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Zhang L, Gu W, Liu T, Pei H, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Huang S, Chen M. NDRG2 Deficiency Exacerbates UVB-Induced Skin Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Damage. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02121-3. [PMID: 39145786 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
UVB radiation induces inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, contributing to skin damage, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), an emerging stress-associated gene, remains unexplored in UVB-induced skin injury. In this study, we detected skin NDRG2 expression after UVB irradiation for the first time and further used Ndrg2 knockout mice to clarify the role of NDRG2 in UVB-induced skin injury. Three-month-old male Ndrg2+/+ and Ndrg2-/- mice (16-18g) were exposed to UVB to induce acute skin damage, and then dorsal skin samples were collected for subsequent analyses. UVB-induced skin damage was scored. Western Blot Analysis, immunofluorescence (IF) double labeling, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to assess NDRG2 expression and/or distribution. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MPO, MMP8, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) were quantitatively assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were employed to determine pathological changes. RNA sequencing and analysis were performed to estimate transcript expression levels and analyze mRNA expression. DESeq2 software was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs were visualized using volcanic and heat maps. Gene Ontology (GO) functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed to identify primary biological functions, metabolic pathways, or signal transduction pathways associated with DEGs. UVB-challenged Ndrg2-/- mice exhibited significantly exacerbated skin damage (erythema, edema, and erosion), neutrophil infiltration, and apoptosis compared to Ndrg2+/+ mice. Furthermore, UVB-challenged Ndrg2-/- mice displayed significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8), and reduced antioxidant expression. RNA sequencing identified 1091 significantly differentially expressed genes enriched in inflammation, immune response, and oxidative stress pathways. In conclusion, the deficiency of Ndrg2 markedly exacerbated UVB-induced skin damage by promoting inflammatory responses and inhibiting antioxidant responses. This suggests that stabilizing NDRG2 expression holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for protecting against UVB-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Senior Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Weijie Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Senior Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Haina Pei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Senior Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sha Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Minliang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Senior Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Victorelli FD, Rodero CF, Lutz-Bueno V, Chorilli M, Mezzenga R. Amyloid Fibrils Enhance the Topical Bio-Adhesivity of Liquid Crystalline Mesophase-Based Drug Formulations. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202720. [PMID: 36681654 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite their distinctive secondary structure based on cross β-strands, amyloid fibrils (AF) are stable fibrous protein aggregates with features similar to collagen, one of the main components of the extracellular matrix, and thus constitute a potential scaffold for enhancing cell adhesion for topical applications. Here, the contribution of AF to skin bio-adhesivity aiming toward topical treatments is investigated. Liquid crystalline mesophase (LCM) based on phytantriol is formulated, with the aqueous phase containing either water or a solution of 4 wt% amyloid fibrils. Then resveratrol is added as a model anti-inflammatory molecule. The developed LCM presents a double gyroid Ia3d mesophase. The incorporation of AF into the LCM increases its bio-adhesive properties. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation and retention confirm the controlled release property of the system, and that resveratrol is retained in epidermis and dermis, but is also permeated through the skin. All formulations are biocompatible with L929 cells. The in vivo assay confirms that systems with AF lead to a higher anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol. These results confirm the hypothesis that the incorporation of AF in the LCM increases the bio-adhesiveness and efficiency of the system for topical treatment, and consequently, the therapeutical action of the encapsulated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Fernanda Rodero
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.,Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Design and Characterization of Lipid-Surfactant-Based Systems for Enhancing Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ursolic Acid. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020366. [PMID: 36839688 PMCID: PMC9960079 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin inflammation is a symptom of many skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis, which cause rashes, redness, heat, or blistering. The use of natural products with anti-inflammatory properties has gained importance in treating these symptoms. Ursolic acid (UA), a promising natural compound that is used to treat skin diseases, exhibits low aqueous solubility, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability. Designing topical formulations focuses on providing adequate delivery via application to the skin surface. The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize lipid-surfactant-based systems for the delivery of UA. Microemulsions and liquid crystalline systems (LCs) were characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), rheology techniques, and textural and bioadhesive assays. PLM supported the self-assembly of these systems and elucidated their formation. Rheologic examination revealed pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior appropriate, and assays confirmed the ability of these formulations to adhere to the skin. In vivo studies were performed, and inflammation induced by croton oil was assessed for response to microemulsions and LCs. UA anti-inflammatory activities of ~60% and 50% were demonstrated by two microemulsions and 40% and 35% by two LCs, respectively. These data support the continued development of colloidal systems to deliver UA to ameliorate skin inflammation.
