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Wu B, Liang Z, Lan H, Teng X, Wang C. The role of PKM2 in cancer progression and its structural and biological basis. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:261-275. [PMID: 38329688 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a subtype of pyruvate kinase (PK), has been shown to play an important role in the development of cancer. It regulates the last step of glycolytic pathway. PKM2 has both pyruvate kinase and protein kinase activity, and the conversion of these two functions of PKM2 depends on the mutual change of dimer and tetramer. The dimerization of PKM2 can promote the proliferation and growth of tumor cells, so inhibiting the dimerization of PKM2 is essential to curing cancer. The aggregation of PKM2 is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous cofactors as well as post-translational modification (PTM). Although there are many studies on the different aggregation of PKM2 in the process of tumor development, there are few summaries in recent years. In this review, we first introduce the role of PKM2 in various biological processes of tumor growth. Then, we summarize the aggregation regulation mechanism of PKM2 by various endogenous cofactors such as Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate (FBP), various amino acids, and post-translational modification (PTMs). Finally, the related inhibitors and agonists of PKM2 are summarized to provide reference for regulating PKM2 aggregation in the treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zuhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Liao M, Yao D, Wu L, Luo C, Wang Z, Zhang J, Liu B. Targeting the Warburg effect: A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:953-1008. [PMID: 38487001 PMCID: PMC10935242 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival, with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation, even under sufficient oxygen supply condition. This metabolic alteration, known as the Warburg effect, serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation. The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells. Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters (GLUTs), HKs, PFKs, LDHs, and PKM2. Moreover, the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins, such as FOXM1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1α, and c-Myc, can also influence cancer progression. Furthermore, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect. Additionally, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Notably, the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment. This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minru Liao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Lifeng Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chaodan Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Chen P, Lou L, Sharma B, Li M, Xie C, Yang F, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Gao L. Recent Advances on PKM2 Inhibitors and Activators in Cancer Applications. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2955-2973. [PMID: 37455458 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230714144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells, from the normal mode of glucose metabolism named glycolysis, is a pivotal characteristic of impending cancerous cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an important enzyme that catalyzes the final rate-limiting stage during glycolysis, is highly expressed in numerous types of tumors and aids in development of favorable conditions for the survival of tumor cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that PKM2 is one of promising targets for innovative drug discovery, especially for the developments of antitumor therapeutics. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent advancement on PKM2 modulators including inhibitors and activators in cancer applications. We also discussed the classifications of pyruvate kinases in mammals and the biological functions of PKM2 in this review. We do hope that this review would provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research on PKM2 modulators, which may benefit the development of more potent PKM2-related drug candidates to treat PKM2-associated diseases including cancers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Bigyan Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Mengchu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Chengliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yihang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
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Li TZ, Yang XT, Ma WJ, Ma YB, Li FJ, Wang YC, Chen JJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of artemyrianolide H derivatives as potential antihepatoma agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106617. [PMID: 37267793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Artemyrianolide H (AH) is a germacrene-type sesquiterpenolid isolated from Artemisia myriantha, and showed potent cytotoxicity against three human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2, Huh7, and SK-Hep-1 with IC50 values of 10.9, 7.2, and 11.9 µM, respectively. To reveal structure-activity relationship, 51 artemyrianolide H derivatives including 19 dimeric analogs were designed, synthesized, and assayed for their cytotoxicity against three human hepatoma cell lines. Among them, 34 compounds were more active than artemyrianolide H and sorafenib on the three cell lines. Especially, compound 25 exhibited the most promising activity with IC50 values of 0.7 (HepG2), 0.6 (Huh7), and 1.3 µM (SK-Hep-1), which were 15.5, 12.0, and 9.2-fold higher than that of AH and 16.4, 16.3 and 17.5-fold higher than that of sorafenib. Cytotoxicity evaluation on normal human liver cell lines (THLE-2) demonstrated good safety profile of compound 25 with SI of 1.9 (HepG2), 2.2 (Huh 7) and 1.0 (SK-Hep1). Further studies revealed that compound 25 dose-dependently arrested cells at G2/M phase which was correlated with the up-regulation of both cyclin B1 and p-CDK1, and induced apoptosis through the activation of mitochondrial pathways in HepG2 cells. In addition, the migratory and invasive abilities in HepG2 cells after treatment with 1.5 μM of compound 25 were decreased by 89% and 86% with the increase of E-cadherin expression accompanied by the decrease of N-cadherin, vimentin expression. Bioinformatics analysis based on machine learning predicted that PDGFRA and MAP2K2 might be acting targets of compound 25, and SPR assays demonstrated compound 25 were bound with PDGFRA and MAP2K2 with KD value of 0.168 nM, and 8.49 µM, respectively. This investigation proposed that compound 25 might be considered as a promising lead compound for the development of antihepatoma candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Feng-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yong-Cui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Zhu S, Sun P, Bennett S, Charlesworth O, Tan R, Peng X, Gu Q, Kujan O, Xu J. The therapeutic effect and mechanism of parthenolide in skeletal disease, cancers, and cytokine storm. