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Angeli A, Chelli I, Lucarini L, Sgambellone S, Marri S, Villano S, Ferraroni M, De Luca V, Capasso C, Carta F, Supuran CT. Novel Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors with Dual-Tail Core Sulfonamide Show Potent and Lasting Effects for Glaucoma Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3066-3089. [PMID: 38266245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide, is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-established risk factor across all its forms. We present the design and synthesis of 39 novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors by a dual-tailed approach, strategically crafted to interact with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic pockets of CA active sites. The series was investigated against the CA isoforms implicated in glaucoma (hCA II, hCA IV, and hCA XII), and the X-ray crystal structures of compounds 25a, 25f, and 26a with CA II, along with 14b in complex with a hCA XII mimic, were determined. Selected compounds (14a, 25a, and 26a) underwent evaluation for their ability to reduce IOP in rabbits with ocular hypertension. Derivative 26a showed significant potency and sustained IOP-lowering effects, surpassing the efficacy of the drugs dorzolamide and bimatoprost. This positions compound 26a as a promising candidate for the development of a novel anti-glaucoma medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Chelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Sgambellone
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Marri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Serafina Villano
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sharif NA. Human experience and efficacy of omidenepag isopropyl (Eybelis®; Omlonti®): Discovery to approval of the novel non-prostaglandin EP2-receptor-selective agonist ocular hypotensive drug. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2024; 74:102426. [PMID: 38168596 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
More than 75 million people worldwide suffer from ocular hypertension (OHT)-associated retinal and optic nerve degenerative diseases that cause visual impairment and can lead to blindness. In an effort to find novel pharmaceutical therapeutics to combat OHT with reduced side-effect potential, several emerging drug candidates have advanced to human proof-of-concept in recent years. One such compound is a nonprostaglandin (non-PG) EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl ester). Omidenepag (OMD; free acid form) is a novel non-PG that selectively binds to and activates the human EP2-prostglandin receptor (EP2R) with a high affinity (Ki = 3.6 nM) and which potently generates intracellular cAMP in living cells (EC50 = 3.9-8.3 nM). OMD significantly downregulated COL12A1 and COL13A1 mRNAs in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, a tissue involved in the pathogenesis of OHT. Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) potently and efficaciously lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive rabbits, dogs, and monkeys, and also in ocular hypertension (OHT) Cynomolgus monkeys, after a single topical ocular (t.o.) instillation at doses of 0.0001-0.01%. No reduction in IOP-lowering response to OMDI was observed after repeated t.o. dosing with OMDI in dogs and monkeys. Additive IOP reduction to OMDI was noted with brinzolamide, timolol, and brimonidine in rabbits and monkeys. OMDI 0.002% t.o. decreased IOP by stimulating the conventional (TM) and uveoscleral (UVSC) outflow of aqueous humor (AQH) in OHT monkeys. In a Phase-III clinical investigation, 0.002% OMDI (once daily t.o.) reduced IOP by 5-6 mmHg in OHT/primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (22-34 mmHg baseline IOPs) that was maintained over 12-months. In an additional month-long clinical study, 0.002% OMDI induced IOP-lowering equivalent to that of latanoprost (0.005%), a prostanoid FP-receptor agonist, thus OMDI was noninferior to latanoprost. Additive IOPreduction was also noted in OHT/OAG patients when OMDI (0.002%, once daily t.o.) and timolol (0.05%, twice daily t.o.) were administered. Patients with OHT/POAG who were low responders or nonresponders to latanoprost (0.005%, q.d.; t.o.) experienced significant IOP-lowering (additional approximately 3 mmHg) when they were switched over to OMDI 0.002% (q.d.; t.o.). No systemic or ocular adverse reactions (e.g. iris color changes/deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus/abnormal eyelash growth) were noted after a year-long, once-daily t.o. dosing with 0.002 % OMDI in OHT/POAG patients. However, OMDI caused transient conjunctival hyperemia. These characteristics of OMDI render it a suitable new medication for treating OHT and various types of glaucoma, especially where elevated IOP is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Eye-ACP Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London UK; Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London UK; Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX USA.
