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Huck
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203.,Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Nanette L S Que
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | | | - Liza Shrestha
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | - Tony Taldone
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203 .,Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
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25
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Tramentozzi E, Finotti P. Effects of purine-scaffold inhibitors on HUVECs: Involvement of the purinergic pathway and interference with ATP. Implications for preventing the adverse effects of extracellular Grp94. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100661. [PMID: 31317075 PMCID: PMC6611975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular Glucose-regulated protein94 (Grp94) is linked to pathological conditions disrupting the obligatory intracellular location of this Heat Shock Protein (HSP). In plasma, Grp94 is linked to IgG in complexes that drive adverse effects on vascular cells and are biomarker of gastro-intestinal cancer. By blocking ATP site in different HSPs, purine-scaffold inhibitors are used as promising anti-cancer compounds, but their effects on vasculature are not known. Methods We tested the capacity of two purine-scaffold inhibitors, PU-H71 and PU-WS13, to prevent the binding of Grp94 to IgG and to antagonize the effects of Grp94 and native Grp94-IgG complexes on HUVECs in different experimental conditions. Results PU-H71 and PU-WS13 blocked Grp94 and the formation of Grp94-IgG complexes in absence of cells. Instead, in presence of HUVECs rather than Grp94 PU-inhibitors targeted cells causing stimulation of Akt and VEGF pathways and displaying angiogenic-like effects similar to, although less intense than that provoked by Grp94 and Grp94-IgG complexes. Unlike Grp94 and Grp94-IgG complexes, PU-inhibitors also activated the purinergic pathway and increased the expression of the ATP receptor P2X7. Effects of PU-inhibitors on HUVECs were reversed by ATP and in presence of ATP PU-inhibitors were again able to block Grp94. Conclusions PU-inhibitors can display direct effects on endothelial cells by targeting the ATP receptor P2X7. In absence of ATP, PU-inhibitors preferentially bind to cells rather than Grp94. ATP antagonizes the PU-inhibitor binding to cells thus restoring the capacity to block Grp94 and Grp94-IgG complex formation. Results have implications for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PU-inhibitors against circulating pathogenic Grp94. Extracellular Grp94 forms pathogenic complexes with IgG. PU-inhibitors block the Grp94-IgG complex formation in absence of cells. PU-inhibitors target cells and activate the purinergic pathway. Effects of PU-inhibitors on cells are reversed by ATP. ATP restores the capacity of PU-inhibitors to block the Grp94-IgG complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tramentozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E.Meneghetti, 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Finotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E.Meneghetti, 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Whitesell L, Robbins N, Huang DS, McLellan CA, Shekhar-Guturja T, LeBlanc EV, Nation CS, Hui R, Hutchinson A, Collins C, Chatterjee S, Trilles R, Xie JL, Krysan DJ, Lindquist S, Porco JA, Tatu U, Brown LE, Pizarro J, Cowen LE. Structural basis for species-selective targeting of Hsp90 in a pathogenic fungus. Nat Commun 2019; 10:402. [PMID: 30679438 PMCID: PMC6345968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are needed to counter the escalating threat posed by drug-resistant fungi. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 affords a promising target because it supports survival, virulence and drug-resistance across diverse pathogens. Inhibitors of human Hsp90 under development as anticancer therapeutics, however, exert host toxicities that preclude their use as antifungals. Seeking a route to species-selectivity, we investigate the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of Hsp90 from the most common human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Here we report structures for this NBD alone, in complex with ADP or in complex with known Hsp90 inhibitors. Encouraged by the conformational flexibility revealed by these structures, we synthesize an inhibitor with >25-fold binding-selectivity for fungal Hsp90 NBD. Comparing co-crystals occupied by this probe vs. anticancer Hsp90 inhibitors revealed major, previously unreported conformational rearrangements. These insights and our probe's species-selectivity in culture support the feasibility of targeting Hsp90 as a promising antifungal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - David S Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Tanvi Shekhar-Guturja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle V LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Catherine S Nation
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ashley Hutchinson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cathy Collins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sharanya Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Richard Trilles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jinglin L Xie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Damian J Krysan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Juan Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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Jiang F, Guo AP, Xu JC, You QD, Xu XL. Discovery of a Potent Grp94 Selective Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Ulcerative Colitis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9513-9533. [PMID: 30351001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the endoplasmic reticulum paralogue of Hsp90, Grp94 chaperones a small set of client proteins associated with some diseases, including cancer, primary open-angle glaucoma, and inflammatory disorders. Grp94-selective inhibition has been a potential therapeutic strategy for these diseases. In this study, inspired by the conclusion that ligand-induced "Phe199 shift" effect is the structural basis of Grp94-selective inhibition, a series of novel Grp94 selective inhibitors incorporating "benzamide" moiety were developed, among which compound 54 manifested the most potent Grp94 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 2 nM and over 1000-fold selectivity to Grp94 against Hsp90α. In a DSS-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC), compound 54 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory efficacy. This work provides a potent Grp94 selective inhibitor as probe compound for the biological study of Grp94 and represents the first study that confirms the potential therapeutic efficacy of Grp94-selective inhibitors against UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - An-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jia-Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Inhibitors of the protein disulfide isomerase family for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2018; 33:1011-1022. [PMID: 30315229 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is highly sensitive to disruptions in cellular protein homeostasis. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are initially effective in the treatment of MM, although cures are not achievable and the emergence of resistance limits the durability of responses. New therapies are needed for refractory patients, and those that combat resistance to standard of care agents would be particularly valuable. Screening of multiple chemical libraries for PI re-sensitizing compounds identified E61 as a potent enhancer of multiple PIs and MM specific activity. Using a tandem approach of click chemistry and peptide mass fingerprinting, we identified multiple protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members as the primary molecular targets of E61. PDIs mediate oxidative protein folding, and E61 treatment induced robust ER and oxidative stress responses as well as the accumulation of ubiquitinylated proteins. A chemical optimization program led to a new structural class of indene (exemplified by lead E64FC26), which are highly potent pan-style inhibitors of PDIs. In mice with MM, E64FC26 improved survival and enhanced the activity of bortezomib without any adverse effects. This work demonstrates the potential of E64FC26 as an early drug candidate and the strategy of targeting multiple PDI isoforms for the treatment of refractory MM and beyond.
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