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111218. [PMID: 37033622 PMCID: PMC10080395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenolide (PTL or PAR) was first isolated from Magnolia grandiflora and identified as a small molecule cancer inhibitor. PTL has the chemical structure of C15H20O3 with characteristics of sesquiterpene lactones and exhibits the biological property of inhibiting DNA biosynthesis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarise the recent research progress of medicinal PTL, including the therapeutic effects on skeletal diseases, cancers, and inflammation-induced cytokine storm. Mechanistic investigations reveal that PTL predominantly inhibits NF-κB activation and other signalling pathways, such as reactive oxygen species. As an inhibitor of NF-κB, PTL appears to inhibit several cytokines, including RANKL, TNF-α, IL-1β, together with LPS induced activation of NF-κB and NF-κB -mediated specific gene expression such as IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, ICAM-1, VCAM-1. It is also proposed that PTL could inhibit cytokine storms or hypercytokinemia triggered by COVID-19 via blocking the activation of NF-κB signalling. Understanding the pharmacologic properties of PTL will assist us in developing its therapeutic application for medical conditions, including arthritis, osteolysis, periodontal disease, cancers, and COVID-19-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sipin Zhu, ; Jiake Xu,
| | - Ping Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Oscar Charlesworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Renxiang Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sipin Zhu, ; Jiake Xu,
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Cheikh IA, El-Baba C, Youssef A, Saliba NA, Ghantous A, Darwiche N. Lessons learned from the discovery and development of the sesquiterpene lactones in cancer therapy and prevention. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1377-1405. [PMID: 36373806 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2147920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are one of the most diverse bioactive secondary metabolites found in plants and exhibit a broad range of therapeutic properties . SLs have been showing promising potential in cancer clinical trials, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their anticancer potential are being uncovered. Recent evidence also points to a potential utility of SLs in cancer prevention. AREAS COVERED This work evaluates SLs with promising anticancer potential based on cell, animal, and clinical models: Artemisinin, micheliolide, thapsigargin dehydrocostuslactone, arglabin, parthenolide, costunolide, deoxyelephantopin, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, atractylenolide 1, and xanthatin as well as their synthetic derivatives. We highlight actionable molecular targets and biological mechanisms underlying the anticancer therapeutic properties of SLs. This is complemented by a unique assessment of SL mechanisms of action that can be exploited in cancer prevention. We also provide insights into structure-activity and pharmacokinetic properties of SLs and their potential use in combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION We extract seven major lessons learned and present evidence-based solutions that can circumvent some scientific limitations or logistic impediments in SL anticancer research. SLs continue to be at the forefront of cancer drug discovery and are worth a joint interdisciplinary effort in order to leverage their potential in cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa A Cheikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chirine El-Baba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Akram Ghantous
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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LIU X, WANG X. Recent advances on the structural modification of parthenolide and its derivatives as anticancer agents. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:814-829. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhao Y, Chard Dunmall LS, Cheng Z, Wang Y, Si L. Natural products targeting glycolysis in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036502. [PMID: 36386122 PMCID: PMC9663463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many energy metabolism pathways exist in cancer, including glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. Tumor cells mainly generate energy through glycolysis to maintain growth and biosynthesis of tumor cells under aerobic conditions. Natural products regulate many steps in glycolysis and targeting glycolysis using natural products is a promising approach to cancer treatment. In this review, we exemplify the relationship between glycolysis and tumors, demonstrate the natural products that have been discovered to target glycolysis for cancer treatment and clarify the mechanisms involved in their actions. Natural products, such as resveratrol mostly found in red grape skin, licochalcone A derived from root of Glycyrrhiza inflate, and brusatol found in Brucea javanica and Brucea mollis, largely derived from plant or animal material, can affect glycolysis pathways in cancer by targeting glycolytic enzymes and related proteins, oncogenes, and numerous glycolytic signal proteins. Knowledge of how natural products regulate aerobic glycolysis will help illuminate the mechanisms by which these products can be used as therapeutics to inhibit cancer cell growth and regulate cellular metabolism. Systematic Review Registration: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, https://clinicaltrials.gov/, http://lib.zzu.edu.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhenguo Cheng
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lingling Si