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Yuan S, Shen DD, Jia R, Sun JS, Song J, Liu HM. New drug approvals for 2022: Synthesis and clinical applications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2352-2391. [PMID: 37211904 DOI: 10.1002/med.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a total of 37 new drugs in 2022, which are composed of 20 chemical entities and 17 biologics. In particular, 20 chemical entities, including 17 small molecule drugs, 1 radiotherapy, and 2 diagnostic agents, provide privileged scaffolds, breakthrough clinical benefits, and a new mechanism of action for the discovery of more potent clinical candidates. The structure-based drug development with clear targets and fragment-based drug development with privileged scaffolds have always been the important modules in the field of drug discovery, which could easily bypass the patent protection and bring about improved biological activity. Therefore, we summarized the relevant valuable information about clinical application, mechanism of action, and chemical synthesis of 17 newly approved small molecule drugs in 2022. We hope this timely and comprehensive review could bring about creative and elegant inspiration on the synthetic methodologies and mechanism of action for the discovery of new drugs with novel chemical scaffolds and extended clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou China, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ju-Shan Sun
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Wu CM. New Glaucoma Medications. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2023; 63:13-21. [PMID: 37755441 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
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Pearson TJ, Shimazumi R, Driscoll JL, Dherange BD, Park DI, Levin MD. Aromatic nitrogen scanning by ipso-selective nitrene internalization. Science 2023; 381:1474-1479. [PMID: 37769067 PMCID: PMC10910605 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen scanning in aryl fragments is a valuable aspect of the drug discovery process, but current strategies require time-intensive, parallel, bottom-up synthesis of each pyridyl isomer because of a lack of direct carbon-to-nitrogen (C-to-N) replacement reactions. We report a site-directable aryl C-to-N replacement reaction allowing unified access to various pyridine isomers through a nitrene-internalization process. In a two-step, one-pot procedure, aryl azides are first photochemically converted to 3H-azepines, which then undergo an oxidatively triggered C2-selective cheletropic carbon extrusion through a spirocyclic azanorcaradiene intermediate to afford the pyridine products. Because the ipso carbon of the aryl nitrene is excised from the molecule, the reaction proceeds regioselectively without perturbation of the remainder of the substrate. Applications are demonstrated in the abbreviated synthesis of a pyridyl derivative of estrone, as well as in a prototypical nitrogen scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ryoma Shimazumi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Julia L. Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dong-Il Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Zhang JY, Wang YT, Sun L, Wang SQ, Chen ZS. Synthesis and clinical application of new drugs approved by FDA in 2022. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:26. [PMID: 37661221 PMCID: PMC10475455 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry had a glorious year in 2022, with a total of 37 new drugs including 20 new chemical entities (NCEs) and 17 new biological entities (NBEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drugs are mainly concentrated in oncology, central nervous system, antiinfection, hematology, cardiomyopathy, dermatology, digestive system, ophthalmology, MRI enhancer and other therapeutic fields. Of the 37 drugs, 25 (68%) were approved through an expedited review pathway, and 19 (51%) were approved to treat rare diseases. These newly listed drugs have unique structures and new mechanisms of action, which can serve as lead compounds for designing new drugs with similar biological targets and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to outline the clinical applications and synthetic methods of 19 NCEs newly approved by the FDA in 2022, but excludes contrast agent (Xenon Xe-129). We believe that an in-depth understanding of the synthetic methods of drug molecules will provide innovative and practical inspiration for the development of new, more effective, and practical synthetic techniques. According to the therapeutic areas of these 2022 FDA-approved drugs, we have classified these 19 NCEs into seven categories and will introduce them in the order of their approval for marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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Hikage F, Watanabe M, Sato T, Umetsu A, Tsugeno Y, Furuhashi M, Ohguro H. Simultaneous Effects of a Selective EP2 Agonist, Omidenepag, and a Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase Inhibitor, Ripasudil, on Human Orbital Fibroblasts. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:439-448. [PMID: 37352418 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the combined effects of omidenepag (OMD), a selective EP2 agonist, and ripasudil (Rip), an inhibitor of rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinases, on the human orbital adipose tissue, two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human orbital fibroblasts (HOFs) were employed. Methods: Cellular metabolic functions (2D), physical (3D), lipid staining (3D), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for adipogenesis-related genes, PPARγ and AP2, and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, including collagen (COL)1, 4, and 6, and fibronectin (FN) (3D) were evaluated in the presence of OMD (100 nM) and/or Rip (10 μM). Results: Real-time metabolic analyses revealed that the adipogenic differentiation (DIF+) with OMD significantly shifted an energetic state toward energetic, whereas DIF+ with Rip significantly shifted that toward quiescent. In the case of both drugs upon DIF+, the metabolic effect of OMD was predominant. DIF+ induced enlargement and stiffed 3D spheroid with increased lipid staining and mRNA expression of adipogenesis-related genes, COL4 and COL6, and decreased the expression of COL1. In the presence of OMD and/or Rip to DIF+, (1) the sizes were further increased by Rip and the stiffness was significantly decreased by OMD or Rip and (2) COL4 or AP2 expression was substantially increased by OMD or Rip, respectively. Conclusion: The results presented herein indicate that the metabolic effects of OMD and Rip exerted opposing effects and the effects of OMD toward Ap2 and ECM expressions were distinct from those of Rip, but the effects of OMD toward the physical aspects and adipogenesis of the 3D cultured HOFs were similar to the effects of Rip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Hikage
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, and School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuri Tsugeno
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, and School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
An analysis of 156 published clinical candidates from the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry between 2018 and 2021 was conducted to identify lead generation strategies most frequently employed leading to drug candidates. As in a previous publication, the most frequent lead generation strategies resulting in clinical candidates were from known compounds (59%) followed by random screening approaches (21%). The remainder of the approaches included directed screening, fragment screening, DNA-encoded library screening (DEL), and virtual screening. An analysis of similarity was also conducted based on Tanimoto-MCS and revealed most clinical candidates were distant from their original hits; however, most shared a key pharmacophore that translated from hit-to-clinical candidate. An examination of frequency of oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and sulfur incorporation in clinical candidates was also conducted. The three most similar and least similar hit-to-clinical pairs from random screening were examined to provide perspective on changes that occur that lead to successful clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Brown
