1
|
Nielsen MR, Sørensen T, Pedersen TB, Westphal KR, Díaz Fernández De Quincoces L, Sondergaard TE, Wimmer R, Brown DW, Sørensen JL. Final piece to the Fusarium pigmentation puzzle - Unraveling of the phenalenone biosynthetic pathway responsible for perithecial pigmentation in the Fusarium solani species complex. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 174:103912. [PMID: 39004163 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) is comprised of important pathogens of plants and humans. A distinctive feature of FSSC species is perithecial pigmentation. While the dark perithecial pigments of other Fusarium species are derived from fusarubins synthesized by polyketide synthase 3 (PKS3), the perithecial pigments of FSSC are derived from an unknown metabolite synthesized by PKS35. Here, we confirm in FSSC species Fusarium vanettenii that PKS35 (fsnI) is required for perithecial pigment synthesis by deletion analysis and that fsnI is closely related to phnA from Penicillium herquei, as well as duxI from Talaromyces stipentatus, which produce prephenalenone as an early intermediate in herqueinone and duclauxin synthesis respectively. The production of prephenalenone by expression of fsnI in Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicates that it is also an early intermediate in perithecial pigment synthesis. We next identified a conserved cluster of 10 genes flanking fsnI in F. vanettenii that when expressed in F. graminearum led to the production of a novel corymbiferan lactone F as a likely end product of the phenalenone biosynthetic pathway in FSSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Trine Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Tobias Bruun Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Klaus Ringsborg Westphal
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Daren W Brown
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St. Peoria IL 61604, United States of America
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Christinaki AC, Myridakis AI, Kouvelis VN. Genomic insights into the evolution and adaptation of secondary metabolite gene clusters in fungicolous species Cladobotryum mycophilum ATHUM6906. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae006. [PMID: 38214578 PMCID: PMC10989895 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycophilic or fungicolous fungi can be found wherever fungi exist since they are able to colonize other fungi, which occupy a diverse range of habitats. Some fungicolous species cause important diseases on Basidiomycetes, and thus, they are the main reason for the destruction of mushroom cultivations. Nonetheless, despite their ecological significance, their genomic data remain limited. Cladobotryum mycophilum is one of the most aggressive species of the genus, destroying the economically important Agaricus bisporus cultivations. The 40.7 Mb whole genome of the Greek isolate ATHUM6906 is assembled in 16 fragments, including the mitochondrial genome and 2 small circular mitochondrial plasmids, in this study. This genome includes a comprehensive set of 12,282 protein coding, 56 rRNA, and 273 tRNA genes. Transposable elements, CAZymes, and pathogenicity related genes were also examined. The genome of C. mycophilum contained a diverse arsenal of genes involved in secondary metabolism, forming 106 biosynthetic gene clusters, which renders this genome as one of the most BGC abundant among fungicolous species. Comparative analyses were performed for genomes of species of the family Hypocreaceae. Some BGCs identified in C. mycophilum genome exhibited similarities to clusters found in the family Hypocreaceae, suggesting vertical heritage. In contrast, certain BGCs showed a scattered distribution among Hypocreaceae species or were solely found in Cladobotryum genomes. This work provides evidence of extensive BGC losses, horizontal gene transfer events, and formation of novel BGCs during evolution, potentially driven by neutral or even positive selection pressures. These events may increase Cladobotryum fitness under various environmental conditions and potentially during host-fungus interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C Christinaki
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Antonis I Myridakis
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin C, Feng XL, Liu Y, Li ZC, Li XZ, Qi J. Bioinformatic Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Pathogenic Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:850. [PMID: 37623621 PMCID: PMC10455296 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are among the filamentous fungi with the most pronounced impact on agricultural production and human health. The mycotoxins produced by pathogenic Fusarium not only attack various plants including crops, causing various plant diseases that lead to reduced yields and even death, but also penetrate into the food chain of humans and animals to cause food poisoning and consequent health hazards. Although sporadic studies have revealed some of the biosynthetic pathways of Fusarium toxins, they are insufficient to satisfy the need for a comprehensive understanding of Fusarium toxin production. In this study, we focused on 35 serious pathogenic Fusarium species with available genomes and systematically analyzed the ubiquity of the distribution of identified Fusarium- and non-Fusarium-derived fungal toxin biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) in these species through the mining of core genes and the comparative analysis of corresponding BGCs. Additionally, novel sesterterpene synthases and PKS_NRPS clusters were discovered and analyzed. This work is the first to systematically analyze the distribution of related mycotoxin biosynthesis in pathogenic Fusarium species. These findings enhance the knowledge of mycotoxin production and provide a theoretical grounding for the prevention of fungal toxin production using biotechnological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhao-chen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Promsuk G, Vuttipongchaikij S, Prommarit K, Suttangkakul A, Lazarus CM, Wonnapinij P, Wattana-Amorn P. Anthranilic Acid Accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Induced by Expression of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene from Paecilomyces cinnamomeus BCC 9616. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200573. [PMID: 36250803 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of nrps33, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene, from Paecilomyces cinnamomeus BCC 9616 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae unexpectedly resulted in the accumulation of anthranilic acid, an intermediate in tryptophan biosynthesis. Based on transcriptomic and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results, expression of nrps33 affected the transcription of tryptophan biosynthesis genes especially TRP1 which is also the selectable auxotrophic marker for the expression vector used in this work. The product of nrps33 could inhibit the activity of Trp4 involved in the conversion of anthranilate to N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)anthranilate and therefore caused the accumulation of anthranilic acid. This accumulation could in turn result in down-regulation of downstream tryptophan biosynthesis genes. Anthranilic acid is typically produced by chemical synthesis and has been used as a substrate for synthesising bioactive compounds including commercial drugs; our results could provide a new biological platform for production of this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunlatida Promsuk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Kamonchat Prommarit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Colin M Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Omics Centre for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen XW, Rao L, Chen JL, Zou Y. Unexpected assembly machinery for 4(3H)-quinazolinone scaffold synthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6522. [PMID: 36316336 PMCID: PMC9622831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4(3H)-quinazolinone is the core scaffold in more than 200 natural alkaloids and numerous drugs. Many chemosynthetic methodologies have been developed to generate it; however, investigation of its native enzymatic formation mechanism in fungi has been largely limited to fumiquinazolines, where the two nitrogen atoms come from anthranilate (N-1) and the α-NH2 of amino acids (N-3). Here, via biochemical investigation of the chrysogine pathway, unexpected assembly machinery for 4(3H)-quinazolinone is unveiled, which involves a fungal two-module nonribosomal peptide synthase ftChyA with an unusual terminal condensation domain catalysing tripeptide formation; reveals that N-3 originates from the inorganic ammonium ions or the amide of L-Gln; demonstrates an unusual α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase ftChyM catalysis of the C-N bond oxidative cleavage of a tripeptide to form a dipeptide. Our study uncovers a unique release and tailoring mechanism for nonribosomal peptides and an alternative route for the synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinone scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wei Chen
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 P. R. China
| | - Li Rao
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 P. R. China
| | - Jia-Li Chen
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deep-Sea Natural Products from Extreme Environments: Cold Seeps and Hydrothermal Vents. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060404. [PMID: 35736207 PMCID: PMC9229347 DOI: 10.3390/md20060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea has been proven to be a great treasure for structurally unique and biologically active natural products in the last two decades. Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, as typical representatives of deep-sea extreme environments, have attracted more and more attention. This review mainly summarizes the natural products of marine animals, marine fungi, and marine bacteria derived from deep-sea cold seeps and hydrothermal vents as well as their biological activities. In general, there were 182 compounds reported, citing 132 references and covering the literature from the first report in 1984 up to March 2022. The sources of the compounds are represented by the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Streptomyces sp., and so on. It is worth mentioning that 90 of the 182 compounds are new and that almost 60% of the reported structures exhibited diverse bioactivities, which became attractive targets for relevant organic synthetic and biosynthetic studies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Serrano R, González-Menéndez V, Mackenzie TA, Ramos MC, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. A Molecular Networking Based Discovery of Diketopiperazine Heterodimers and Aspergillicins from Aspergillus caelatus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:25-33. [PMID: 35045259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of species in Aspergillus section Flavi has recently increased to 36 and includes some of the most important and well-known species in the genus Aspergillus. Numerous secondary metabolites, especially mycotoxins, have been reported from species such as A. flavus; however many of the more recently described species are less studied from a chemical point of view. This paper describes the use of MS/MS-based molecular networking to investigate the metabolome of A. caelatus leading to the discovery of several new diketopiperazine dimers and aspergillicins. An MS-guided isolation procedure yielded six new compounds, including asperazines D-H (1-5) and aspergillicin H (6). Asperazines G and H are artifacts derived from asperazines E and F formed during the separation process by formic acid. Two known compounds, aspergillicins A and C (7 and 8), were isolated from the same strain. Structures were elucidated by analyzing their HR-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of asperazines D-F and aspergillicin H were deduced from the combination of NMR, Marfey's method, and ECD analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rachel Serrano
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Thomas A Mackenzie
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria C Ramos
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Studt L. Secondary Metabolite Gene Regulation in Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species: A Focus on Chromatin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:96. [PMID: 35202124 PMCID: PMC8880415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a species-rich group of mycotoxigenic plant pathogens that ranks as one of the most economically important fungal genera in the world. During growth and infection, they are able to produce a vast spectrum of low-molecular-weight compounds, so-called secondary metabolites (SMs). SMs often comprise toxic compounds (i.e., mycotoxins) that contaminate precious food and feed sources and cause adverse health effects in humans and livestock. In this context, understanding the regulation of their biosynthesis is crucial for the development of cropping strategies that aim at minimizing mycotoxin contamination in the field. Nevertheless, currently, only a fraction of SMs have been identified, and even fewer are considered for regular monitoring by regulatory authorities. Limitations to exploit their full chemical potential arise from the fact that the genes involved in their biosynthesis are often silent under standard laboratory conditions and only induced upon specific stimuli mimicking natural conditions in which biosynthesis of the respective SM becomes advantageous for the producer. This implies a complex regulatory network. Several components of these gene networks have been studied in the past, thereby greatly advancing the understanding of SM gene regulation and mycotoxin biosynthesis in general. This review aims at summarizing the latest advances in SM research in these notorious plant pathogens with a focus on chromatin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nielsen MR, Sørensen JL. Investigating Fungal Biosynthetic Pathways Using Heterologous Gene Expression: Fusarium sp. as a Heterologous Host. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2489:53-74. [PMID: 35524045 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2273-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters is a popular strategy for exploring the chemical potential of filamentous fungi. Here, we describe the process of PCR-amplifying fungal gene clusters and re-assembling them in a cloning vector via target-associated recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The gene cluster-carrying construct is validated and used to transform protoplasts of Fusarium graminearum , a well-studied host that is able to express the gene cluster. Chemical analysis of transformants expressing biosynthetic genes can lead to the detection and isolation of novel compounds, such as polyketides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark.