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Jinling D, Liyuan F, Wenying F, Yuting H, Xiangyu T, Xiuning H, Yu T, Qianliang M, Linming G, Ning G, Peng L. Parthenolide promotes expansion of Nestin+ progenitor cells via Shh modulation and contributes to post-injury cerebellar replenishment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1051103. [PMID: 36386224 PMCID: PMC9651157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regeneration of injuries occurring in the central nervous system is extremely difficult. Studies have shown that the developing cerebellum can be repopulated by a group of Nestin-expressing progenitors (NEPs) after irradiation injury, suggesting that modulating the mobilization of NEPs is beneficial to promoting nerve regeneration. To date, however, effect of exogenous pharmaceutical agonist on NEPs mobilization remains unknown. Parthenolide (PTL), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from shoots of feverfew. Although it has been shown to possess several pharmacological activities and is considered to have potential therapeutic effects on the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury, its efficacy in promoting central nervous system (CNS) regeneration is unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role and possible mechanism of PTL on regeneration in injured CNS after irradiation using a developing cerebellum model. Methods: We investigated the radioprotective effects of PTL on the developing cerebellum by immunoblotting as well as immunofluorescence staining and ROS detection in vivo and in vitro experiments, and then determined the effects of PTL on NEPs in Nestin CFP and Nestin GFP fluorescent mice. Inducible lineage tracing analysis was used in Nestin-CreERT2×ROSA26-LSL YFP mice to label and track the fate of NEPs in the cerebellum after irradiation. Combined with cell biology and molecular biology techniques to determine changes in various cellular components in the cerebellum and possible mechanisms of PTL on NEPs mobilization in the injured developing cerebellum. Results: We found that PTL could attenuate radiation-induced acute injury of granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) in irradiated cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) by alleviating apoptosis through regulation of the cells' redox state. Moreover, PTL increased cerebellar Shh production and secretion by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting expansion of NEPs, which is the compensatory replenishment of granule neurons after radiation damage. Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that activation and expansion of NEPs are critical for regeneration of the injured cerebellum, and that PTL is a promising drug candidate to influence this process.
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Rihan M, Sharma SS. Role of Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:382-402. [PMID: 36178660 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world's leading cause of death, accounting for 32% of all fatalities. Although therapeutic agents are available for CVDs, however, most of them have significant limitations such as the time-dependency effect, hypotension, and bradycardia. To overcome the limitations of current pharmacological therapies, new molecular targets and pathways need to be identified and investigated to provide better treatment options for CVDs. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and targeting PKM2 by its modulators (inhibitors and activators) has shown promising results in several CVDs. PKM2 regulates gene activation in the context of apoptosis, mitosis, hypoxia, inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming. PKM2 modulators might have a significant impact on the molecular pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. Therefore, PKM2 modulators can be one of the therapeutic options for CVDs. This review provides an insight into PKM2 involvement in various CVDs along with their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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11
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Targeting Glucose Metabolism Enzymes in Cancer Treatment: Current and Emerging Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194568. [PMID: 36230492 PMCID: PMC9559313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reprogramming of glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and can be targeted by therapeutic agents. Some metabolism regulators, such as ivosidenib and enasidenib, have been approved for cancer treatment. Currently, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Furthermore, some natural products have shown efficacy in killing tumor cells by regulating glucose metabolism, offering novel therapeutic opportunities in cancer. However, most of them have failed to be translated into clinical applications due to low selectivity, high toxicity, and side effects. Recent studies suggest that combining glucose metabolism modulators with chemotherapeutic drugs, immunotherapeutic drugs, and other conventional anticancer drugs may be a future direction for cancer treatment. Abstract Reprogramming of glucose metabolism provides sufficient energy and raw materials for the proliferation, metastasis, and immune escape of cancer cells, which is enabled by glucose metabolism-related enzymes that are abundantly expressed in a broad range of cancers. Therefore, targeting glucose metabolism enzymes has emerged as a promising strategy for anticancer drug development. Although several glucose metabolism modulators have been approved for cancer treatment in recent years, some limitations exist, such as a short half-life, poor solubility, and numerous adverse effects. With the rapid development of medicinal chemicals, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Additionally, several studies have found that some natural products can suppress cancer progression by regulating glucose metabolism enzymes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of glucose metabolism and present enzymes that could serve as therapeutic targets. In addition, we systematically review the existing drugs targeting glucose metabolism enzymes, including small-molecule modulators and natural products. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs are also discussed. In conclusion, combining glucose metabolism modulators with conventional anticancer drugs may be a promising cancer treatment strategy.