- Jnana Therapeutics, One Design Center Pl Suite 19-400, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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Sharif NA. Recently Approved Drugs for Lowering and Controlling Intraocular Pressure to Reduce Vision Loss in Ocular Hypertensive and Glaucoma Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:791. [PMID: 37375739 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors abound and have been validated for this glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the major one is ocular hypertension (OHT), which results from the accumulation of excess aqueous humor (AQH) fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Millions around the world suffer from this asymptomatic and progressive degenerative eye disease. Since clinical evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the reduction in elevated IOP/OHT and GON progression, many drugs, devices, and surgical techniques have been developed to lower and control IOP. The constant quest for new pharmaceuticals and other modalities with superior therapeutic indices has recently yielded health authority-approved novel drugs with unique pharmacological signatures and mechanism(s) of action and AQH drainage microdevices for effectively and durably treating OHT. A unique nitric oxide-donating conjugate of latanoprost, an FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG; latanoprostene bunod), new rho kinase inhibitors (ripasudil; netarsudil), a novel non-PG EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl), and a form of FP-receptor PG in a slow-release intracameral implant (Durysta) represent the additions to the pharmaceutical toolchest to mitigate the ravages of OHT. Despite these advances, early diagnosis of OHT and glaucoma still lags behind and would benefit from further concerted effort and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Eye-APC Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London SW7 2BX, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Wang N, Mei H, Dhawan G, Zhang W, Han J, Soloshonok VA. New Approved Drugs Appearing in the Pharmaceutical Market in 2022 Featuring Fragments of Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorine. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093651. [PMID: 37175060 PMCID: PMC10180415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The strategic fluorination of oxidatively vulnerable sites in bioactive compounds is a relatively recent, widely used approach allowing us to modulate the stability, bio-absorption, and overall efficiency of pharmaceutical drugs. On the other hand, natural and tailor-made amino acids are traditionally used as basic scaffolds for the development of bioactive molecules. The main goal of this review article is to emphasize these general trends featured in recently approved pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Gagan Dhawan
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University, Dwarka, New Delhi 110075, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
- Delhi School of Skill Enhancement and Entrepreneurship Development, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Kumon M, Fuwa M, Shimazaki A, Odani-Kawabata N, Iwamura R, Yoneda K, Kato M. Downregulation of COL12A1 and COL13A1 by a selective EP2 receptor agonist, omidenepag, in human trabecular meshwork cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280331. [PMID: 36630412 PMCID: PMC9833537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) is an intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drug used to treat glaucoma. The active form of OMDI, omidenepag (OMD), lowers elevated IOP, the main risk factor for glaucoma, by increasing the aqueous humor outflow; however, a detailed understanding of this mechanism is lacking. To clarify the IOP-lowering mechanism of OMDI, the effects of OMD on the mRNA expression of the extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were evaluated in human trabecular meshwork cells. Under 2D culture conditions, the mRNA expression of FN1, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL12A1, and COL13A1 decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after 6 or 24 h treatment with 10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 μM OMD, while that of COL18A1 decreased after 6 h treatment with 1 μM OMD. Significant changes in expression were observed for many MMP and TIMP genes. Under 3D culture conditions, the extracellular matrix-related genes COL12A1 and COL13A1 were downregulated by OMD treatment at all three concentrations. Under both 2D and 3D culture conditions, COL12A1 and COL13A1 were downregulated following OMD treatment. Reduction in the extracellular matrix contributes to the decrease in outflow resistance, suggesting that the downregulation of the two related genes may be one of the factors influencing the IOP-lowering effect of OMDI. Our findings provide insights for the use of OMDI in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kumon
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fuwa
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Atsushi Shimazaki
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Iwamura
- Pharmaceutical Division, Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, UBE Corporation, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoneda
- Pharmaceutical Division, Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, UBE Corporation, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masatomo Kato
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
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Kaplan TM, Sit AJ. Emerging drugs for the treatment of glaucoma: a review of phase II & III trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:321-331. [PMID: 35924872 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and the leading cause of irreversible vision loss. By 2040, the number of individuals with glaucoma is expected to nearly double. The only known modifiable risk factor for glaucoma is intraocular pressure. Topical medications are often used as first-line therapies. Although there are numerous available treatments, there continues to be a need for the development of new medical therapies due to variable response, intolerable side-effect profiles in some patients, and elevated intraocular pressure refractory to other treatments. AREAS COVERED This review will cover glaucoma medications currently undergoing phase II and III of drug development. EXPERT OPINION There are numerous drugs currently in development that have demonstrated significant and clinically relevant reduction of intraocular pressure. Differentiating factors include improved tolerability, novel mechanisms of action, multiple mechanisms of action, or superior IOP reduction. However, the availability of generic prostaglandin analogs may limit adoption of these novel compounds as first-line agents, except for certain subgroups of glaucoma patients. Use as adjuvant or second-line therapy appears more likely for the majority of glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Arthur J Sit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Matsuo M, Matsuoka Y, Tanito M. Efficacy and Patient Tolerability of Omidenepag Isopropyl in the Treatment of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:1261-1279. [PMID: 35510270 PMCID: PMC9058248 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s340386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic approaches for glaucoma aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the only available and reliable strategy proven to control the risk of disease development and progression. Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) is a novel topical ocular hypotensive agent that was launched onto the market for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT). After topical instillation and during corneal penetration, OMDI is converted into the active metabolite omidenepag (OMD), which behaves as a non-prostaglandin, selective E-prostanoid subtype 2 (EP2) receptor agonist. The topical administration of 0.002% OMDI once-daily (QD) possesses a 20–35% IOP-lowering effect, comparable to that of prostaglandin analogs targeting F-prostanoid (FP) receptor QD, which are the current first-line for pharmaceutical reduction of IOP. However, the mechanism of action and adverse events (AEs) of OMDI are different from those of FP receptor agonists. OMDI reduces IOP by enhancing both conventional trabecular and uveoscleral outflow facilities without complications of prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy (PAP) seen with FP receptor agonists. Moreover, OMDI was also effective and well-tolerated in non-/poor responders to latanoprost and showed a stable IOP-lowering effect for one year, and its concomitant use with timolol enhanced the IOP-lowering effect. OMDI demonstrated acceptable safety and tolerability with good adherence and can be used in almost every patient. However, OMDI has some AEs such as conjunctival hyperemia, corneal thickening, macular edema/cystoid macular edema and ocular inflammation. Moreover, OMDI is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to the product, in aphakic or pseudophakic eyes, and in combination with tafluprost eye drops. If used appropriately in the right patients, OMDI could be an effective treatment option for glaucoma and OHT as a first-line alternative to FP agonists. Here, we summarize the results of clinical studies of OMDI and discuss its efficacy and patient tolerability in glaucoma and OHT in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Matsuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: Masato Matsuo, Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya 89-1, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan, Tel +81-853-20-2284, Fax +81-853-20-2278, Email