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ding Y, Gardiner DM, Kazan K. Transcriptome analysis reveals infection strategies employed by Fusarium graminearum as a root pathogen. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126951. [PMID: 34972022 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg) infects both heads and roots of cereal crops causing several economically important diseases such as head blight, seedling blight, crown rot and root rot. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known virulence factor, produced by Fg during disease development is also an important health concern. Although how Fg infects above-ground tissues is relatively well studied, very little is known about molecular processes employed by the pathogen during below-ground infection. Also unknown is the role of DON during root infection. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome of Fg during root infection of the model cereal Brachypodium distachyon (Bd). We also compared our Fg transcriptome data obtained during Bd root infection with those reported during wheat head infection. These analyses suggested that both shared and unique infection strategies were employed by the pathogen during colonization of different host tissues. Several metabolite biosynthesis genes induced in Fg during root infection could be linked to phytohormone production, implying that the pathogen likely interferes with root specific defenses. In addition, to understand the role of DON in Fg root infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the DON deficient Tri5 mutant. These analyses showed that the absence of DON had a significant effect on fungal transcriptional responses. Although DON was produced in infected roots, this mycotoxin did not act as a Fg virulence factor during root infection. Our results reveal new mechanistic insights into the below-ground strategies employed by Fg that may benefit the development of new genetic tools to combat this important cereal pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- The Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, 2570, New South Wales, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Draft Genome Sequence of Fusarium equiseti K3, a Fungal Species Isolated from Hexachlorocyclohexane-Contaminated Soil. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0088521. [PMID: 34817210 PMCID: PMC8612084 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00885-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the draft genome sequence of Fusarium equiseti strain K3, a fungus isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil (Kitengela, Kenya). The 37.88-Mb draft genome sequence consists of 206 contigs, 12,311 predicted protein-coding sequences, and 261 tRNA sequences. This genome sequence contributes to our understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions during hexachlorocyclohexane degradation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Westphal KR, Bachleitner S, Severinsen MM, Brundtø ML, Hansen FT, Sørensen T, Wollenberg RD, Lysøe E, Studt L, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE, Wimmer R. Cyclic, Hydrophobic Hexapeptide Fusahexin Is the Product of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2070-2080. [PMID: 34292732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum is known to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites during plant infection. This includes several nonribosomal peptides. Recently, the fusaoctaxin (NRPS5/9) and gramilin (NRPS8) gene clusters were shown to be induced by host interactions. To widen our understanding of this important pathogen, we investigated the involvement of the NRPS4 gene cluster during infection and oxidative and osmotic stress. Overexpression of NRPS4 led to the discovery of a new cyclic hexapeptide, fusahexin (1), with the amino acid sequence cyclo-(d-Ala-l-Leu-d-allo-Thr-l-Pro-d-Leu-l-Leu). The structural analyses revealed an unusual ether bond between a proline Cδ to Cβ of the preceding threonine resulting in an oxazine ring system. The comparative genomic analyses showed that the small gene cluster only encodes an ABC transporter in addition to the five-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). Based on the structure of fusahexin and the domain architecture of NRPS4, we propose a biosynthetic model in which the terminal module is used to incorporate two leucine units. So far, iterative use of NRPS modules has primarily been described for siderophore synthetases, which makes NRPS4 a rare example of a fungal nonsiderophore NRPS with distinct iterative module usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R Westphal
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simone Bachleitner
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Manja M Severinsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias L Brundtø
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frederik T Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus D Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 7, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jens L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Teis E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iacovelli R, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM. Nonribosomal peptide synthetases and their biotechnological potential in Penicillium rubens. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6324005. [PMID: 34279620 PMCID: PMC8788816 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) are large multimodular enzymes that synthesize a diverse variety of peptides. Many of these are currently used as pharmaceuticals, thanks to their activity as antimicrobials (penicillin, vancomycin, daptomycin, echinocandin), immunosuppressant (cyclosporin) and anticancer compounds (bleomycin). Because of their biotechnological potential, NRPSs have been extensively studied in the past decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the main structural and functional features of these enzymes, and we consider the challenges and prospects of engineering NRPSs for the synthesis of novel compounds. Furthermore, we discuss secondary metabolism and NRP synthesis in the filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens and examine its potential for the production of novel and modified β-lactam antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Iacovelli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A L Bovenberg