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12
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El-Far AH, Al Jaouni SK, Li X, Fu J. Cancer metabolism control by natural products: Pyruvate kinase M2 targeting therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3181-3201. [PMID: 35794729 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is the primary source of energy for cancer growth and metastasis. The shift in metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis is called the Warburg effect. Cancer progression due to aerobic glycolysis is often associated with the activation of oncogenes or the loss of tumor suppressors. Therefore, inhibition of glycolysis is one of the effective strategies in cancer control. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme overexpressed in breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, and liver cancers. Here, we discuss published studies regarding PKM2 inhibitors from natural products that are promising drug candidates for cancer therapy. We have highlighted the potential of natural PKM2 inhibitors for various cancer types. Moreover, we encourage researchers to evaluate the combinational effects between natural and synthetic PKM2 inhibitors. Also, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Arts and Sciences, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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13
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Thakur A, Faujdar C, Sharma R, Sharma S, Malik B, Nepali K, Liou JP. Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8596-8685. [PMID: 35786935 PMCID: PMC9297300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant
brain tumor characterized
by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative
cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts
have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the
past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical
level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-,
selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion
of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of
new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating
ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery
endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery
(challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets,
and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered
sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked
upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors
as therapeutic targets in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chetna Faujdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201307, India
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Basant Malik
- Department of Sterile Product Development, Research and Development-Unit 2, Jubiliant Generics Ltd., Noida 201301, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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14
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Design and synthesis of ludartin derivatives as potential anticancer agents against hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:1224-1239. [PMID: 35634434 PMCID: PMC9129064 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid ludartin showed potent antihepatoma activity against two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7, with IC50 values of 32.7 and 34.3 μM, respectively. In this study, 34 ludartin derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines using an MTT assay in vitro. As a result, 17 compounds increased the activity against HepG2 cells, and 20 compounds enhanced the activity against Huh7 cells; 14 derivatives 2, 4-7, 9, 11, 17, 24, 28-30 and 32-33 were superior to ludartin on both HepG2 and Huh7 cells. In particular, dimeric derivative 33 as the most active compound showed 20-fold and 17-fold enhancement of cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Huh7 cells compared to that of ludartin. These results suggested that compound 33 could serve as a promising lead compound against liver cancer. Graphical abstract ![]()
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15
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Cui M, Wang Z, Huang LT, Wang JH. Parthenolide leads to proteomic differences in thyroid cancer cells and promotes apoptosis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:99. [PMID: 35366876 PMCID: PMC8977004 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Parthenolide has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. But its effect on thyroid cancer cells is still largely unknown.
Methods
Label-free quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were used to investigate the differentially expressed proteins and their functions in thyroid cancer treated with parthenolide and control pair. Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry were used to detected BCPAP cells apoptosis. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and quantitative real-time PCR were used to verify the expression of apoptosis-related differential proteins and their mRNA.