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Frantz MC, Rozot R, Marrot L. NRF2 in dermo-cosmetic: From scientific knowledge to skin care products. Biofactors 2023; 49:32-61. [PMID: 36258295 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the organ that is most susceptible to the impact of the exposome. Located at the interface with the external environment, it protects internal organs through the barrier function of the epidermis. It must adapt to the consequences of the harmful effects of solar radiation, the various chemical constituents of atmospheric pollution, and wounds associated with mechanical damage: oxidation, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and so forth. In this biological context, a capacity to adapt to the various stresses caused by the exposome is essential; otherwise, more or less serious conditions may develop accelerated aging, pigmentation disorders, atopy, psoriasis, and skin cancers. Nrf2-controlled pathways play a key role at this level. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that controls genes involved in oxidative stress protection and detoxification of chemicals. Its involvement in UV protection, reduction of inflammation in processes associated with healing, epidermal differentiation for barrier function, and hair regrowth, has been demonstrated. The modulation of Nrf2 in the skin may therefore constitute a skin protection or care strategy for certain dermatological stresses and disorders initiated or aggravated by the exposome. Nrf2 inducers can act through different modes of action. Keap1-dependent mechanisms include modification of the cysteine residues of Keap1 by (pro)electrophiles or prooxidants, and disruption of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex. Indirect mechanisms are suggested for numerous phytochemicals, acting on upstream pathways, or via hormesis. While developing novel and safe Nrf2 modulators for skin care may be challenging, new avenues can arise from natural compounds-based molecular modeling and emerging concepts such as epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Rozot
- Advanced Research, L'OREAL Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Laurent Marrot
- Advanced Research, L'OREAL Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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Solid Dispersions Incorporated into PVP Films for the Controlled Release of Trans-Resveratrol: Development, Physicochemical and In Vitro Characterizations and In Vivo Cutaneous Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061149. [PMID: 35745722 PMCID: PMC9230924 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol can promote various dermatological effects. However, its high crystallinity decreases its solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, solid dispersions have been developed to promote its amorphization; even so, they present as powders, making cutaneous controlled drug delivery unfeasible and an alternative necessary for their incorporation into other systems. Thus, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) films were chosen with the aim of developing a controlled delivery system to treat inflammation and bacterial infections associated with atopic dermatitis. Four formulations were developed: two with solid dispersions (and trans-resveratrol) and two as controls. The films presented with uniformity, as well as bioadhesive and good barrier properties. X-ray diffraction showed that trans-resveratrol did not recrystallize. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermal analysis evidenced good chemical compatibilities. The in vitro release assay showed release values from 82.27 ± 2.60 to 92.81 ± 2.50% (being a prolonged release). In the in vitro retention assay, trans-resveratrol was retained in the skin, over 24 h, from 42.88 to 53.28%. They also had low cytotoxicity over fibroblasts. The in vivo assay showed a reduction in inflammation up to 66%. The films also avoided Staphylococcus aureus’s growth, which worsens atopic dermatitis. According to the results, the developed system is suitable for drug delivery and capable of simultaneously treating inflammation and infections related to atopic dermatitis.
