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Vogel J, Chen Y, Fadler RE, Flood AH, von Delius M. Steric Control over the Threading of Pyrophosphonates with One or Two Cyanostar Macrocycles during Pseudorotaxane Formation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300899. [PMID: 37156722 PMCID: PMC10655069 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The supramolecular recognition of anions is increasingly harnessed to achieve the self-assembly of supramolecular architectures, ranging from cages and polymers to (pseudo)rotaxanes. The cyanostar (CS) macrocycle has previously been shown to form 2 : 1 complexes with organophosphate anions that can be turned into [3]rotaxanes by stoppering. Here we achieved steric control over the assembly of pseudorotaxanes comprising the cyanostar macrocycle and a thread that is based, for the first time, on organo-pyrophosphonates. Subtle differences in steric bulk on the threads allowed formation of either [3]pseudorotaxanes or [2]pseudorotaxanes. We demonstrate that the threading kinetics are governed by the steric demand of the organo-pyrophosphonates and in one case, slows down to the timescale of minutes. Calculations show that the dianions are sterically offset inside the macrocycles. Our findings broaden the scope of cyanostar-anion assemblies and may have relevance for the design of molecular machines whose directionality is a result of relatively slow slipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Vogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Dhara A, Fadler RE, Chen Y, Köttner LA, Van Craen D, Carta V, Flood AH. Orthogonal, modular anion-cation and cation-anion self-assembly using pre-programmed anion binding sites. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2585-2595. [PMID: 36908961 PMCID: PMC9993851 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcomponent self-assembly relies on cation coordination whereas the roles of anions often only emerge during the assembly process. When sites for anions are instead pre-programmed, they have the potential to be used as orthogonal elements to build up structure in a predictable and modular way. We explore this idea by combining cation (M+) and anion (X-) binding sites together and show the orthogonal and modular build up of structure in a multi-ion assembly. Cation binding is based on a ligand (L) made by subcomponent metal-imine chemistry (M+ = Cu+, Au+) while the site for anion binding (X- = BF4 -, ClO4 -) derives from the inner cavity of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles. The two sites are connected by imine condensation between a pyridyl-aldehyde and an aniline-modified cyanostar. The target assembly [LM-CS-X-CS-ML],+ generates two terminal metal complexation sites (LM and ML) with one central anion-bridging site (X) defined by cyanostar dimerization. We showcase modular assembly by isolating intermediates when the primary structure-directing ions are paired with weakly coordinating counter ions. Cation-directed (Cu+) or anion-bridged (BF4 -) intermediates can be isolated along either cation-anion or anion-cation pathways. Different products can also be prepared in a modular way using Au+ and ClO4 -. This is also the first use of gold(i) in subcomponent self-assembly. Pre-programmed cation and anion binding sites combine with judicious selection of spectator ions to provide modular noncovalent syntheses of multi-component architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Wayne State University Law School, Wayne State University 471 W Palmer Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Laura A Köttner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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3
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Sobiech TA, Zhong Y, Miller DP, McGrath JK, Scalzo CT, Redington MC, Zurek E, Gong B. Ultra-Tight Host-Guest Binding with Exceptionally Strong Positive Cooperativity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213467. [PMID: 36259360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cooperativity plays a critical role in self-assembly and molecular recognition. A rigid aromatic oligoamide macrocycle with a cyclodirectional backbone binds with DABCO-based cationic guests in a 2 : 1 ratio in high affinities (Ktotal ≈1013 M-2 ) in the highly polar DMF. The host-guest binding also exhibits exceptionally strong positive cooperativity quantified by interaction factors α that are among the largest for synthetic host-guest systems. The unusually strong positive cooperativity, revealed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and fully corroborated by mass spectrometry, NMR and computational studies, is driven by guest-induced stacking of the macrocycles and stabilization from the alkyl end chains of the guests, interactions that appear upon binding the second macrocycle. With its tight binding driven by extraordinary positive cooperativity, this host-guest system provides a tunable platform for studying molecular interactions and for constructing stable supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Sobiech
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yulong Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Jillian K McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Christina T Scalzo
