1
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Ali W, Oliver GA, Werz DB, Maiti D. Pd-catalyzed regioselective activation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39212454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Differentiating between two highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Directing group assisted strategies for the functionalisation of proximal C-H bonds has been known for the last few decades. However, distal C-H bond functionalisation is strenuous and requires distinctly specialised techniques. In this review, we summarise the advancement in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond activation through various redox manifolds including Pd(0)/Pd(II), Pd(II)/Pd(IV) and Pd(II)/Pd(0). Distal C-H functionalisation, where a Pd-catalyst is directly involved in the C-H activation step, either through assistance of an external directing group or directed by an inherent functionality or functional group incorporated at the site of the Pd-C bond is covered. The purpose of this review is to portray the current state of art in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalisation reactions, their mechanism and application in the late-stage functionalisation of medicinal compounds along with highlighting its limitations, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Mondal P, Mandal N, Pal AK, Datta A. Computational Insights into Palladium-Catalyzed Site-Selective Anilide and Benzamide-Type [3+2] Annulation via Double C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11371-11379. [PMID: 39072638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of palladium-catalyzed annulation reactions of benzamide- and anilide-type aromatic systems with maleimides is investigated using density functional theory. Double C-H bond activation is key to forming the desired annulation product. The first C-H bond activation for anilide- and amide-type ligands can occur at the ortho and benzylic C-H bonds, while the second C-H activation occurs at the meta carbon of the aromatic rings. For the anilide-type system, ortho and benzylic C-H bond activations occur via four- and five-membered palladacycles, respectively. In contrast, for the benzamide-type system, ortho and benzylic C-H bond activations occur via five- and six-membered palladacycles, respectively. The energy span model suggests that the initial C-H bond activation step at the benzylic position determines the turnover frequency for both anilide- and benzamide-type systems. Energy decomposition analysis and distortion-interaction/activation-strain analyses are employed to understand the electronic and steric factors controlling the turnover frequency-determining transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilangshu Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur 700032, West Bengal, India
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3
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Mandal N, Mondal P, Mandal S, Datta A. Unlocking Enantioselectivity: Synergy of 2-Pyridone and Chiral Amino Acids in Pd-Catalyzed β-C(sp 3)-H Transformations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9223-9232. [PMID: 38885175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective C(sp3)-H activation has garnered significant attention in synthetic and computational chemistry. Chiral transient directing groups (TDGs) hold promise for enabling Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization. Despite the interest in this strategy, it presents a challenge because the stereogenic center on the chiral TDG is frequently distant from the C-H bond, leading to a mixture of functionalized products. Our computational study on Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective β-C(sp3)-H arylation of aliphatic ketone with chiral amino acids provides a sustainable route to synthesizing complex chiral molecular scaffolds. The cooperative action of 2-pyridone derivatives and chiral amino acids is crucial in promoting the enantio-discriminating C-H activation, oxidative addition, and reductive elimination steps. Using 5-nitro-2-pyridone as the optimal external ligand demonstrates its ability to achieve the highest level of enantioselection. In contrast, the modeled 3,5-di((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)-2-pyridone ligand facilitates the most straightforward C-H activation. This study underscores the pivotal role of the alkyl substituent at the α-position of the amino acid (TDG) in altering enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilangshu Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Partha Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sucharita Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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4
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Jiang ZJ, Xu SH, Su Y, Hu E, Han J, Bai JF, Tang B, Chen J, Gao Z. Nickel-catalyzed regioselective hydrogen isotope exchange accelerated by 2-pyridones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:384-387. [PMID: 38063024 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange has been developed with acetone-d6 as the deuterium source. The reaction showed an improved kinetic feature of H/D exchange under the assistance of 2-pyridones, efficiently affording regioselective labeled aryl and alkyl carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jiang Jiang
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Si-Han Xu
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Su
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Erxun Hu
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Jiawei Han
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Fei Bai
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Bencan Tang
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
- Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghua Gao
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
- Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
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5