| | - Yotaro Matsuoka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8506, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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Nakazawa T, Takahashi K, Kuwayama Y, Nomura A, Shimada F. Interim Results of Post-Marketing Observational Study of Omidenepag Isopropyl for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension in Japan. Adv Ther 2022; 39:1359-1374. [PMID: 35072890 PMCID: PMC8918093 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-02035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This post-marketing observational interim analysis evaluated the 12-month effectiveness and safety of omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) ophthalmic solution in daily clinical settings. Methods This was a multicenter, large-scale, non-interventional, prospective, observational study conducted in Japan. The target enrollment was 3900 patients, and the overall observation period was 12 months. Patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OH) with no previous history of OMDI use were enrolled. The key endpoints were change in intraocular pressure (IOP) from baseline and the incidence of adverse reactions (ADRs). Results A total of 1862 patients were evaluated in this 12-month interim analysis. Most patients were diagnosed with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG, 62.0%). The treatment patterns with OMDI were naïve monotherapy (48.4%), switching monotherapy (18.4%), and concomitant therapy (31.1%). The overall incidence of ADRs was 24.3%, which was similar between the monotherapy and concomitant therapy groups. Common ADRs were conjunctival hyperemia, refractive disorder, and myopia. Macular edema was observed in four patients. No ADRs categorized as prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy were observed. There was a significant reduction in mean IOP at 12 months, with a change of − 1.9 ± 2.9 mmHg from baseline (reduction − 10.4 ± 16.5%). The mean IOP change from baseline was − 2.7 ± 2.6 mmHg in the naïve monotherapy group, − 1.1 ± 2.6 mmHg in the switching monotherapy group, and − 1.6 ± 3.1 mmHg in the concomitant therapy group (all P < 0.05). The mean IOP decreased by − 2.5 ± 3.2 mmHg, − 1.5 ± 2.4 mmHg, and − 2.3 ± 4.5 mmHg in the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), NTG, and OH groups, respectively. The treatment persistence with OMDI was 82.4%. Conclusion This study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of OMDI for glaucoma and OH as monotherapy and concomitant therapy in daily clinical settings. In this interim analysis, OMDI showed a favorable benefit–risk profile, and can be first-line therapy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kanji Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kuwayama
- Fukushima Eye Clinic, 5-6-16, Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0003, Japan
| | - Akio Nomura
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 4-20, Ofukacho, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8552, Japan.
| | - Fumiki Shimada
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 4-20, Ofukacho, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8552, Japan
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16
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Liu P, Wang F, Song Y, Wang M, Zhang X. Current situation and progress of drugs for reducing intraocular pressure. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221140392. [PMID: 36479139 PMCID: PMC9720821 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221140392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, usually causes characteristic optic nerve damage. Pathological intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a major risk factor. Drug reduction of IOP is the preferred treatment for clinicians because it can delay the progression of disease. However, the traditional IOP-lowering drugs currently used by patients may be poorly tolerated. Therefore, in recent years, some new drugs have been put into clinical application or in clinical phase I–III studies. They have a better IOP-lowering effect and fewer adverse reactions. Because glaucoma is a chronic disease, drugs need to be administered continuously for a long time. For patients, good compliance and high drug bioavailability have a positive effect on the prognosis of the disease. Therefore, clinicians and scientists have developed drug delivery systems to solve this complex problem. In addition, natural compounds and dietary supplements have a good effect of reducing IOP, and they can also protect the optic nerve through antioxidant action. We summarize the current traditional drugs, new drugs, sustained-release drug delivery systems, and complementary drugs and outline the mechanism of action and clinical effects of these drugs on glaucoma and their recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Menghui Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
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Storgaard L, Tran TL, Freiberg JC, Hauser AS, Kolko M. Glaucoma Clinical Research: Trends in Treatment Strategies and Drug Development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:733080. [PMID: 34589504 PMCID: PMC8473801 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.733080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the trends and progresses in glaucoma research by searching two major clinical trial registries; clinicaltrials.gov, and Australianclinicaltrials.gov.au. Methods: All clinical trials with glaucoma covered by Clinicaltrials.gov, and Australianclinicaltrials.gov.au starting the study before 1 January 2021 were included. Trials evaluating glaucoma treatment were separated from non-treatment trials and divided into three major categories: "laser treatment," "surgical treatment," and "medical treatment." In the category of "medical treatment," new compounds and their individual targets were identified and subcategorized according to treatment strategy; intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering, neuroprotective or vascular. The phase transition success rates were calculated. Results: One-thousand five hundred and thirty-seven trials were identified. Sixty-three percent (n = 971) evaluated glaucoma treatment, of which medical treatment accounted for the largest proportion (53%). The majority of medical trials evaluated IOP-lowering compounds, while trials with neuroprotective or vascular compounds accounted for only 5 and 3%, respectively. Eighty-eight new compounds were identified. Phase I, II, and III transition success rates were 63, 26, and 47%, respectively. Conclusion: The number of clinical trials in glaucoma research has increased significantly over the last 30 years. Among the most recently evaluated compounds, all three main treatment strategies were represented, but clinical trials in neuroprotection and vascular modalities are still sparse. In addition to traditional medicines, dietary supplements and growth factors are assessed for a potential anti-glaucomatous effect. Phase II and III success rates were below previously reported success rates for all diseases and ophthalmology in general. A stricter phenotyping of patients can improve the success rates in glaucoma and ophthalmological research and gain a better understanding of responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Storgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thuy Linh Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander S. Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wu X, Yang X, Liang Q, Xue X, Huang J, Wang J, Xu Y, Tong R, Liu M, Zhou Q, Shi J. Drugs for the treatment of glaucoma: Targets, structure-activity relationships and clinical research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113842. [PMID: 34536672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the third leading cause of blindness and impairment of vision worldwide, after refractive errors and cataracts. According to the survey, the number of people with glaucoma is more than 76 million, with projections increasing to 112 million by 2040. With the coming of an aging society, the number of people suffering from glaucoma will increase day by day. Glaucoma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by damage to the head of the optic nerve and visual field. High intraocular pressure is a major risk and cause of glaucoma optic neuropathy. Therefore, drug lowering intraocular pressure therapy is still the first-line therapy in clinical practice. Here, the targets, structure-activity relationship, and clinical progress of drugs for the treatment of glaucoma are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Xiali Xue
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Maoyu Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Qiaodan Zhou
- Ultrasonography Lab, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan, 610072, China.