- Synthetic Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,DSM Biotechnology Centre, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Westphal KR, Heidelbach S, Zeuner EJ, Riisgaard-Jensen M, Nielsen ME, Vestergaard SZ, Bekker NS, Skovmark J, Olesen CK, Thomsen KH, Niebling SK, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE. The effects of different potato dextrose agar media on secondary metabolite production in Fusarium. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 347:109171. [PMID: 33872940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Potatoes contain several nutrients essential for fungal growth, making them an excellent component of media such as the popular Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Commercially, PDA is available from multiple retailers offering virtually the same product. These media, however, could contain small differences in composition of nutrients affecting the expression of secondary metabolites. This study aims to investigate the use of four PDA media from different manufacturers (Fluka, Oxoid, Sigma, and VWR) and their effect on the metabolite profile of four species of Fusarium (F. fujikuroi, F. graminearum, F. pseudograminearum and F. avenaceum). Secondary metabolites were analysed using HPLC-HRMS, from which statistically significant differences in intensities were observed for 9 out of 10 metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ringsborg Westphal
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Heidelbach
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Emil Juel Zeuner
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marie Riisgaard-Jensen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Eneberg Nielsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofie Zacho Vestergaard
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Sundgaard Bekker
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Skovmark
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Kjær Olesen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Katrine Hartmann Thomsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sara Kramer Niebling
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrsvej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pedersen TB, Nielsen MR, Kristensen SB, Spedtsberg EML, Yasmine W, Matthiesen R, Kaniki SEK, Sørensen T, Petersen C, Muff J, Sondergaard TE, Nielsen KL, Wimmer R, Sørensen JL. Heterologous Expression of the Core Genes in the Complex Fusarubin Gene Cluster of Fusarium Solani. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7601. [PMID: 33066643 PMCID: PMC7589453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Through stepwise recreation of the biosynthetic gene cluster containing PKS3 from Fusarium solani, it was possible to produce the core scaffold compound of bostrycoidin, a red aza-anthraquinone pigment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was achieved through sequential transformation associated recombination (TAR) cloning of FvPPT, fsr1, fsr2, and fsr3 into the pESC-vector system, utilizing the inducible bidirectional galactose promoter for heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae. The production of the core metabolite bostrycoidin was investigated through triplicate growth cultures for 1-4 days, where the maximum titer of bostrycoidin was achieved after 2 days of induction, yielding 2.2 mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruun Pedersen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Sebastian Birkedal Kristensen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Eva Mie Lang Spedtsberg
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Wafaa Yasmine
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Rikke Matthiesen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Samba Evelyne Kabemba Kaniki
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Trine Sørensen
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Celine Petersen
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Jens Muff
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Kåre Lehmann Nielsen
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ding Z, Zhou H, Wang X, Huang H, Wang H, Zhang R, Wang Z, Han J. Deletion of the Histone Deacetylase HdaA in Endophytic Fungus Penicillium chrysogenum Fes1701 Induces the Complex Response of Multiple Bioactive Secondary Metabolite Production and Relevant Gene Cluster Expression. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163657. [PMID: 32796640 PMCID: PMC7464707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in controlling fungal secondary metabolism. Here, we report the pleiotropic effects of the epigenetic regulator HdaA (histone deacetylase) on secondary metabolite production and the associated biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) expression in the plant endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum Fes1701. Deletion of the hdaA gene in strain Fes1701 induced a significant change of the secondary metabolite profile with the emergence of the bioactive indole alkaloid meleagrin. Simultaneously, more meleagrin/roquefortine-related compounds and less chrysogine were synthesized in the ΔhdaA strain. Transcriptional analysis of relevant gene clusters in ΔhdaA and wild strains indicated that disruption of hdaA had different effects on the expression levels of two BGCs: the meleagrin/roquefortine BGC was upregulated, while the chrysogine BGC was downregulated. Interestingly, transcriptional analysis demonstrated that different functional genes in the same BGC had different responses to the disruption of hdaA. Thereinto, the roqO gene, which encodes a key catalyzing enzyme in meleagrin biosynthesis, showed the highest upregulation in the ΔhdaA strain (84.8-fold). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the upregulation of HdaA inactivation on meleagrin/roquefortine alkaloid production in the endophytic fungus P. chrysogenum. Our results suggest that genetic manipulation based on the epigenetic regulator HdaA is an important strategy for regulating the productions of secondary metabolites and expanding bioactive natural product resources in endophytic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ding
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (X.W.); (R.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-635-8239136
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (X.W.); (R.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Huiming Huang
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Haotian Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China;