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Zhao M, Yuan H, Zhang J. Origin of Ligand and Acid Effects on the Pd-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Coupling Reaction of Indazoles and Isoprene: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16132-16143. [PMID: 38037695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive computational studies were carried out to explore the mechanisms and origin of regioselectivity in the Pd-catalyzed regiodivergent coupling reaction of indazoles and isoprene. Three different insertion models were investigated for regioselectivity 1,2- or 4,3-insertion with respect to the electrophilic sites on isoprene under two different ligands (L1 and L2) and acids ((PhO)2PO2H, (nBuO)2PO2H) via PdII-H species, allyl-π-PdII-O, and indazoles-acid-assisted PdII-π-allyl. The calculated results show that the PdII-π-allyl coordinated mechanism is the most preferred one. The noncovalent interactions between the less bulky ligand L1, substrates, and (PhO)2PO2- are found to be key factors for 1,2-insertion. The 4,3-insertion selectivity is primarily controlled by the steric repulsion of the t-Bu group of bulky ligand L2 and substrate, as well as the geometry distortion. Therefore, the regioselectivity difference of the 1,2- and 4,3-insertion on electrophilic sites is controlled by the synergistic effect of ligands and acids instead of the size of the ligand. Similarly, nucleophilic site selectivity at N1 or N2 of indazoles is governed by cooperative acid BF3 and solvent iPrOH rather than BF3 alone. Overall, our findings might open a new avenue for designing more efficient regioselective 1,2- or 4,3-addition or N1-/N2-selective nucleophilic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhu Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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6
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Liu SC, Fang DC. DFT Studies on the Mechanisms of Carboamination/Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes Mediated by Pd(IV) Intermediates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14540-14549. [PMID: 37773964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the mechanism of carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes mediated by Pd(IV) intermediates. Both reactions share a common Pd(IV) intermediate, serving as the starting point for either the carboamination or the diamination pathway. The formation of this Pd(IV) intermediate encompasses a transition state that substantially impacts the turnover frequency (TOF) of catalytic cycles, with an apparent activation free-energy barrier of 26.1 kcal mol-1. Carboamination of unactivated alkenes proceeds through the coordination of a toluene molecule, C-H activation, inner reductive elimination, and the separation of the carboamination product from this intermediate, while diamination of unactivated alkenes involves the formation of the ion nucleophile, SN2 attack, and the separation of the diamination product. A comparison of the free-energy profiles for carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes can elucidate the origin of the chemoselectivity, and Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) wave function analyses have been performed to analyze the contributions of the outer C-N bonding in the diamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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7
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Bhattacharya T, Baroliya PK, Al-Thabaiti SA, Maiti D. Simplifying the Synthesis of Nonproteinogenic Amino Acids via Palladium-Catalyzed δ-Methyl C-H Olefination of Aliphatic Amines and Amino Acids. JACS AU 2023; 3:1975-1983. [PMID: 37502162 PMCID: PMC10369672 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed directing group assisted C-H functionalizations provide a straightforward access to a wide variety of nonproteinogenic amino acids. While altering the side chain of an existing natural amino acids is one way, introducing a functional group to an aliphatic amine to synthesize versatile unnatural amino acids is another exciting avenue. In this work, we explore both the possibilities by the palladium-catalyzed δ-C(sp3)-H olefination of aliphatic amines and amino acids. A diverse substrate scope including sequential difunctionalizations followed by post synthetic transformations were achieved to understand the applicability of the current protocol. An in-depth mechanistic study was carried out to learn the mode of the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Baroliya
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Shaeel A. Al-Thabaiti
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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8
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Zhu BB, Zhang SS, Fu JG, Lin GQ, Feng CG. Palladium-catalyzed disilylation of ortho-halophenylethylenes enabled by 2-pyridone ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5922-5925. [PMID: 37171020 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed disilylation reaction applicable for a variety of non-, α-, or β-substituted and α,β-disubstituted ortho-halophenylethylenes has been developed. This reaction proceeds with high yields and very low catalyst loadings. The two C-Si bonds of the disilylated products could be well-differentiated chemoselectively in the reaction with various electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Fu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Bera S, Biswas A, Pal J, Roy L, Mondal S, Samanta R. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Naphthylation of 2-Pyridone through N-H/C-H Activation Using Diarylacetylene as an Uncommon Arylating Agent. Org Lett 2023; 25:1952-1957. [PMID: 36896989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
A Pd(II)-catalyzed straightforward oxidative naphthylation of unmasked 2-pyridone derivatives is described using a twofold internal alkyne as a coupling partner. The reaction proceeds through N-H/C-H activation to provide polyarylated N-naphthyl 2-pyridones. An unusual oxidative annulation at the arene C-H bond of the diarylalkyne leads to the formation of polyarylated N-naphthyl 2-pyridones, where the 2-pyridone-attached phenyl ring of the naphthyl ring is polyaryl-substituted. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations suggest a plausible mechanism based on N-H/C-H activation. The N-naphthyl 2-pyridone derivatives were studied to explore encouraging photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satabdi Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Aniruddha Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Juthi Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Supriya Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rajarshi Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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10