Results
Sixty up-regulated and 96 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins were identified in parthenolide treated thyroid cancer cells BCPAP compared with control thyroid cancer cells. The proteins were mainly relevant to various biological processes that included metabolic processes, response to extracellular stimulus and interaction with host. The molecular functions of most differentially expressed proteins were associated with binding functions and nucleotidyltransferase activity. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, the differentially expressed proteins identified are primarily related to various types of metabolic pathways and DNA replication. In cell experiments in vitro, with the increase of the dose of parthenolide, the number of cells gradually decreased, the apoptosis rate gradually increased. PRM verified that the apoptosis-related proteins HMOX1 and GCLM were up-regulated and IL1B was down-regulated in BCPAP cells treated with parthenolide. The mRNA expressions of HMOX1, GCLM, ITGA6 and CASP8 were up-regulated and HSPA1A was down-regulated by PCR.
Conclusions
Parthenolide may influence the biological behavior of human thyroid cancer cells by affecting the expression of proteins related to cell metabolism and DNA replication. Parthenolide induced significant cellular morphological changes and apoptosis in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an anti-proliferative effect.
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16
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Hou DY, Xiao WY, Wang JQ, Yaseen M, Wang ZJ, Fei Y, Wang MD, Wang L, Wang H, Shi X, Cai MM, Feng HT, Xu W, Li LL. OGA activated glycopeptide-based nano-activator to activate PKM2 tetramerization for switching catabolic pathways and sensitizing chemotherapy resistance. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Arora S, Joshi G, Chaturvedi A, Heuser M, Patil S, Kumar R. A Perspective on Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1171-1205. [PMID: 34726055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) affects the switching of the PKM2 protein between the high-activity and low-activity states that allow ATP and lactate production, respectively. PKM2, in its low catalytic state (dimeric form), is chiefly active in metabolically energetic cells, including cancer cells. More recently, PKM2 has emerged as an attractive target due to its role in metabolic dysfunction and other interrelated conditions. PKM2 (dimer) activity can be inhibited by modulating PKM2 dimer-tetramer dynamics using either PKM2 inhibitors that bind at the ATP binding active site of PKM2 (dimer) or PKM2 activators that bind at the allosteric site of PKM2, thus activating PKM2 from the dimer formation to the tetrameric formation. The present perspective focuses on medicinal chemistry approaches to design and discover PKM2 inhibitors and activators and further provides a scope for the future design of compounds targeting PKM2 with better efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Arora
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248171, India
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Santoshkumar Patil
- Discovery Services, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area-Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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18
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Emodin ameliorates antioxidant capacity and exerts neuroprotective effect via PKM2-mediated Nrf2 transactivation. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 160:112790. [PMID: 34971761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is overexpressed in neuronal cells. However, there are few studies on the involvement of PKM2 modulators in neurodegenerative diseases. Emodin, a dominating anthraquinone derivative extracting from the rhizome of rhubarb, has received expanding consideration due to its pharmacological properties. Our data reveal that emodin could resist hydrogen peroxide- or 6-hydroxydopamine-mediated mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in PC12 cells (a neuron-like rat pheochromocytoma cell line). Notably, emodin at nontoxic concentrations significantly inhibits PKM2 activity and promotes dissociation of tetrameric PKM2 into dimers in cells. The PKM2 dimerization enhances the interaction of PKM2 and NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which further triggers the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway to upregulate a panel of cytoprotective genes. Modulating the PKM2/Nrf2/ARE axis by emodin unveils a novel mechanism for understanding the pharmacological functions of emodin. Our findings indicate that emodin is a potential candidate for the treatment of oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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19
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Patel S, Globisch C, Pulugu P, Kumar P, Jain A, Shard A. Novel imidazopyrimidines-based molecules induce tetramerization of tumor pyruvate kinase M2 and exhibit potent antiproliferative profile. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 170:106112. [PMID: 34971746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of novel and potent lead molecules for the specific therapeutic targets by de novo drug design is still in infancy. Here, we disclose the unprecedented development of imidazopyri(mi)dine-based tumor pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) modulators by subsequent link and grow strategy. The most potent modulator 15n acts as a PKM2 activator with an AC50 of 90 nM, with considerable cancer cell-selectivity and membrane-permeability. NMR metabolomics studies also revealed that treatment with 15n results in diminution in lactate concentrations in MCF-7 cells. 15n binds to a previously reported site at PKM2 adjacent to the interface of two monomers. In molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies, it was observed that 15n stabilizes the PKM2 at the dimeric interface, assisting in the formation of a biologically active tetramer conformation. 15n was also screened on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines grown on 3-D scaffolds, and the results exhibited better anticancer potential compared to control, paving the way for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj-Basan Road, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Priyanka Pulugu
- Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj-Basan Road, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Prasoon Kumar
- Department of Medical Devices National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj-Basan Road, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj-Basan Road, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India; Department of Bioengineering, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj-Basan Road, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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20
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Liu X, Wang C, Li S, Qu L, Yin F, Lu D, Luo H, Chen X, Luo Z, Cui N, Wang X, Kong L. Parthenolide Derivatives as PKM2 Activators Showing Potential in Colorectal Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17304-17325. [PMID: 34847663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a vital kinase in the glycolysis system, PKM2 is extensively expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) to support the energy and biosynthetic needs. In this study, we designed a series of parthenolide (PTL) derivatives through a stepwise structure optimization, and an excellent derivate 29e showed good activity on PKM2 (AC50 = 86.29 nM) and displayed significant antiproliferative activity against HT29 (IC50 = 0.66 μM) and SW480 (IC50 = 0.22 μM) cells. 29e decreased the expression of total PKM2, prevented nucleus translocation of PKM2 dimer, and inhibited PKM2/STAT3 signaling pathway. 29e remarkably increased OCR and decreased the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). The antiproliferative effect of 29e depended on PKM2, and the Cys424 of PKM2 was the key binding site. Furthermore, 29e significantly suppressed tumor growth in the HT29 xenograft model without obvious toxicity. These outcomes demonstrate that 29e is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lailiang Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fucheng Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehua Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinye Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningjie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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21
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Ding Z, Xi J, Zhong M, Chen F, Zhao H, Zhang B, Fang J. Cynaropicrin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Inhibiting PKM2 to Cause DNA Damage and Mitochondrial Fission in A549 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13557-13567. [PMID: 34726896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is critical for tumorigenesis. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is overexpressed in lung carcinoma cells and plays a critical role in the Warburg effect, making the enzyme a research hotspot for anticancer drug development. Cynaropicrin (CYN), a natural sesquiterpene lactone compound from artichoke, has received increasing consideration due to its consumable esteem and pharmacological properties. Our data reveal that CYN not only inhibited the purified PKM2 activity but also decreased the cellular PKM2 expression in A549 cells. The inhibition of PKM2 leads to the upregulation of p53 and the downregulation of the DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and subsequently causes the cell cycle arrest. Additionally, CYN inhibits the interaction of PKM2 and Nrf2, resulting in the impairment of cellular antioxidant capacity, induction of oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damages. Overexpression of PKM2 attenuates the CYN-induced DNA damage, mitochondrial fission, and cell viability. Thus, targeting PKM2 provides an original mechanism for understanding the pharmacological impact of CYN and assists in the further development of CYN as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junmin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Miao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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22
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Ouled Aitouna A, Belghiti ME, Eşme A, Anouar E, Ouled Aitouna A, Zeroual A, Salah M, Chekroun A, Alaoui El Abdallaoui HE, Benharref A, Mazoir N. Chemical reactivities and molecular docking studies of parthenolide with the main protease of HEP-G2 and SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Struct 2021; 1243:130705. [PMID: 34031619 PMCID: PMC8133493 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have used bioinformatics to identify drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, using drugs already being tested for the treatment as benchmarks like Remdesivir and Chloroquine. Our findings provide further support for drugs that are already being explored as therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19 and identify promising new targets that merit further investigation. In addition, the epoxidation of Parthenolide 1 using peracids, has been scrutinized within the MEDT at the B3LYP/6-311(d,p) computational level. DFT results showed a high chemoselectivity on the double bond C3[bond, double bond]C4, in full agreement with the experimental outcomes. ELF analysis demonstrated that epoxidation reaction took place through a one-step mechanism, in which the formation of the two new C-O single bonds is somewhat asynchronous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Ouled Aitouna
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Natural Substances and Reactivity, URAC 16, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - ME. Belghiti