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do Prado AH, Duarte JL, Filippo LDD, Victorelli FD, de Abreu Fantini MC, Peccinini RG, Chorilli M. Bioadhesive liquid crystal systems for octyl methoxycinnamate skin delivery. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pickering emulsions-chitosan hydrogel beads carrier system for loading of resveratrol: Formulation approach and characterization studies. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fidrus E, Hegedűs C, Janka EA, Paragh G, Emri G, Remenyik É. Inhibitors of Nucleotide Excision Repair Decrease UVB-Induced Mutagenesis-An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041638. [PMID: 33562002 PMCID: PMC7915687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of skin cancers in the Caucasian population is primarily due to the accumulation of DNA damage in epidermal cells induced by chronic ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. UVB-induced DNA photolesions, including cyclobutane–pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), promote mutations in skin cancer driver genes. In humans, CPDs are repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Several commonly used and investigational medications negatively influence NER in experimental systems. Despite these molecules’ ability to decrease NER activity in vitro, the role of these drugs in enhancing skin cancer risk is unclear. In this study, we investigated four molecules (veliparib, resveratrol, spironolactone, and arsenic trioxide) with well-known NER-inhibitory potential in vitro, using UVB-irradiated CHO epithelial and HaCaT immortalized keratinocyte cell lines. Relative CPD levels, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene mutation frequency, cell viability, cell cycle progression, and protein expression were assessed. All four molecules significantly elevated CPD levels in the genome 24 h after UVB irradiation. However, veliparib, spironolactone, and arsenic trioxide reduced the mutagenic potential of UVB, while resveratrol did not alter UVB-induced mutation formation. UVB-induced apoptosis was enhanced by spironolactone and arsenic-trioxide treatment, while veliparib caused significantly prolonged cell cycle arrest and increased autophagy. Spironolactone also enhanced the phosphorylation level of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), while arsenic trioxide modified UVB-driven mitochondrial fission. Resveratrol induced only mild changes in the cellular UVB response. Our results show that chemically inhibited NER does not result in increased mutagenic effects. Furthermore, the UVB-induced mutagenic potential can be paradoxically mitigated by NER-inhibitor molecules. We identified molecular changes in the cellular UVB response after NER-inhibitor treatment, which may compensate for the mitigated DNA repair. Our findings show that metabolic cellular response pathways are essential to consider in evaluating the skin cancer risk–modifying effects of pharmacological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fidrus
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.F.); (C.H.); (E.A.J.); (G.E.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.F.); (C.H.); (E.A.J.); (G.E.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.F.); (C.H.); (E.A.J.); (G.E.)
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.F.); (C.H.); (E.A.J.); (G.E.)
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.F.); (C.H.); (E.A.J.); (G.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-412-345
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10
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Silvestrini AVP, Caron AL, Viegas J, Praça FG, Bentley MVLB. Advances in lyotropic liquid crystal systems for skin drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1781-1805. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1819979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Luis Caron
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Viegas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Duarte JL, Taira TC, Di Filippo LD, Fonseca-Santos B, Pinto MC, Chorilli M. Novel bioadhesive polycarbophil-based liquid crystal systems containing Melaleuca alternifolia oil as potential repellents against Aedes aegypti. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M. The uses of resveratrol for neurological diseases treatment and insights for nanotechnology based-drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119832. [PMID: 32877730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders have been growing in recent years and are highly prevalent globally. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural product from plant sources such as grape skins. This compound has shown biological activity in many diseases, in particular, those that act on the central nervous system. The mechanism of action and the key points in neurological disorders were described and show the targeted mechanism of action. Due to the insolubility of this compound; the use of nanotechnology-based systems has been proposed for the incorporation of RES and RES-loaded nanocarriers have been designed for intranasal administration, oral or parenteral routes to deliver it to the brain. In general, these nanosystems have shown to be effective in many studies, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic assays, as well as some cell studies. The outcomes show that RES has been reported in human clinical trials for some neurological diseases, although no studies were performed in humans using nanocarriers, animal and/or cellular models have been reported to show good results regarding therapeutics on neurological diseases. Thus, the use of this nutraceutical has shown true for neurological diseases and its loading into nanocarriers displaying good results on the stability, delivery and targeting to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