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Aihara M. Prostanoid receptor agonists for glaucoma treatment. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:581-590. [PMID: 34228229 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure reduction is the only available and evidence-based medical therapy for glaucoma. Currently, the first-line eye drops are prostaglandin analogues including latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost. These drugs stimulate intraocular prostanoid false positive (FP) receptors and reduce intraocular pressure by increasing mainly uveoscleral aqueous outflow. For 2 decades since latanoprost was launched, no drug has been comparable in its efficacy. In 2018, a prostanoid EP2 agonist, omidenepag, was launched in Japan. Current FP agonists and EP2 agonists indicate comparable intraocular pressure reduction by stimulating prostanoid FP or EP2 receptors. However, their safety profiles are quite different because of the differences between the intracellular signaling pathways through their own receptors. Including these commercially available FP and EP2 receptor agonists, prostanoid receptors have a large potential to control intraocular pressure. In this review I will trace the history and development of FP and EP2 receptor agonists from their original function, and explain their potential as first-line drugs including elucidation of their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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20
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Simultaneous Use of ROCK Inhibitors and EP2 Agonists Induces Unexpected Effects on Adipogenesis and the Physical Properties of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094648. [PMID: 33925005 PMCID: PMC8125646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the additive effects of an EP2 agonist, omidenepag (OMD) or butaprost (Buta) on the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, ripasudil (Rip) on adipose tissue, two- or three-dimension (2D or 3D) cultures of 3T3-L1 cells were analyzed by lipid staining, the mRNA expression of adipogenesis-related genes, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules including collagen (Col) -1, -4 and -6, and fibronectin (Fn), and the sizes and physical properties of 3D organoids, as measured by a micro-squeezer. The results indicate that adipogenesis induced (1) an enlargement of the 3D organoids; (2) a substantial enhancement in lipid staining as well as the expression of the Pparγ, Ap2 and Leptin genes; (3) a significant softening of the 3D organoids, the effects of which were all enhanced by Rip except for Pparγ expression; and (4) a significant downregulation in Col1 and Fn, and a significant upregulation in Col4, Col6, the effects of which were unchanged by Rip. When adding the EP2 agonist to Rip, (1) the sizes of the 3D organoids were reduced substantially; (2) lipid staining was increased (OMD), or decreased (Buta); (3) the stiffness of the 3D organoids was substantially increased in Buta; (4-1) the expression of Pparγ was suppressed (2D, OMD) or increased (2D, Buta), and the expressions of Ap2 were downregulated (2D, 3D) and Leptin was increased (2D) or decreased (3D), (4-2) all the expressions of four ECM molecules were upregulated in 2D (2D), and in 3D, the expression of Col1, Col4 was upregulated. The collective findings reported herein indicate that the addition of an EP2 agonist, OMD or Buta significantly but differently modulate the Rip-induced effects on adipogenesis and the physical properties of 2D and 3D cultured 3T3-L1 cells.