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (X.W.); (R.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (X.W.); (R.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (X.W.); (R.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Venil CK, Velmurugan P, Dufossé L, Renuka Devi P, Veera Ravi A. Fungal Pigments: Potential Coloring Compounds for Wide Ranging Applications in Textile Dyeing. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E68. [PMID: 32443916 PMCID: PMC7344934 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic pigments/non-renewable coloring sources used normally in the textile industry release toxic substances into the environment, causing perilous ecological challenges. To be safer from such challenges of synthetic colorants, academia and industries have explored the use of natural colorants such as microbial pigments. Such explorations have created a fervent interest among textile stakeholders to undertake the dyeing of textile fabrics, especially with fungal pigments. The biodegradable and sustainable production of natural colorants from fungal sources stand as being comparatively advantageous to synthetic dyes. The prospective scope of fungal pigments has emerged in the opening of many new avenues in textile colorants for wide ranging applications. Applying the biotechnological processes, fungal pigments like carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, indigo, etc. could be extracted on an industrial scale. This review appraises the studies and applications of various fungal pigments in dyeing textile fabrics and is furthermore shedding light on the importance of toxicity testing, genetic manipulations of fungal pigments, and their future perspectives under biotechnological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanivel Velmurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University – Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.V.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- CHEMBIOPRO Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels, ESIROI Département agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, Indian Ocean, France
| | - Ponnuswamy Renuka Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Regional Campus – Coimbatore, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University – Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.V.); (A.V.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A Penicillium rubens platform strain for secondary metabolite production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7630. [PMID: 32376967 PMCID: PMC7203126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a Penicillium rubens strain with an industrial background in which the four highly expressed biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) required to produce penicillin, roquefortine, chrysogine and fungisporin were removed. This resulted in a minimal secondary metabolite background. Amino acid pools under steady-state growth conditions showed reduced levels of methionine and increased intracellular aromatic amino acids. Expression profiling of remaining BGC core genes and untargeted mass spectrometry did not identify products from uncharacterized BGCs. This platform strain was repurposed for expression of the recently identified polyketide calbistrin gene cluster and achieved high yields of decumbenone A, B and C. The penicillin BGC could be restored through in vivo assembly with eight DNA segments with short overlaps. Our study paves the way for fast combinatorial assembly and expression of biosynthetic pathways in a fungal strain with low endogenous secondary metabolite burden.
Collapse
|
19
|
A comparative genomics study of 23 Aspergillus species from section Flavi. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1106. [PMID: 32107379 PMCID: PMC7046712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Section Flavi encompasses both harmful and beneficial Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus oryzae, used in food fermentation and enzyme production, and Aspergillus flavus, food spoiler and mycotoxin producer. Here, we sequence 19 genomes spanning section Flavi and compare 31 fungal genomes including 23 Flavi species. We reassess their phylogenetic relationships and show that the closest relative of A. oryzae is not A. flavus, but A. minisclerotigenes or A. aflatoxiformans and identify high genome diversity, especially in sub-telomeric regions. We predict abundant CAZymes (598 per species) and prolific secondary metabolite gene clusters (73 per species) in section Flavi. However, the observed phenotypes (growth characteristics, polysaccharide degradation) do not necessarily correlate with inferences made from the predicted CAZyme content. Our work, including genomic analyses, phenotypic assays, and identification of secondary metabolites, highlights the genetic and metabolic diversity within section Flavi. Aspergillus fungi classified within the section Flavi include harmful and beneficial species. Here, Kjærbølling et al. analyse the genomes of 23 Flavi species, showing high genetic diversity and potential for synthesis of over 13,700 CAZymes and 1600 secondary metabolites.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lagashetti AC, Dufossé L, Singh SK, Singh PN. Fungal Pigments and Their Prospects in Different Industries. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E604. [PMID: 31766735 PMCID: PMC6955906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The public's demand for natural, eco-friendly, and safe pigments is significantly increasing in the current era. Natural pigments, especially fungal pigments, are receiving more attention and seem to be in high demand worldwide. The immense advantages of fungal pigments over other natural or synthetic pigments have opened new avenues in the market for a wide range of applications in different industries. In addition to coloring properties, other beneficial attributes of fungal pigments, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity, have expanded their use in different sectors. This review deals with the study of fungal pigments and their applications and sheds light on future prospects and challenges in the field of fungal pigments. Furthermore, the possible application of fungal pigments in the textile industry is also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay C. Lagashetti
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India; (A.C.L.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels & ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis CEDEX, France
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India; (A.C.L.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Paras N. Singh
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India; (A.C.L.); (P.N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heterologous expression of intact biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Zwahlen RD, Pohl C, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM. Bacterial MbtH-like Proteins Stimulate Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase-Derived Secondary Metabolism in Filamentous Fungi. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1776-1787. [PMID: 31284717 PMCID: PMC6713467 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are known producers of bioactive natural products, low molecular weight molecules that arise from secondary metabolism. MbtH-like proteins (MLPs) are small (∼10 kDa) proteins, which associate noncovalently with adenylation domains of some bacterial nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). MLPs promote the folding, stability, and activity of NRPS enzymes. MLPs are highly conserved among a wide range of bacteria; however, they are absent from all fungal species sequenced to date. We analyzed the interaction potential of bacterial MLPs with eukaryotic NRPS enzymes first using crystal structures, with results suggesting a conservation of the interaction surface. Subsequently, we transformed five MLPs into Penicillium chrysogenum strains and analyzed changes in NRPS-derived metabolite profiles. Three of the five transformed MLPs increased the rate of nonribosomal peptide formation and elevated the concentrations of intermediate and final products of the penicillin, roquefortine, chrysogine, and fungisporin biosynthetic pathways. Our results suggest that even though MLPs are not found in the fungal domain of life, they can be used in fungal hosts as a tool for natural product discovery and biotechnological production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reto D. Zwahlen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Pohl