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Fiod Riccio BV, Fonseca-Santos B, Colerato Ferrari P, Chorilli M. Characteristics, Biological Properties and Analytical Methods of Trans-Resveratrol: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:339-358. [PMID: 31353930 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1637242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (TR) is the biological active isomer of resveratrol and the one responsible for therapeutic effects; both molecules are non-flavonoid phenolics of the stilbenes class found mainly in berries and red grapes. TR biological properties lie in modulation of various enzymatic classes. It is a promising candidate to novel drugs due its applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antiacne, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and photoprotector agent. It has effects on bone metabolism, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, kidneys, and in obesity treatment as well. Nevertheless, its low solubility in water and other polar solvents may be a hindrance to its therapeutic effects. Various strategies been developed to overcome these issues, such as the drug delivery systems. The present study performed a research about methods to identify TR and RESV in several samples (raw materials, wines, food supplements, drug delivery systems, and blood plasma). Most of the studies tend to analyze TR and RESV by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with different detectors, even so, there are reports of the use of capillary electrophoresis, electron spin resonance, gas chromatography, near-infrared luminescence, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and vibrational spectrophotometry, for this purpose. Thus, the review evaluates the biological activity of TR and demonstrates the currently used analytical methods for its quantification in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincenzo Fiod Riccio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Na JI, Shin JW, Choi HR, Kwon SH, Park KC. Resveratrol as a Multifunctional Topical Hypopigmenting Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040956. [PMID: 30813264 PMCID: PMC6412432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes, after which it is transferred to keratinocytes and, thus, determines skin color. Despite its beneficial sun-protective effects, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. A range of topical hypopigmenting agents have been evaluated for their use in the treatment of pigmentary disorders with varying degrees of success. Hydroquinone (HQ), which competes with tyrosine, is the main ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent occurrence of adverse reactions is an important factor that limits its use. Thus, efforts to discover effective topical hypopigmenting agents with less adverse effects continue. Here, we describe the potential of resveratrol to function as an effective hypopigmenting agent based on its mechanism of action. Resveratrol is not only a direct tyrosinase inhibitor but an indirect inhibitor as well. Additionally, it can affect keratinocytes, which regulate the function of melanocytes. Resveratrol regulates the inflammatory process of keratinocytes and protects them from oxidative damage. In this way, it prevents keratinocyte-induced melanocyte stimulation. Furthermore, it has a rescuing effect on the stemness of interfollicular epidermal cells that can repair signs of photoaging in the melasma, a typical pigmentary skin disorder. Overall, resveratrol is a promising potent hypopigmenting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Soon-Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
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Junqueira Garcia MT, Pedralino Gonçalves T, São Félix Martins É, Silva Martins T, Carvalho de Abreu Fantini M, Regazi Minarini PR, Costa Fernandez S, Cassone Salata G, Biagini Lopes L. Improvement of cutaneous delivery of methylene blue by liquid crystals. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:454-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Martinez RM, Ivan ALM, Vale DL, Campanini MZ, Ferreira VS, Steffen VS, Vicentini FTMC, Vilela FMP, Fonseca MJV, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Casagrande R. Topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: effectiveness against ultraviolet B irradiation-induced injury of hairless mouse skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1461-1473. [PMID: 30132896 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (EcPDTC) in skin oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (dose of 4.14 J/cm2 ). METHODS Hairless mouse received treatment with 0.5 g of EcPDTC or control emulsion (CTRLE) on the dorsal surface skin 12 h, 6 h and 5 min before and 6 h after the irradiation. Oxidative stress was evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging capacity, reduced glutathione quantitation, catalase activity, superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation products. Inflammation parameters were as follows: skin oedema, myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil marker), matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine production. KEY FINDINGS Topical treatment with EcPDTC protected from UVB-induced skin injury by maintaining the antioxidant capacity levels similar to non-irradiated control group. Furthermore, EcPDTC inhibited UVB irradiation-induced superoxide anion production, lipid peroxidation and reduced skin inflammation by inhibiting skin oedema, neutrophil recruitment, metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) production. CONCLUSIONS Topical treatment with EcPDTC improves antioxidant systems and inhibits inflammation, protecting the skin from the damaging effects of UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Martinez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Ivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - David L Vale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcela Z Campanini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vitor S Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vinicius S Steffen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana T M C Vicentini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M P Vilela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria J V Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Baracat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Georgetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Biological Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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17