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21
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Shirai C, Tsuda S, Tarasawa K, Fushimi K, Fujimori K, Nakazawa T. Risk factors leading to trabeculectomy surgery of glaucoma patient using Japanese nationwide administrative claims data: a retrospective non-interventional cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 33781215 PMCID: PMC8008563 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-01897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early recognition and management of baseline risk factors may play an important role in reducing glaucoma surgery burdens. However, no studies have investigated them using real-world data in Japan or other countries. This study aimed to clarify the risk factors leading to trabeculectomy surgery, which is the most common procedure of glaucoma surgery, of glaucoma patient using the Japanese nationwide administrative claims data associated with the diagnosis procedure combination (DPC) system. METHODS It was a retrospective, non-interventional cohort study. Data were collected from patients who were admitted to DPC participating hospitals, nationwide acute care hospitals and were diagnosed with glaucoma between 2012 to 2018. The primary outcome was the risk factors associated with trabeculectomy surgery. The association between baseline characteristics and trabeculectomy surgery was identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis by comparing patients with and without trabeculectomy surgery. Meanwhile, the secondary outcomes included the rate of comorbidities, the rate of concomitant drug use and the treatment patterns of glaucoma eye drops at the index admission. Among patients with trabeculectomy surgery, the risk factors leading to cataract surgery were also evaluated as subgroup analysis. RESULTS A total of 29,599 patients included in the analysis, 12,038 and 17,561 patients were in the glaucoma surgery and non-glaucoma surgery cohorts, respectively. The factors associated with the increase in trabeculectomy surgery were having allergies, taking concomitant drugs including cancer, depression, ischemic heart disease and peptic ulcer, being diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma and longer length of stay in hospital. In contrast, the factors associated with the decrease in trabeculectomy surgery were having hypertension, taking hypertension drug, age ≥ 80 and female. CONCLUSIONS Special focus on Japanese patients with glaucoma who have allergy-related comorbidities or take immune, nervous, circulatory or gastrointestinal system-related concomitant drugs seems to be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shirai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kunio Tarasawa
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Fujimori
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
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22
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Fuwa M, Shimazaki A, Odani-Kawabata N, Kirihara T, Taniguchi T, Iwamura R, Yoneda K, Kato M, Morishima K, Shams NK. Additive Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effects of a Novel Selective EP2 Receptor Agonist, Omidenepag Isopropyl, Combined with Existing Antiglaucoma Agents in Conscious Ocular Normotensive Monkeys. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:223-229. [PMID: 33600237 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects of omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), a potent and highly selective prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, as a potential first-line ocular hypotensive agent when combined with existing antiglaucoma agents in conscious ocular normotensive monkeys. Methods: Male cynomolgus monkeys were examined under conscious conditions. OMDI ophthalmic solution alone was topically applied to an eye or combined with other ophthalmic solutions at 5-min intervals. The contralateral eye was left untreated. IOP was measured before and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after instillation. Results: Topical application of OMDI to the eye resulted in statistically significant IOP reduction, which lasted for at least 6 h. The IOP-lowering effects of OMDI concomitantly administered with any of the tested antiglaucoma agents (timolol, brinzolamide, netarsudil, ripasudil, and brimonidine) were greater than those of OMDI alone. Furthermore, these enhanced IOP responses to their concomitant use were statistically significant compared with those of the tested antiglaucoma agents alone. Any combination of OMDI with the tested agents did not lead to serious abnormalities either systemically or locally in the eye. Conclusions: We demonstrated that OMDI has additive IOP-lowering effects when administered in combination with various antiglaucoma agents, namely, β-adrenergic antagonist, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase inhibitors, and α2-adrenergic agonist. These results suggest that OMDI provides additional clinical benefits because of its unique mechanisms of action when combination therapy is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fuwa
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimazaki
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Noriko Odani-Kawabata
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan.,Product Development Division, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Tomoko Kirihara
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takazumi Taniguchi
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwamura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Ube Industries, Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoneda
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Ube Industries, Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masatomo Kato
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Kenji Morishima
- Product Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Naveed K Shams
- Product Development Division, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA.,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen, Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
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23
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Omidenepag Isopropyl Versus Latanoprost in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: The Phase 3 AYAME Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 220:53-63. [PMID: 32533949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), a selective, non-prostaglandin, prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, in Japanese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). DESIGN Phase III, randomized, investigator-masked, active-controlled, parallel-group, noninferiority study (ClinicalTrials.govNCT02623738). METHODS After a washout period of 1-4 weeks, eligible patients were randomized (1:1) to OMDI 0.002% or latanoprost 0.005% once daily for 4 weeks. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at 9:00 AM, 1:00 PM, and 5:00 PM at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in mean diurnal IOP at week 4. The noninferiority margin for OMDI versus latanoprost was 1.5 mm Hg. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. RESULTS Of the 190 patients randomized, 189 had at least 1 post-baseline IOP measurement. At baseline, patients who received OMDI or latanoprost had a mean ± SD diurnal IOP of 23.78 ± 1.73 mm Hg and 23.40 ± 1.51 mm Hg, respectively. At week 4, least-squares mean ± SE reduction in IOP from baseline with OMDI (-5.93 ± 0.23 mm Hg) was noninferior to that of latanoprost (-6.56 ± 0.22 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval between groups: 0.01-1.26). The most frequently reported treatment-related ocular AEs (OMDI vs latanoprost) were conjunctival hyperemia (23/94 patients [24.5%] vs 10/96 patients [10.4%]), corneal thickening (11/94 patients [11.7%] vs 1/96 patients [1.0%]), and punctate keratitis (0/94 patients vs 5/96 patients [5.2%]). No serious AEs were observed in either group, and there were no discontinuations related to the study drug. CONCLUSIONS OMDI 0.002% was noninferior to latanoprost 0.005% in reducing IOP in patients with OHT or POAG and was well tolerated.