- Laboratory of Nernest Technology, 163 Willington Street, Sherbrook, QC J1H5C7, Canada,Department of Chemistry, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box El Jadida 24000, Morocco,Corresponding authors
| | - Aslı Eşme
- Department of Elementary Science Education Faculty of Education Kocaeli University, Umuttepe, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - E. Anouar
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anass Ouled Aitouna
- Molecular Modelling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco,Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Ecosystem Valorization (LB2VE), Research Unit: Natural Resource Valorizations, Faculty of Sciences Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
| | - A. Zeroual
- Molecular Modelling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco,Corresponding authors
| | - M. Salah
- Molecular Modelling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
| | - A. Chekroun
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Natural Substances and Reactivity, URAC 16, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - H. El Alaoui El Abdallaoui
- Molecular Modelling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
| | - A. Benharref
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Natural Substances and Reactivity, URAC 16, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - N. Mazoir
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Ecosystem Valorization (LB2VE), Research Unit: Natural Resource Valorizations, Faculty of Sciences Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box, El Jadida 24000, Morocco,Department of Chemistry, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box El Jadida 24000, Morocco
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23
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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24
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Rathod B, Chak S, Patel S, Shard A. Tumor pyruvate kinase M2 modulators: a comprehensive account of activators and inhibitors as anticancer agents. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1121-1141. [PMID: 34355179 PMCID: PMC8292966 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate. It plays a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and is expressed in most human tumors. It is essential in indiscriminate proliferation, survival, and tackling apoptosis in cancer cells. This positions PKM2 as a hot target in cancer therapy. Despite its well-known structure and several reported modulators targeting PKM2 as activators or inhibitors, a comprehensive review focusing on such modulators is lacking. Herein we summarize modulators of PKM2, the assays used to detect their potential, the preferable tense (T) and relaxed (R) states in which the enzyme resides, lacunae in existing modulators, and several strategies that may lead to effective anticancer drug development targeting PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Shivam Chak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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25
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Patle R, Shinde S, Patel S, Maheshwari R, Jariyal H, Srivastava A, Chauhan N, Globisch C, Jain A, Tekade RK, Shard A. Discovery of boronic acid-based potent activators of tumor pyruvate kinase M2 and development of gastroretentive nanoformulation for oral dosing. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:128062. [PMID: 33901643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have established that cancer cells explicitly over-express the less active isoform of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is critical for tumorigenesis. The activation of PKM2 towards tetramer formation may increase affinity towards phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and avoidance of the Warburg effect. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and development of boronic acid-based molecules as activators of PKM2. The designed molecules were inspired by existing anticancer scaffolds and several fragments were assembled in the derivatives. 6a-6d were synthesized using a multi-step synthetic strategy in 55-70% yields, starting from cheap and readily available materials. The compounds were selectively cytotoxic to kill the cancerous cells at 80 nM, while they were non-toxic to the normal cells. The kinetic studies established the compounds as novel activators of PKM2 and (E/Z)-(4-(3-(2-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-4-(dimethylamino)thiazol-5-yl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl) phenyl)boronic acid (6c) emerged as the most potent derivative. 6c was further evaluated using various in silico tools to understand the molecular mechanism of tetramer formation. Docking studies revealed that 6c binds to the PKM2 dimer at the dimeric interface. Further to ascertain the binding site and mechanism of action, rigorous MD (molecular dynamics) simulations were undertaken, which led to the conclusion that 6c stabilizes the center of the dimeric interface that possibly promotes tetramer formation. We further planned to make a tablet of the developed molecule for oral delivery, but it was seriously impeded owing to poor aqueous solubility of 6c. To improve aqueous solubility and retain 6c at the lower gastrointestinal tract, thiolated chitosan-based nanoparticles (TCNPs) were prepared and further developed as tablet dosage form to retain anticancer potency in the excised goat colon. Our findings may provide a valuable pharmacological mechanism for understanding metabolic underpinnings that may aid in the clinical development of new anticancer agents targeting PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Patle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shital Shinde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Heena Jariyal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Neelam Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Alok Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, India.