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Rauf A, Imran M, Suleria HAR, Ahmad B, Peters DG, Mubarak MS. A comprehensive review of the health perspectives of resveratrol. Food Funct 2018; 8:4284-4305. [PMID: 29044265 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products present in our diet, including flavonoids, can prevent the progression of cancer and other diseases. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol present in various fruits and vegetables, plays an important role as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent used in the treatment of various illnesses. It exhibits effects against different types of cancer through different pathways. It additionally exerts antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects in a variety of cell types. Furthermore, the cardiovascular protective capacities of resveratrol are associated with multiple molecular targets and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure. Accordingly, this article presents an overview of recent developments in the use of resveratrol for the prevention and treatment of different diseases along with various mechanisms. In addition, the present review summarizes the most recent literature pertaining to resveratrol as a chemotherapeutic agent against multiple diseases and provides an assessment of the potential of this natural compound as a complementary or alternative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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18
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Martinez RM, Fattori V, Saito P, Melo CBP, Borghi SM, Pinto IC, Bussmann AJC, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Casagrande R. Lipoxin A4 inhibits UV radiation-induced skin inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:S0923-1811(18)30201-9. [PMID: 29731194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a metabolic product of arachidonic acid. Despite potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution activities, it remains to be determined if LXA4 has effect on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of systemic administration with LXA4 on UV radiation-induced inflammation and oxidative damage in the skin of mice. METHODS Varied parameters of inflammation and oxidative stress in the skin of mice were evaluated after UV radiation (4.14 J/cm2). RESULTS Pretreatment with LXA4 significantly inhibited UV radiation-induced skin edema and myeloperoxidase activity. LXA4 efficacy was enhanced by increasing the time of pre-treatment to up to 72 h. LXA4 reduced UV radiation-induced skin edema, neutrophil recruitment (myeloperoxidase activity and LysM-eGFP+ cells), MMP-9 activity, deposition of collagen fibers, epidermal thickness, sunburn cell counts, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33). Depending on the time point, LXA4 increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10). LXA4 significantly attenuated UV radiation-induced oxidative damage returning the oxidative status to baseline levels in parameters such as ferric reducing ability, scavenging of free radicals, GSH levels, catalase activity and superoxide anion production. LXA4 also reduced UV radiation-induced gp91phox [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) subunit] mRNA expression and enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA expression. CONCLUSION LXA4 inhibited UV radiation-induced skin inflammation by diminishing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress as well as inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Martinez
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - V Fattori
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - P Saito
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - C B P Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - S M Borghi
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - I C Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - A J C Bussmann
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - M M Baracat
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - S R Georgetti
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - W A Verri
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil.
| | - R Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil.
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19
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Singh D, Fisher J, Shagalov D, Varma A, Siegel DM. Dangerous plants in dermatology: Legal and controlled. Clin Dermatol 2018; 36:399-419. [PMID: 29908582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant and mushroom kingdoms have species used for intoxication, inebriation, or recreation. Some of these species are toxic. Given that many of these plants or substances are illegal and have histories of abuse, much of the research regarding therapeutic application is based on basic science, animal studies, and traditional use. This review examines Cannabis, Euphorbia, Ricinus, Podophyllum, Veratrum, mushrooms, and nightshades, along with resveratrol and cocaine as they relate to dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptej Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM.
| | - Juliya Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Devorah Shagalov
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Aakaash Varma
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Daniel M Siegel
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
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20
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Fonseca-Santos B, Satake CY, Calixto GMF, dos Santos AM, Chorilli M. Trans-resveratrol-loaded nonionic lamellar liquid-crystalline systems: structural, rheological, mechanical, textural, and bioadhesive characterization and evaluation of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6883-6893. [PMID: 29066884 PMCID: PMC5604573 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s138629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res) is a common phytoalexin present in a few edible materials, such as grape skin, peanuts, and red wine. Evidence has shown the beneficial effects of Res on human health, which may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory activity. However, the poor aqueous solubility of Res limits its therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, the use of nanostructured delivery systems for Res, such as liquid-crystalline systems, could be beneficial. In this study, we aimed to develop, characterize, and determine the in vivo effectiveness of Res-loaded liquid-crystalline systems. Systems containing copaiba balsam oil, polyethylene glycol-40 hydrogenated castor oil, and water were designed. Results of polarized light microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, texture-profile analysis, and flow-rheology analysis showed that the Res-loaded liquid-crystalline system had a lamellar structure, textural and mechanical (hardness, compressibility, and adhesiveness) properties, and behaved as a non-Newtonian fluid, showing pseudoplastic behavior upon skin application. Furthermore, all liquid-crystalline systems presented bioadhesive properties that may have assisted in maintaining the anti-inflammatory activity of Res, since the topical application of the Res-loaded lamellar mesophase liquid crystals resulted in edema inhibition in a carrageenan-induced paw-inflammation mouse model. Therefore, Res-loaded lamellar mesophases represent a promising new therapeutic approach for inhibition of skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cínthia Yuka Satake
