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Li F, Xie W, Ding X, Xu K, Fu X. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the genus Tamarix: a comprehensive review. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:410-441. [PMID: 38750332 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The genus Tamarix in the Tamaricaceae family consists of more than 100 species of halophyte plants worldwide that are mainly used to improve saline-alkali land and for coastal windbreaks, sand fixation, and afforestation in arid areas. A considerable number of species in this genus are also used as traditional medicines to treat various human diseases, especially in Asian and African countries. This review presents a comprehensive summary of 655 naturally occurring compounds derived from the genus Tamarix, categorized into flavonoids (18.0%), phenols (13.9%), tannins (9.3%), terpenoids (10.5%), essential oils (31.0%), and others (17.3%). The investigation revealed that the crude extracts and phytochemicals of this genus exhibited significant therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Six species of Tamarix have anticancer effects by causing cancer cell death, inducing autophagy, and stopping cell division. Seven species from the same genus have the potential for treating diabetes by inhibiting α-glycosidase activity, suppressing human islet amyloid polypeptide, regulating blood glucose levels, and modulating autophagy or inflammation. The focus on antibacterial and antidiabetic effects is due to the presence of volatile oil and flavonoid components. Extensive research has been conducted on the biological activity of 30 constituents, including 15 flavonoids, 5 phenols, 3 terpenoids, 1 tannin, and 6 others. Therefore, future research should thoroughly study the mechanisms of action of these and similar compounds. This is the most comprehensive review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Tamarix species, with a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Li
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, The SATCM's Key Unit of Discovering and Developing New Marine TCM Drugs, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Wenli Xie
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, The SATCM's Key Unit of Discovering and Developing New Marine TCM Drugs, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Xianrui Ding
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, The SATCM's Key Unit of Discovering and Developing New Marine TCM Drugs, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Kuo Xu
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, The SATCM's Key Unit of Discovering and Developing New Marine TCM Drugs, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao, 266114, China.
- Chun'an First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 311700, China.
| | - Xianjun Fu
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, The SATCM's Key Unit of Discovering and Developing New Marine TCM Drugs, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao, 266114, China.
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Orabi MAA, Orabi EA, Awadh AAA, Alshahrani MM, Abdel-Wahab BA, Sakagami H, Hatano T. New Megastigmane and Polyphenolic Components of Henna Leaves and Their Tumor-Specific Cytotoxicity on Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 38001804 PMCID: PMC10669829 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have a variety of phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl functionalities that enable them to scavenge many oxidants, thereby preserving the human redox balance and preventing a number of oxidative stress-related chronic degenerative diseases. In our ongoing investigation of polyphenol-rich plants in search of novel molecules, we resumed the investigation of Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) or henna, a popular ancient plant with aesthetic and therapeutic benefits. The leaves' 70% aq acetone extract was fractionated on a Diaion HP-20 column with different ratios of H2O/an organic solvent. Multistep gel chromatographic fractionation and HPLC purification of the Diaion 75% aq MeOH and MeOH fractions led to a new compound (1) along with tannin-related metabolites, benzoic acid (2), benzyl 6'-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and ellagic acid (4), which are first isolated from henna. Repeating the procedures on the Diaion 50% aq MeOH eluate led to the first-time isolation of two O-glucosidic ellagitannins, heterophylliin A (5), and gemin D (6), in addition to four known C-glycosidic ellagitannins, lythracin D (7), pedunculagin (8), flosin B (9), and lagerstroemin (10). The compound structures were determined through intensive spectroscopic investigations, including HRESIMS, 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR, UV, [α]D, and CD experiments. The