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. L. Bovenberg
- Synthetic Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- DSM Biotechnology Centre, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bachleitner S, Sørensen JL, Gacek-Matthews A, Sulyok M, Studt L, Strauss J. Evidence of a Demethylase-Independent Role for the H3K4-Specific Histone Demethylases in Aspergillus nidulans and Fusarium graminearum Secondary Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1759. [PMID: 31456754 PMCID: PMC6700381 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce a plethora of secondary metabolites (SMs) involved in cellular protection, defense, and signaling. Like other metabolic processes, transcription of SM biosynthesis genes is tightly regulated to prevent an unnecessary use of resources. Genes involved in SM biosynthesis are usually physically linked, arranged in secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs). Research over the last decades has shown that chromatin structure and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones represent important layers of SMGC regulation. For instance, trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is a PTM typically associated with promoter regions of actively transcribed genes. Previously, we have shown that the H3K4me3-specific, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase KdmB functions not only in repression but also in activation of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans, suggesting that KdmB has additional functions apart from histone demethylation. In this study, we identified demethylase-independent functions of KdmB in transcriptional regulation of SM gene clusters. Furthermore, we show that this activating and demethylase-independent role of the H3K4 demethylase is also conserved in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Lack of FgKdm5 resulted in significant downregulation of five of seven analyzed SMs, whereby only one SMGC depends on a functional JmjC-domain. In A. nidulans strains deficient in H3K4 methylation, i.e., cclA∆, largely phenocopied kdmB∆, while this is not the case for most of the SMs analyzed in Fusarium spp. Notably, KdmB could not rescue the demethylase function in ∆fgkdm5 but restored all demethylase-independent phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bachleitner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Gacek-Matthews
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Adpressa DA, Connolly LR, Konkel ZM, Neuhaus GF, Chang XL, Pierce BR, Smith KM, Freitag M, Loesgen S. A metabolomics-guided approach to discover Fusarium graminearum metabolites after removal of a repressive histone modification. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103256. [PMID: 31344458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many secondary metabolites are produced by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that are repressed during standard growth conditions, which complicates the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. In the genus Fusarium, many BGCs reside in chromatin enriched for trimethylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3), a modification correlated with transcriptional gene silencing. Here we report on our progress in assigning metabolites to genes by using a strain lacking the H3K27 methyltransferase, Kmt6. To guide isolation efforts, we coupled genetics to multivariate analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) data from both wild type and kmt6, which allowed identification of compounds previously unknown from F. graminearum. We found low molecular weight, amino acid-derived metabolites (N-ethyl anthranilic acid, N-phenethylacetamide, N-acetyltryptamine). We identified one new compound, protofusarin, as derived from fusarin biosynthesis. Similarly, we isolated large amounts of fusaristatin A, gibepyrone A, and fusarpyrones A and B, simply by using the kmt6 mutant, instead of having to optimize growth media. To increase the abundance of metabolites underrepresented in wild type, we generated kmt6 fus1 double mutants and discovered tricinolone and tricinolonoic acid, two new sesquiterpenes belonging to the tricindiol class. Our approach allows rapid visualization and analyses of the genetically induced changes in metabolite production, and discovery of new molecules by a combination of chemical and genetic dereplication. Of 22 fungal metabolites identified here, 10 compounds had not been reported from F. graminearum before. We show that activating silent metabolic pathways by mutation of a repressive chromatin modification enzyme can result in the discovery of new chemistry even in a well-studied organism, and helps to connect new or known small molecules to the BGCs responsible for their production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lanelle R Connolly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zachary M Konkel
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - George F Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiao L Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brett R Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kristina M Smith
- Department of Biology, Oregon State University - Cascades, Bend, OR, USA
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nielsen MR, Sondergaard TE, Giese H, Sørensen JL. Advances in linking polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides to their biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1263-1280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
Machushynets NV, Wu C, Elsayed SS, Hankemeier T, van Wezel GP. Discovery of novel glycerolated quinazolinones from Streptomyces sp. MBT27. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:483-492. [PMID: 30729343 PMCID: PMC6403205 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria are a major source of novel bioactive natural products. A challenge in the screening of these microorganisms lies in finding the favorable growth conditions for secondary metabolite production and dereplication of known molecules. Here, we report that Streptomyces sp. MBT27 produces 4-quinazolinone alkaloids in response to elevated levels of glycerol, whereby quinazolinones A (1) and B (2) form a new sub-class of this interesting family of natural products. Global Natural Product Social molecular networking (GNPS) resulted in a quinazolinone-related network that included anthranilic acid (3), anthranilamide (4), 4(3H)-quinazolinone (5), and 2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (6). Actinomycins D (7) and X2 (8) were also identified in the extracts of Streptomyces sp. MBT27. The induction of quinazolinone production by glycerol combined with biosynthetic insights provide evidence that glycerol is integrated into the chemical scaffold. The unprecedented 1,4-dioxepane ring, that is spiro-fused into the quinazolinone backbone, is most likely formed by intermolecular etherification of two units of glycerol. Our work underlines the importance of varying the growth conditions for the discovery of novel natural products and for understanding their biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia V Machushynets