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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25
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Esaki Y, Katsuta O, Kamio H, Noto T, Mano H, Iwamura R, Yoneda K, Odani-Kawabata N, Morishima K, Shams NK. The Antiglaucoma Agent and EP2 Receptor Agonist Omidenepag Does Not Affect Eyelash Growth in Mice. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:529-533. [PMID: 32412835 PMCID: PMC7482127 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study investigated the effects of the antiglaucoma agent and selective E2 receptor agonist omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) on eyelash growth in comparison with a prostaglandin analog (prostamide receptor agonist) in mice. Methods: Four-week-old female mice (C57BL/6J) were divided into 3 groups of n = 10 each. The groups were administered 3 μL of 0.003% OMDI solution, the vehicle (negative control), or a 0.03% bimatoprost solution (positive control) on the upper eyelids of the right eyes once daily for 14 days. On the 15th day, all animals were euthanized, and the upper eyelids with eyelashes were fixed with 10% neutral formalin. Eyelashes were evaluated for number, length, and thickness using a stereomicroscope. Specimens were then paraffin-embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, followed by microscopic examination to assess eyelash morphology and growth cycle. Results: Eyelash number (143.5 ± 6.7/eyelid), thickness, and percentage of dermal papilla in the anagen phase in the OMDI group were similar to those observed in the vehicle group (eyelash number, 144.2 ± 5.7/eyelid). In contrast, eyelash number (166.7 ± 7.0/eyelid), thickness, and the percentage of dermal papilla in the anagen phase were significantly greater in the bimatoprost group compared with those of the vehicle group. Conclusions: Unlike existing prostaglandin analogs, our findings indicate that OMDI has no effect on eyelash growth in mice, suggesting that it may be a promising antiglaucoma agent with a reduced number of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Esaki
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan
| | - Osamu Katsuta
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kamio
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan
| | - Takahisa Noto
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Mano
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwamura
- Ube Industries, Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoneda
- Ube Industries, Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriko Odani-Kawabata
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.,Santen, Inc., Research and Development Division, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Kenji Morishima
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan
| | - Naveed K Shams
- Santen, Inc., Research and Development Division, Emeryville, California, USA
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26
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff E, Fink SJ, Helal CJ, DeForest JC, Morse PD, Mahapatra S, O’Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to New Drugs Approved during 2018. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10652-10704. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Flick
- Takeda California, Inc., 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Leverett
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X. Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma McInturff
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J. Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Jacob C. DeForest
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter D. Morse
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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27
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:770-803. [PMID: 32162523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2686] [Impact Index Per Article: 671.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review is an updated and expanded version of the five prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997, 2003, 2007, 2012, and 2016. For all approved therapeutic agents, the time frame has been extended to cover the almost 39 years from the first of January 1981 to the 30th of September 2019 for all diseases worldwide and from ∼1946 (earliest so far identified) to the 30th of September 2019 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. As in earlier reviews, only the first approval of any drug is counted, irrespective of how many "biosimilars" or added approvals were subsequently identified. As in the 2012 and 2016 reviews, we have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic", or "NM", to join the original primary divisions, and the designation "natural product botanical", or "NB", to cover those botanical "defined mixtures" now recognized as drug entities by the FDA (and similar organizations). From the data presented in this review, the utilization of natural products and/or synthetic variations using their novel structures, in order to discover and develop the final drug entity, is still alive and well. For example, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from 1946 to 1980, of the 75 small molecules, 40, or 53.3%, are N or ND. In the 1981 to date time frame the equivalent figures for the N* compounds of the 185 small molecules are 62, or 33.5%, though to these can be added the 58 S* and S*/NMs, bringing the figure to 64.9%. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked with, as expected from prior information, the anti-infective area being dependent on natural products and their structures, though as can be seen in the review there are still disease areas (shown in Table 2) for which there are no drugs derived from natural products. Although combinatorial chemistry techniques have succeeded as methods of optimizing structures and have been used very successfully in the optimization of many recently approved agents, we are still able to identify only two de novo combinatorial compounds (one of which is a little speculative) approved as drugs in this 39-year time frame, though there is also one drug that was developed using the "fragment-binding methodology" and approved in 2012. We have also added a discussion of candidate drug entities currently in clinical trials as "warheads" and some very interesting preliminary reports on sources of novel antibiotics from Nature due to the absolute requirement for new agents to combat plasmid-borne resistance genes now in the general populace. We continue to draw the attention of readers to the recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated"; thus we consider that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- NIH Special Volunteer, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, United States
| | - Gordon M Cragg
- NIH Special Volunteer, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, United States
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28
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Yamamoto Y, Taniguchi T, Inazumi T, Iwamura R, Yoneda K, Odani-Kawabata N, Matsugi T, Sugimoto Y, Shams NK. Effects of the Selective EP2 Receptor Agonist Omidenepag on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:162-169. [PMID: 31934812 PMCID: PMC7175626 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed at comparing the effects of omidenepag (OMD) with those of prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists (FP agonists) on adipogenesis in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Methods: To evaluate the agonistic activities of OMD against the mouse EP2 (mEP2) receptor, we determined cAMP contents in mEP2 receptor-expressing CHO cells by using radioimmunoassays. Overall, 3T3-L1 cells were cultured in differentiation medium for 10 days and adipocyte differentiation was assessed according to Oil Red O-stained cell areas. Changes in expression levels of the adipogenic transcription factors Pparg, Cebpa, and Cebpb were determined by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). OMD at 0.1, 1, 10, and 40 μmol/L, latanoprost free acid (LAT-A) at 0.1 μmol/L, or prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), at 0.1 μmol/L were added to cell culture media during adipogenesis. Oil Red O-stained areas and expression patterns of transcription factor targets of OMD or FP agonists were compared with those of untreated controls. Results: The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of OMD against the mEP2 receptor was 3.9 nmol/L. Accumulations of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets were observed inside control cells on day 10. LAT-A and PGF2α significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets; however, OMD had no effect on this process even at concentrations up to 40 μmol/L. LAT-A and PGF2α significantly suppressed Pparg, Cebpa, and Cebpb gene expression levels during adipocyte differentiation. Conversely, OMD had no obvious effects on the expression levels of these genes. Conclusions: A selective EP2 receptor agonist, OMD, did not affect the adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, whereas FP agonists significantly inhibited this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamamoto
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Takazumi Taniguchi
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inazumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwamura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Ube Industries, Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoneda
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Ube Industries, Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriko Odani-Kawabata
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.,Research and Development Division, Santen, Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Takeshi Matsugi
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naveed K Shams
- Research and Development Division, Santen, Inc., Emeryville, California
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29
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Jarvis A, Ouvry G. Essential ingredients for rational drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126674. [PMID: 31521476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This short review focuses on three aspects of rational drug design that we consider of utmost importance: the conformation of small molecules in solid form, the conformation of small molecules in solution and lesser studied interactions in protein-ligand complexes. Using examples from recent literature, we will illustrate these different aspects and how they have contributed to the discovery of potent modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Jarvis
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Ouvry
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom.