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Beckers I, Bugaev A, De Vos D. Dual ligand approach increases functional group tolerance in the Pd-catalysed C-H arylation of N-heterocyclic pharmaceuticals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1176-1183. [PMID: 36756333 PMCID: PMC9891385 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The excellent functional group tolerance of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions has been decisive for their success in the pharmaceutical industry. Highly diversified (hetero)aromatic scaffolds can be effectively coupled in the final step(s) of a convergent synthetic route. In contrast, electrophilic Pd catalysts for non-directed C-H activation are particularly sensitive to inhibition by coordinating groups in pharmaceutical precursors. While C-H arylation enables the direct conversion of (hetero)aromatics without preinstalled functional or directing groups, its functional group tolerance should be increased to be viable in late-stage cross-couplings. In this work, we report on a dual ligand approach that combines a strongly coordinating phosphine ligand with a chelating 2-hydroxypyridine for the highly robust C-H coupling of bicyclic N-heteroaromatics with aryl bromide scaffolds. The catalyst speciation was studied via in situ XAS measurements, confirming the coordination of both ligands under the reaction conditions. The C-H activation catalyst was shown to be tolerant to a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds, including examples of late-stage functionalization of known drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Beckers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Aram Bugaev
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University Sladkova 174/28 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russia
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven 3001 Belgium
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11
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Sinha SK, Panja S, Grover J, Hazra PS, Pandit S, Bairagi Y, Zhang X, Maiti D. Dual Ligand Enabled Nondirected C-H Chalcogenation of Arenes and Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12032-12042. [PMID: 35759373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogenide motifs are present as principal moieties in a vast array of natural products and complex molecules. Till date, the construction of these chalcogen motifs has been restricted to either the use of directing groups or the employment of a large excess of electronically activated arenes, typically employed as a cosolvent. Despite being highly effective, these methods have their own limitations in the step economy and the deployment of an excess amount of arenes. Herein, we report the evolution of a catalytic system employing arene-limited, nondirected thioarylation of arenes and heteroarenes using a complimentary dual-ligand approach. The reaction is controlled by a combination of steric and electronic factors, and the utilization of a suitable ligand enables the generation of products on a complimentary spectrum to that generated by classical methods. The combination of ligands remains imperative in the reaction protocol with theoretical calculations pointing towards a monoprotected amino acid ligand being crucial in the concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism by a characteristic [5,6]-palladacyclic transition state, while the pyridine moiety assists in the active catalyst species formation and product release. Combined experimental and computational mechanistic investigations point toward the C-H activation step being both regio- and rate-determining. Interestingly, oxidative addition of the diphenyl disulfide substrate is found to be unlikely, and an alternative transmetalation-like mechanism involving the Pd-Ag heterometallic complex is proposed to be operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Saikat Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Yogesh Bairagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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12
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Corpas J, Arpa EM, Lapierre R, Corral I, Mauleón P, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Interplay between the Directing Group and Multifunctional Acetate Ligand in Pd-Catalyzed anti-Acetoxylation of Unsymmetrical Dialkyl-Substituted Alkynes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6596-6605. [PMID: 35692253 PMCID: PMC9173690 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cooperative action of the acetate ligand, the 2-pyridyl sulfonyl (SO2Py) directing group on the alkyne substrate, and the palladium catalyst has been shown to be crucial for controlling reactivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity in the acetoxylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes under mild reaction conditions. The corresponding alkenyl acetates were obtained in good yields with complete levels of β-regioselectivity and anti-acetoxypalladation stereocontrol. Experimental and computational analyses provide insight into the reasons behind this delicate interplay between the ligand, directing group, and the metal in the reaction mechanism. In fact, these studies unveil the multiple important roles of the acetate ligand in the coordination sphere at the Pd center: (i) it brings the acetic acid reagent into close proximity to the metal to allow the simultaneous activation of the alkyne and the acetic acid, (ii) it serves as an inner-sphere base while enhancing the nucleophilicity of the acid, and (iii) it acts as an intramolecular acid to facilitate protodemetalation and regeneration of the catalyst. Further insight into the origin of the observed regiocontrol is provided by the mapping of potential energy profiles and distortion-interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Corpas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique M. Arpa
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping
University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Romain Lapierre
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias,
UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Mauleón
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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14
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Li YH, Ouyang Y, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Pd II-Catalyzed Site-selective β- and γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Primary Aldehydes Controlled by Transient Directing Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4727-4733. [PMID: 35286807 PMCID: PMC9084563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed site-selective β- and γ-C(sp3)-H arylation of primary aldehydes is developed by rational design of L,X-type transient directing groups (TDG). External 2-pyridone ligands are identified to be crucial for the observed reactivity. By minimizing the loading of acid additives, the ligand effect is enhanced to achieve high reactivities of the challenging primary aldehyde substrates. Site selectivity can be switched from the proximate to the relatively remote position by changing the bite angle of TDG to match the desired palladacycle size. Experimental and computational investigations support this rationale for designing TDG to potentially achieve remote site-selective C(sp3)-H functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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15