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Somayah S Elsayed
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bahadoor A, Brauer EK, Bosnich W, Schneiderman D, Johnston A, Aubin Y, Blackwell B, Melanson JE, Harris LJ. Gramillin A and B: Cyclic Lipopeptides Identified as the Nonribosomal Biosynthetic Products of Fusarium graminearum. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16783-16791. [PMID: 30395461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The virulence and broad host range of Fusarium graminearum is associated with its ability to secrete an arsenal of phytotoxic secondary metabolites, including the regulated mycotoxins belonging to the deoxynivalenol family. The TRI genes responsible for the biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol and related compounds are usually expressed during fungal infection. However, the F. graminearum genome harbors an array of unexplored biosynthetic gene clusters that are also co-induced with the TRI genes, including the nonribosomal peptide synthetase 8 ( NRPS8) gene cluster. Here, we identify two bicyclic lipopeptides, gramillin A (1) and B (2), as the biosynthetic end products of NRPS8. Structural elucidation by high-resolution LC-MS and NMR, including 1H-15N-13C HNCO and HNCA on isotopically enriched compounds, revealed that the gramillins possess a fused bicyclic structure with ring closure of the main peptide macrocycle occurring via an anhydride bond. Through targeted gene disruption, we characterized the GRA1 biosynthetic gene and its transcription factor GRA2 in the NRPS8 gene cluster. Further, we show that the gramillins are produced in planta on maize silks, promoting fungal virulence on maize but have no discernible effect on wheat head infection. Leaf infiltration of the gramillins induces cell death in maize, but not in wheat. Our results show that F. graminearum deploys the gramillins as a virulence agent in maize, but not in wheat, thus displaying host-specific adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adilah Bahadoor
- Metrology , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Elizabeth K Brauer
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Whynn Bosnich
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Danielle Schneiderman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Anne Johnston
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics, and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Barbara Blackwell
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Metrology , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Westphal KR, Muurmann AT, Paulsen IE, Nørgaard KTH, Overgaard ML, Dall SM, Aalborg T, Wimmer R, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE. Who Needs Neighbors? PKS8 Is a Stand-Alone Gene in Fusarium graminearum Responsible for Production of Gibepyrones and Prolipyrone B. Molecules 2018; 23:E2232. [PMID: 30200525 PMCID: PMC6225250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of the genus Fusarium has revealed a great capacity for discovery of new natural products of potential economical and therapeutic importance. Several of these are unknown. In this study, we investigated the product of the PKS8 gene in Fusarium graminearum, which was recently linked to gibepyrones in F. fujikuroi. Genomic analyses showed that PKS8 constitutes a stand-alone gene in F. graminearum and related species. Overexpression of PKS8 resulted in production of gibepyrones A, B, D, G and prolipyrone B, which could not be detected in the wild type strain. Our results suggest that PKS8 produces the entry compound gibepyrone A, which is subsequently oxidized by one or several non-clustering cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ending with prolipyrone B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iben Engell Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Marie Lund Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Trine Aalborg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hoogendoorn K, Barra L, Waalwijk C, Dickschat JS, van der Lee TAJ, Medema MH. Evolution and Diversity of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fusarium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1158. [PMID: 29922257 PMCID: PMC5996196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi in the Fusarium genus cause severe damage to crops, resulting in great financial losses and health hazards. Specialized metabolites synthesized by these fungi are known to play key roles in the infection process, and to provide survival advantages inside and outside the host. However, systematic studies of the evolution of specialized metabolite-coding potential across Fusarium have been scarce. Here, we apply a combination of bioinformatic approaches to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) across publicly available genomes from Fusarium, to group them into annotated families and to study gain/loss events of BGC families throughout the history of the genus. Comparison with MIBiG reference BGCs allowed assignment of 29 gene cluster families (GCFs) to pathways responsible for the production of known compounds, while for 57 GCFs, the molecular products remain unknown. Comparative analysis of BGC repertoires using ancestral state reconstruction raised several new hypotheses on how BGCs contribute to Fusarium pathogenicity or host specificity, sometimes surprisingly so: for example, a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of hexadehydro-astechrome was identified in the genome of the biocontrol strain Fusarium oxysporum Fo47, while being absent in that of the tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Several BGCs were also identified on supernumerary chromosomes; heterologous expression of genes for three terpene synthases encoded on the Fusarium poae supernumerary chromosome and subsequent GC/MS analysis showed that these genes are functional and encode enzymes that each are able to synthesize koraiol; this observed functional redundancy supports the hypothesis that localization of copies of BGCs on supernumerary chromosomes provides freedom for evolutionary innovations to occur, while the original function remains conserved. Altogether, this systematic overview of biosynthetic diversity in Fusarium paves the way for targeted natural product discovery based on automated identification of species-specific pathways as well as for connecting species ecology to the taxonomic distributions of BGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Hoogendoorn