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Zeng B, Cheng Y, Zheng K, Liu S, Shen L, Hu J, Li Y, Pan X. Design, synthesis and in vivo anticancer activity of novel parthenolide and micheliolide derivatives as NF-κB and STAT3 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104973. [PMID: 34004586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parthenolide and micheliolide have attracted great attention in anticancer research due to their unique activities. In this study, thirteen parthenolide derivatives and twenty-three micheliolide derivatives were synthesized. Most synthesized compounds showed higher cytotoxicity than parthenolide or micheliolide. The in vivo anticancer activity of several representative compounds was evaluated in mice. One micheliolide derivative, 9-oxomicheliolide (43), showed promising in vivo antitumor activity compared with clinical drugs cyclophosphamide or temozolomide. Compound 43 was particularly effective against glioblastoma, with its tumor inhibition rate in mice comparable to the drug temozolomide. The discovery of compound 43 also demonstrates the feasibility of developing anticancer micheliolide derivatives by modification at C-9 position. Anticancer mechanism studies revealed that 9-oxomicheliolide exhibited inhibition effect against NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways, as well as induction effects of cell apoptosis. It is postulated that 9-oxomicheliolide is likely to be a modulator of the immune system, which regulates the anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Kailu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Shuoxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Longying Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Xiandao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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27
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Zhu S, Guo Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Yin M, Chen X, Peng C. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in cancer and cancer therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:240-248. [PMID: 33246091 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is a critical regulator in tumor metabolism. PKM2 has been demonstrated to overexpressed in various cancers and promoted proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. The errant expression of PKM2 has inspired people to investigate the function of PKM2 and the therapeutic potential in cancer. In addition, some studies have shown that the upregulation of PKM2 in tumor tissues is associated with the altered expression of lncRNAs and the poor survival. Therefore, researchers have begun to unravel the specific molecular mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated PKM2 expression in cancer metabolism. As the tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential in tumor development, it is necessary to identify the role of PKM2 in TME. In this review, we will introduce the role of PKM2 in different cancers as well as TME, and summarize the molecular mechanism of PKM2-related lncRNAs in cancer metabolism. We expect that this work will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PKM2 that may help in developing therapeutic strategies in clinic for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yeye Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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28
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Panday NK, Thakkar D, Patel S, Shard A, Sengupta P. Metabolite profiling of IMID-2, a novel anticancer molecule of piperazine derivative: In silico prediction, in vitro and in vivo metabolite characterization using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5082. [PMID: 33570183 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IMID-2, a newly identified piperazine-based anticancer molecule, has been shown to be cytotoxic against various cancer cell lines. The primary aim of this research was to identify and characterize possible metabolites of the molecule formed during biotransformation. A metabolite identification study was first executed using an in silico tool to predict the possible metabolism sites of IMID-2. Thereafter, metabolites generated in vitro (rat liver microsomes, rat S9 fractions and human liver microsomes) and in vivo (rat plasma, urine and feces) were identified and characterized employing UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of eight metabolites, among which were six in phase I and two in phase II reactions, were recognized. The plausible structure of the metabolites and probable metabolic pathway have been established based on the mass fragmentation pattern, mass ppm error, ring double bond calculation and nitrogen rule. The majority of phase I metabolites were generated by N-oxidation, hydroxylation, oxidative deamination followed by reduction, oxidative dechlorination, N-dearylation, and N-dealkylation. Glucuronidation played a significant role in the formation of phase II metabolites of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Panday
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, India
| | - Disha Thakkar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, India
| | - Amit Shard
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, India
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29
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Ren Y, Kinghorn AD. Development of Potential Antitumor Agents from the Scaffolds of Plant-Derived Terpenoid Lactones. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15410-15448. [PMID: 33289552 PMCID: PMC7812702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring terpenoid lactones and their synthetic derivatives have attracted increasing interest for their promising antitumor activity and potential utilization in the discovery and design of new antitumor agents. In the present perspective article, selected plant-derived five-membered γ-lactones and six-membered δ-lactones that occur with terpenoid scaffolds are reviewed, with their structures, cancer cell line cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor activity, structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, and the potential for developing cancer chemotherapeutic agents discussed in each case. The compounds presented include artemisinin (ART, 1), parthenolide (PTL, 2), thapsigargin (TPG, 3), andrographolide (AGL, 4), ginkgolide B (GKL B, 5), jolkinolide B (JKL B, 6), nagilactone E (NGL E, 7), triptolide (TPL, 8), bruceantin (BRC, 9), dichapetalin A (DCT A, 10), and limonin (LMN, 11), and their naturally occurring analogues and synthetic derivatives. It is hoped that this contribution will be supportive of the future development of additional efficacious anticancer agents derived from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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