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Liu S, Zhuang Z, Qiao JX, Yeung KS, Su S, Cherney EC, Ruan Z, Ewing WR, Poss MA, Yu JQ. Ligand Enabled Pd(II)-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Lactamization of Native Amides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21657-21666. [PMID: 34914877 PMCID: PMC9116424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
γ-Lactams form important structural cores of a range of medicinally relevant natural products and clinical drugs, principal examples being the new generation of immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) and the brivaracetam family. Compared to conventional multistep synthesis, an intramolecular γ-C-H amination of aliphatic amides would allow for the direct construction of valuable γ-lactam motifs from abundant amino acid precursors. Herein we report a novel 2-pyridone ligand enabled Pd(II)-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)-H lactamization of amino acid derived native amides, providing the convenient synthesis of γ-lactams, isoindolinones, and 2-imidazolidinones. C6-Substitution of the 2-pyridone ligand is crucial for the lactam formation. This protocol features the use of N-acyl amino acids, which serve as both the directing group and cyclization partner, practical and environmentally benign tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP) as the sole bystanding oxidant, and a broad substrate scope. The utility of this protocol was demonstrated through the two-step syntheses of a lenalidomide analog and brivaracetam from readily available carboxylic acids and amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jennifer X. Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Shun Su
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Emily C. Cherney
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Zheming Ruan
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - William R. Ewing
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael A. Poss
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,Corresponding Author.
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16
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Hu L, Gao H, Hu Y, Lv X, Wu YB, Lu G. Origin of Ligand Effects on Stereoinversion in Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Olefins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18128-18138. [PMID: 34878798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism and origin of ligand effects on stereoinversion of Pd-catalyzed synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins were investigated using DFT calculations and the approach of energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The results reveal that the stereoselectivity-determining steps are different when employing different phosphine ligands. This is mainly due to the steric properties of ligands. With the bulkier Xantphos ligand, the syn/anti-to-Pd 1,2-migrations determine the stereoselectivity. While using the less hindered P(o-tol)3 ligand, the 1,3-migration is the stereoselectivity-determining step. The EDA results demonstrate that Pauli repulsion and polarization are the dominant factors for controlling the stereochemistry in 1,2- and 1,3-migrations, respectively. The origins of differences of Pauli repulsion and polarization between the two stereoselective transition states are further identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiangying Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory for Materials of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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17
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Soam P, Gaba H, Mandal D, Tyagi V. A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access benzoxazine fused 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9936-9945. [PMID: 34739023 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01539g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access clinically important fused 1,2,3-triazoles using N-aryl-α-(tosylhydrazone)acetamides with isocyanide has been developed. Besides, various substitutions on the N-aryl part of acetamides along with different isocyanides show good compatibility in this protocol. Next, two plausible mechanistic routes were proposed; however, one of the routes was more favourable which involved the formation of a benzoxazine ring first followed by the realization of a triazole ring. Additionally, the more favourable mechanistic route was investigated using DFT studies which suggests that the formations of a Pd(II)-isocyanide complex and α-diazoimino intermediates were key steps in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soam
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Hashmita Gaba
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Debasish Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
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18
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Zhu BB, Ye WB, He ZT, Zhang SS, Feng CG, Lin GQ. Regioselective Tandem C–H Alkylation/Coupling Reaction of ortho-Iodophenylethylenes via C, C-Pallada(II)cycles. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Bo Ye
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Marset X, Recort‐Fornals M, Kpante M, Zieliński A, Golz C, Wolf LM, Alcarazo M. Towards an Effective Synthesis of Difunctionalized Heptacyclo [6.6.0.0
2,6
.0
3,13
.0
4,11
.0
5,9
.0
10,14
]tetradecane: Ligand Effects on the Cage Assembly and Selective C−H Arylation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Marset
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martí Recort‐Fornals
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Malkaye Kpante
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts 01854 United States
| | - Adam Zieliński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lawrence M. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts 01854 United States
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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20
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Mingo MM, Rodríguez N, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Remote C(sp 3)–H functionalization via catalytic cyclometallation: beyond five-membered ring metallacycle intermediates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive recent momentum gained in C(sp3)–H activation, achieving high regioselectivity in molecules containing different C–H bonds with similar high energy without abusing tailored substitution remains as one of the biggest challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez Mingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
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