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Martins dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Martinez RM, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Vale DL, Steffen VS, Vicentini FT, Vignoli JA, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Casagrande R. Trans-chalcone added in topical formulation inhibits skin inflammation and oxidative stress in a model of ultraviolet B radiation skin damage in hairless mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 171:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Montes de Oca MK, Pearlman RL, McClees SF, Strickland R, Afaq F. Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:956-974. [PMID: 28063168 DOI: 10.1111/php.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has an array of damaging effects and is the main cause of skin cancer in humans. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common type of cancer. Incidence of NMSC has increased due to greater UV radiation, increased life expectancy and other changes in lifestyle; the annual cost of skin cancer treatment in the United States has increased concurrently to around eight billion dollars. Because of these trends, novel approaches to skin cancer prevention have become an important area of research to decrease skin cancer morbidity and defray the costs associated with treatment. Chemoprevention aims to prevent or delay the development of skin cancer through the use of phytochemicals. Use of phytochemicals as chemopreventive agents has gained attention due to their low toxicity and anticarcinogenic properties. Phytochemicals also exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects which support their use as chemopreventive agents, particularly for skin cancer. Preclinical and human studies have shown that phytochemicals decrease UV-induced skin damage and photocarcinogenesis. In this review article, we discuss the selected phytochemicals that may prevent or delay UV-induced carcinogenesis and highlight their potential use for skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross L Pearlman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sarah F McClees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rebecca Strickland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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23
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Liu S, Zeng X, Xu B. (E
)-Alkene Synthesis via Nano-Copper/Homogeneous Palladium Co-Catalysis and Selectivity Amplification. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 China
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24
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Structural Features and the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Green Tea Extract-Loaded Liquid Crystalline Systems Intended for Skin Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9010030. [PMID: 30970708 PMCID: PMC6431852 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia sinensis, which is obtained from green tea extract (GTE), has been widely used in therapy owing to the antioxidant, chemoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities of its chemical components. However, GTE is an unstable compound, and may undergo reactions that lead to a reduction or loss of its effectiveness and even its degradation. Hence, an attractive approach to overcome this problem to protect the GTE is its incorporation into liquid crystalline systems (LCS) that are drug delivery nanostructured systems with different rheological properties, since LCS have both fluid liquid and crystalline solid properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and characterize GTE-loaded LCS composed of polyoxypropylene (5) polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl alcohol, avocado oil, and water (F25E, F29E, and F32E) with different rheological properties and to determine their anti-inflammatory efficacy. Polarized light microscopy revealed that the formulations F25, F29, and F32 showed hexagonal, cubic, and lamellar liquid crystalline mesophases, respectively. Rheological studies showed that F32 is a viscous Newtonian liquid, while F25 and F29 are dilatant and pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluids, respectively. All GTE-loaded LCS behaved as pseudoplastic with thixotropy; furthermore, the presence of GTE increased the S values and decreased the n values, especially in F29, indicating that this LCS has the most organized structure. Mechanical and bioadhesive properties of GTE-unloaded and -loaded LCS corroborated the rheological data, showing that F29 had the highest mechanical and bioadhesive values. Finally, in vivo inflammation assay revealed that the less elastic and consistent LCS, F25E and F32E presented statistically the same anti-inflammatory activity compared to the positive control, decreasing significantly the paw edema after 4 h; whereas, the most structured and elastic LCS, F29E, strongly limited the potential effects of GTE. Thereby, the development of drug delivery systems with suitable rheological properties may enhance GTE bioavailability, enabling its administration via the skin for the treatment of inflammation.
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25
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Martinez RM, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Steffen VS, Caviglione CV, Fattori V, Bussmann AJC, Bottura C, Fonseca MJV, Vignoli JA, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Casagrande R. trans-Chalcone, a flavonoid precursor, inhibits UV-induced skin inflammation and oxidative stress in mice by targeting NADPH oxidase and cytokine production. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1162-1173. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00442c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
trans-Chalcone inhibits UV-induced skin inflammation and also indirectly reduces oxidative stress.
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