new structure of 1 was determined to be a megastigmane glucoside gallate; its biosynthesis from gallic acid and a β-ionone, a degradative product of the common metabolite β-carotin, was highlighted. Cytotoxicity investigations of the abundant ellagitannins revealed that lythracin D2 (7) and pedunculagin (8) are obviously more cytotoxic (tumor specificity = 2.3 and 2.8, respectively) toward oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-4, and Ca9-22) than normal human oral cells (HGF, HPC, and HPLF). In summary, Lawsonia inermis is a rich source of anti-oral cancer ellagitannins. Also, the several discovered polyphenolics highlighted here emphasize the numerous biological benefits of henna and encourage further clinical studies to profit from their antioxidant properties against oxidative stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam A. Orabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Basel A. Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 64462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), 1-1 Keyakidai, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Tsutomu Hatano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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Two new C-glycosidic ellagitannins and accompanying tannins from Lawsonia inermis leaves and their cytotoxic effects. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104925. [PMID: 33984438 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on tannins having antitumor properties led to the isolation of two new C-glycosidic ellagitannins (1 and 2) along with seven known ellagitannins (3-9) and a related polyphenolic constituent (10) from Lawsonia inermis leaves. Our intensive HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD spectroscopic studies of new tannins have shown that one (1) has a monomer structure of C-glycosidic tannin, and the other (2) has a dimeric structure of 2,3-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl glucopyranose and a C-glycosidic tannin. Among the known compounds, one (3) is a C-glycosidic tannin that was isolated first of all from nature, five were C-glycosidic tannins, vescalagin (4), 1-O-methylvescalagin (5), castalagin (6), stachyurin (7), and casuarinin (8), and one was an O-glycosidic ellagitannin, tellimagrandin II (9). The remaining phenolic constituent from the leaves was identified as valoneic acid dilactone (10). The ellagitannins 1, and 3-9 demonstrated noticeable cytotoxicity on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-4, and Ca9-22), and lower effects on human oral normal cells (HGF, HPC, and HPLF). Tellimagrandin II (9) had the highest tumor-specific cytotoxicity, and also cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in HSC-2 cells. These findings showed that L. inermis ellagitannins may be a candidate for the production of anti-oral cancer materials.
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Wang ZD, Zhang Y, Dai YD, Ren K, Han C, Wang HX, Yi SQ. Tamarix chinensis Lour inhibits chronic ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1286-1297. [PMID: 32256017 PMCID: PMC7109270 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i12.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamarix chinensis Lour (TCL) is a shrub that usually grows in arid or semiarid desert areas and saline-alkali fields. It is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities.
AIM To investigate the possible protective effects of TCL against liver injury induced by chronic ethanol intake.
METHODS C57BL/6J male mice were fed a Lieber-DeCarli lipid diet containing alcohol and received (by gavage) a water-alcohol extract (80%) of TCL (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) or distilled water for 4 wk. After euthanasia, liver tissues were observed histologically with hematoxylin and eosin staining and Oil red O staining, and the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, hepatic lipids, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase were measured. In addition, expression of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and downstream proinflammatory cytokines were determined.
RESULTS Compared with the ethanol group, mice in the TCL-treated group (200 mg/kg) had significantly lower serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (mean, 34.1 IU/L vs 45.3 IU/L, P < 0.01) and aspartate transaminase (mean, 89.6 IU/L vs 115.7 IU/L, P < 0.01), as well as marked reduction of hepatic tissue reactive oxygen species (decreased by 27.5%, P < 0.01) and malondialdehyde (decreased by 76.6%, P < 0.01) levels, with a significant increase of superoxide dismutase (Increased by 73.2%, P < 0.01). Expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6], and recruitment of natural killer T cells to the liver, were reduced in the TCL-treated incubation with a Lieber-DeCaril ethanol lipid diet group.
CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a TCL extract (200 mg/kg) protects against chronic ethanol-induced liver injury, probably by inhibiting the NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β signaling pathway and suppressing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Dan Dai
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Ke Ren
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Chen Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Heng-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuang-Qin Yi
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
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Orabi MAA, Orabi EA, Taniguchi S, Sakagami H, Yoshimura M, Amakura Y, Hatano T. Structures, NMR Spectroscopic Features, and Cytotoxic Properties of Oligomeric Hellinoyl ( m-GO- m-GOG)-Type Ellagitannins from the Galls of Tamarix aphylla. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2682-2695. [PMID: 31532650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ellagitannin oligomers are large molecules habitually showing complex NMR spectra that are sometimes misinterpreted and lead to incorrect structures. Understanding the NMR spectroscopic features of a group of ellagitannins would overcome these inadequacies. In this study, investigation of the galls of Tamarix aphylla led to the isolation of three new ellagitannin oligomers, phyllagallins T1 (1), T2 (2), and Q1 (3), a known monomer nilotinin M4 (4), four known dimers, nilotinins D7 (5) and D8 (6), hirtellin B (7), and tamarixinin A (8), and a simple phenolic, dehydrotrigallic acid (9). 1D and 2D NMR, HRESI-TOFMS, and ECD experiments show that compounds 1-8 are hellinoyl-type ellagitannins. The NMR spectroscopic features of this type of ellagitannins and the reasons for the abnormal upfield shifts of glucose anomeric proton and hellinoyl moiety proton signals are established considering the experimental results as well as quantum chemical calculation on a simple hellinoyl-type monomer, phyllagallin M2. Based on these results, the NMR assignments reported previously by a different research group for bracteatinin T1 and hirtellin T3 are revised. A cytotoxicity study against human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Ca9-22, HSC-2, and HSC-4) and human mesenchymal normal oral cells (HGF, HPC, and HPLF) showed cytotoxic effects with tumor-specificity higher than 5.2, 3.0, 1.6, and 2.0 for compounds 5, 2, 9, and 3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Orabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Azhar University , Assiut 71524 , Egypt
- College of Pharmacy , Najran University , Najran 55461 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam A Orabi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut 71516 , Egypt
| | - Shoko Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO) , Meikai University School of Dentistry , 1-1 Keyakidai , Sakado-shi , Saitama 350-0283 , Japan
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Matsuyama University , Bunkyo-cho , Matsuyama 790-8578 , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Matsuyama University , Bunkyo-cho , Matsuyama 790-8578 , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hatano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
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Libidibia ferrea Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions Show Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antinociceptive Effect In Vivo and Increase Cell Viability In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6064805. [PMID: 30915148 PMCID: PMC6409062 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6064805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Libidibia ferrea (L. ferrea) is found throughout the northeastern region of Brazil, where it has been used in folk medicine with beneficial effects on many inflammatory disorders. Purpose This study investigated the phytochemical composition of the crude extract and fractions of L. ferrea fruit and evaluated its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in vivo and effect on cell viability in vitro. Methods Characterization of polyphenols present in crude extract (CE), hydroalcoholic fractions of 20-80% ethanol (CE20, CE40, CE60, and CE80), aqueous fraction (AqF), and ethyl acetate (EAF) fractions of L. ferrea fruit was performed by chromatographic analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using a carrageenan-induced peritonitis model submitted to a leukocyte migration assay and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) analysis. Total glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed to evaluate the oxidative stress level. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate test. In vitro cell viability was determined by using MTT assay in a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (3T3 cells). Results Chromatography revealed the presence of ellagic acid content in EAF (3.06), CE (2.96), and CE40 (2.89). Gallic acid was found in EAF (12.03), CE 20 (4.43), and CE (3.99). L. ferrea crude extract and all fractions significantly reduced leukocyte migration and MPO activity (p<0.001). L. ferrea antioxidant effect was observed through high levels of total glutathione and reduction of MDA levels (p<0.001). Acetic acid-induced nociception was significantly inhibited after administration of L. ferrea crude extract and all fractions (p<0.001). Crude extract and all fractions significantly increased the viability of the 3T3 cell line (p<0.05). Conclusions The appropriate extraction procedure preserves the chemical components of L. ferrea fruit, such as gallic acid and ellargic acid. Crude extract and fractions of L. ferrea fruit exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive activities in vivo and enhanced cell viability in vitro.
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Shimozu Y, Kimura Y, Esumi A, Aoyama H, Kuroda T, Sakagami H, Hatano T. Ellagitannins of Davidia involucrata. I. Structure of Davicratinic Acid A and Effects of Davidia Tannins on Drug-Resistant Bacteria and Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Molecules 2017; 22:E470. [PMID: 28294988 PMCID: PMC6155176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a new ellagitannin, davicratinic acid A (5), together with four known ellagitannins, davidiin (1), granatin A (2), pedunculagin (3), and 3-O-galloylgranatin A (4), from an aqueous acetone extract of dried Davidia involucrata leaves. The known ellagitannins were identified based on spectroscopic data. The structure of davicratinic acid A (5), a monomeric ellagitannin possessing a unique, skew-boat glucopyranose core, was established based on spectroscopic data. Additionally, we examined the effects of several tannins with good yields from this plant on drug-resistant bacteria and human oral squamous cell carcinomas, and found that davidiin (1) exhibited the most potent antibacterial and antitumor properties among the tannins examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Shimozu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Kimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Akari Esumi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroe Aoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Saitama 350-0283, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Hatano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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