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lena Barra
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moore GG, Mack BM, Beltz SB, Puel O. Genome sequence of an aflatoxigenic pathogen of Argentinian peanut, Aspergillus arachidicola. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:189. [PMID: 29523080 PMCID: PMC5845213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus arachidicola is an aflatoxigenic fungal species, first isolated from the leaves of a wild peanut species native to Argentina. It has since been reported in maize, Brazil nut and human sputum samples. This aflatoxigenic species is capable of secreting both B and G aflatoxins, similar to A. parasiticus and A. nomius. It has other characteristics that may result in its misidentification as one of several other section Flavi species. This study offers a preliminary analysis of the A. arachidicola genome. RESULTS In this study we sequenced the genome of the A. arachidicola type strain (CBS 117610) and found its genome size to be 38.9 Mb, and its number of predicted genes to be 12,091, which are values comparable to those in other sequenced Aspergilli. A comparison of 57 known Aspergillus secondary metabolite gene clusters, among closely-related aflatoxigenic species, revealed nearly half were predicted to exist in the type strain of A. arachidicola. Of its predicted genes, 691 were identified as unique to the species and 60% were assigned Gene Ontology terms using BLAST2GO. Phylogenomic inference shows CBS 117610 sharing a most recent common ancestor with A. parasiticus. Finally, BLAST query of A. flavus mating-type idiomorph sequences to this strain revealed the presence of a single mating-type (MAT1-1) idiomorph. CONCLUSIONS Based on A. arachidicola morphological, genetic and chemotype similarities with A. flavus and A. parasiticus, sequencing the genome of A. arachidicola will contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary relatedness among aflatoxigenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geromy G. Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124 USA
| | - Brian M. Mack
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124 USA
| | - Shannon B. Beltz
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124 USA
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pathway for the Biosynthesis of the Pigment Chrysogine by Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02246-17. [PMID: 29196288 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02246-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysogine is a yellow pigment produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and other filamentous fungi. Although the pigment was first isolated in 1973, its biosynthetic pathway has so far not been resolved. Here, we show that deletion of the highly expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene Pc21g12630 (chyA) resulted in a decrease in the production of chrysogine and 13 related compounds in the culture broth of P. chrysogenum Each of the genes of the chyA-containing gene cluster was individually deleted, and corresponding mutants were examined by metabolic profiling in order to elucidate their function. The data suggest that the NRPS ChyA mediates the condensation of anthranilic acid and alanine into the intermediate 2-(2-aminopropanamido)benzoic acid, which was verified by feeding experiments of a ΔchyA strain with the chemically synthesized product. The remainder of the pathway is highly branched, yielding at least 13 chrysogine-related compounds.IMPORTANCEPenicillium chrysogenum is used in industry for the production of β-lactams, but also produces several other secondary metabolites. The yellow pigment chrysogine is one of the most abundant metabolites in the culture broth, next to β-lactams. Here, we have characterized the biosynthetic gene cluster involved in chrysogine production and elucidated a complex and highly branched biosynthetic pathway, assigning each of the chrysogine cluster genes to biosynthetic steps and metabolic intermediates. The work further unlocks the metabolic potential of filamentous fungi and the complexity of secondary metabolite pathways.
Collapse
|
32
|
Garcia-Cela E, Kiaitsi E, Medina A, Sulyok M, Krska R, Magan N. Interacting Environmental Stress Factors Affects Targeted Metabolomic Profiles in Stored Natural Wheat and That Inoculated with F. graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020056. [PMID: 29382163 PMCID: PMC5848157 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in environmental stress impact on secondary metabolite (SM) production profiles. Few studies have examined targeted SM production patterns in relation to interacting environmental conditions in stored cereals. The objectives were to examine the effect of water activity (aw; 0.95–0.90) x temperature (10–25 °C) on SM production on naturally contaminated stored wheat and that inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Samples were analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on (a) total number of known SMs, (b) their concentrations and (c) changes under environmental stress. 24 Fusarium metabolites were quantified. Interestingly, statistical differences (ChisSq., p < 0.001) were observed in the number of SMs produced under different sets of interacting environmental conditions. The dominant metabolites in natural stored grain were deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) followed by a range of enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), apicidin and DON-3-glucoside at 10 °C. Increasing temperature promoted the biosynthesis of other SMs such as aurofusarin, moniliformin, zearalenone (ZEN) and their derivatives. Natural wheat + F. graminearum inoculation resulted in a significant increase in the number of metabolites produced (ChisSq., p < 0.001). For ZEN and its derivatives, more was produced under cooler storage conditions. Fusarin C was enhanced in contrast to that for the enniatin group. The relative ratios of certain groups of targeted SM changed with environmental stress. Both temperature and aw affected the amounts of metabolites present, especially of DON and ZEN. This study suggests that the dominant SMs produced in stored temperate cereals are the mycotoxins for which legislation exists. However, there are changes in the ratios of key metabolites which could influence the relative contamination with individual compounds. Thus, in the future, under more extreme environmental stresses, different dominant SMs may be formed which could make present legislation out of step with the future contamination which might occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Elisavet Kiaitsi
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|