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30
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Cole JC, Wiggin S, Stanzione F. New insights and innovation from a million crystal structures in the Cambridge Structural Database. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:054301. [PMID: 31489338 PMCID: PMC6713555 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is the world's largest and most comprehensive collection of organic, organometallic, and metal-organic crystal structure information. Analyses using the data have wide impact across the chemical sciences in allowing understanding of structural preferences. In this short review, we illustrate the more common methods by which CSD data influence molecular design. We show how more data could lead to more refined insights into the future using a simple example of trifluoromethylphenyl fragments, highlighting how with sufficient data one can build a reasonable model of geometric change in a chemical fragment with torsional rotation, and show some recent examples where the CSD has been used in conjunction with other methods to provide design ideas and more computationally tractable workflows for derivation of useful insights into structural design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Cole
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Wiggin
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Stanzione
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Krauss AHP, Toris CB. Antiglaucoma EP 2 Agonists: A Long Road That Led Somewhere. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:469-474. [PMID: 31329508 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For >2 decades, EP2 agonists have been the subject of antiglaucoma research and development by scientists in industry and academia around the world. The road has led to the recent approval of the first drug of this class. This article reviews the development of EP2 agonists from conception to clinical approval, discussing pharmacology, structure, biodistribution, therapeutics, and drug delivery. An extensive list of source references is provided for the reader's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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32
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Luo Q, Huang R, Xiao Q, Kong LB, Lin J, Yan SJ. Cascade Reaction of 1,1-Enediamines with 2-Benzylidene-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-diones: Selective Synthesis of Indenodihydropyridine and Indenopyridine Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:6637-6646. [PMID: 31459789 PMCID: PMC6648820 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A concise and environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of diverse indenodihydropyridines (3) via a cascade reaction of 1,1-eneamines (1) with benzylidene-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-diones (BIDs) (2) in ethanol media was developed. The targeted compounds were efficiently obtained by only filtration without any further post-treatment. In the one-step cascade reaction, C-C and C-N bonds were constructed. In addition, when 1,4-dioxane was used as a solvent and the mixture of 1,1-eneamines (1) was refluxed with benzylidene-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-diones (BIDs) (2) for about 12 h, indenopyridine compounds (4) were produced. Two kinds of indenopyridine derivatives 3-4 resulted from alternative solvents and temperatures. The reaction had the following features: mild temperature, atom economy, high yields, and potential biological activity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun Lin
- E-mail: . Tel/fax: +86 87165031633 (J.L.)
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33
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Kong L, Yan S, Yao Y, Xiao Q, Lin J. Cascade Reactions Utilizing the Nucleophilic Properties of 1,1‐Enediamines for the Regioselective Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐2‐aminopyridines. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Bin Kong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural ResourceMinistry Education, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural ResourceMinistry Education, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural ResourceMinistry Education, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural ResourceMinistry Education, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural ResourceMinistry Education, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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34
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Zi QX, Yan SJ, Yang CL, Li K, Lin J. Three-Component Cascade Reaction of 1,1-Enediamines, N, N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal, and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Selective Synthesis of Diverse 2-Aminopyridine Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2863-2873. [PMID: 31459516 PMCID: PMC6648487 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach has been developed for the synthesis of three kinds of highly functionalized 2-aminopyridine derivatives (APDs) through a three-component reaction of 1,1-enediamines (EDAMs) 1, N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) 2, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 3-5 via a base-promoted cascade reaction, producing the desired products in good to excellent yields. This method represents a route to obtain a novel class of APDs in a concise, rapid, and practical manner. This approach is particularly attractive because of the following features: low cost, mild temperature, atom economy, high yields, and potential biological activity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun Lin
- E-mail: Phone/Fax: +86 87165031633 (J. L.)
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35
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Matsou A, Anastasopoulos E. Investigational drugs targeting prostaglandin receptors for the treatment of glaucoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:777-785. [PMID: 30227753 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1526279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin F2α analogs were the first prostaglandin agonists introduced for glaucoma treatment. Thanks to their efficacy and favorable tolerability they set a high bar in competition, with a resultant paucity in new hypotensive drug development for many years. However, the scientific community has shown recently a new interest in exploring new options for glaucoma treatment, generating a remarkable incentive in the marketplace for new drugs. AREAS COVERED This article reviews agents targeting prostaglandin receptors that are currently being investigated for glaucoma treatment. We searched published literature for agonists targeting all subtypes of prostaglandin receptors found in ocular tissues. EP and FP receptor agonists are currently in the spotlight of clinical research, while less attention is paid in DP receptor agonists. EXPERT OPINION Prostaglandin analogs, targeting different and combinations of receptor subtypes and compounds that exhibit additivity to commonly prescribed medications seem to be highly promising options. New treatments need to be safe, more effective, superior to existing therapies, tolerable and cost-effective. New generation compounds with multiple mechanisms of action or multiagent formulations are vigorously being investigated and generated in laboratories around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Matsou
- a 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Papageorgiou, Medical School , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Eleftherios Anastasopoulos
- a 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Papageorgiou, Medical School , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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