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Morgan C Redington
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Sheetz EG, Zhang Z, Marogil A, Che M, Pink M, Carta V, Raghavachari K, Flood AH. High‐fidelity Recognition of Organotrifluoroborate Anions (R−BF
3
−
) as Designer Guest Molecules. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201584. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Alyssa Marogil
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Minwei Che
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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Fadler RE, Flood AH. Rigidity and Flexibility in Rotaxanes and Their Relatives; On Being Stubborn and Easy-Going. Front Chem 2022; 10:856173. [PMID: 35464214 PMCID: PMC9022846 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.856173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaxanes are an emerging class of molecules composed of two building blocks: macrocycles and threads. Rotaxanes, and their pseudorotaxane and polyrotaxane relatives, serve as prototypes for molecular-level switches and machines and as components in materials like elastic polymers and 3D printing inks. The rigidity and flexibility of these molecules is a characteristic feature of their design. However, the mechanical properties of the assembled rotaxane and its components are rarely examined directly, and the translation of these properties from molecules to bulk materials is understudied. In this Review, we consider the mechanical properties of rotaxanes by making use of concepts borrowed from physical organic chemistry. Rigid molecules have fewer accessible conformations with higher energy barriers while flexible molecules have more accessible conformations and lower energy barriers. The macrocycles and threads become rigidified when threaded together as rotaxanes in which the formation of intermolecular interactions and increased steric contacts collectively reduce the conformational space and raise barriers. Conversely, rotational and translational isomerism in rotaxanes adds novel modes of flexibility. We find that rigidification in rotaxanes is almost universal, but novel degrees of flexibility can be introduced. Both have roles to play in the function of rotaxanes.
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Chen W, Chen P, Zhang G, Xing G, Feng Y, Yang YW, Chen L. Macrocycle-derived hierarchical porous organic polymers: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11684-11714. [PMID: 34491253 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00545f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs), as a new category of advanced porous materials, have received broad research interests owing to the advantages of light-weight, robust scaffolds, high specific surface areas and good functional tailorability. According to the long-range ordering of polymer skeletons, POPs can be either crystalline or amorphous. Macrocycles with inherent cavities can serve as receptors for recognizing or capturing specific guest molecules through host-guest interactions. Incorporating macrocycles in POP skeletons affords win-win merits, e.g. hierarchical porosity and novel physicochemical properties. In this review, we focus on the recent progress associated with new architectures of macrocycle-based POPs. Herein, these macrocycles are divided into two subclasses: non-planar (crown ether, calixarene, pillararene, cyclodextrin, cyclotricatechylene, etc.) and planar (arylene-ethynylene macrocycles). We summarize the synthetic methods of each macrocyclic POP in terms of the functions of versatile building blocks. Subsequently, we discuss the performance of macrocyclic POPs in environmental remediation, gas adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, fluorescence sensing and ionic conduction. Although considerable examples are reported, the development of macrocyclic POPs is still in its infancy. Finally, we propose the underlying challenges and opportunities of macrocycle-based POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiben Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guolong Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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Borodin O, Shchukin Y, Robertson CC, Richter S, von Delius M. Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive [2]Rotaxanes by Amidinium Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16448-16457. [PMID: 34559523 PMCID: PMC8517971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Advances in supramolecular chemistry are often underpinned by the development of fundamental building blocks and methods enabling their interconversion. In this work, we report the use of an underexplored dynamic covalent reaction for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive [2]rotaxanes. The formamidinium moiety lies at the heart of these mechanically interlocked architectures, because it enables both dynamic covalent exchange and the binding of simple crown ethers. We demonstrated that the rotaxane self-assembly follows a unique reaction pathway and that the complex interplay between crown ether and thread can be controlled in a transient fashion by addition of base and fuel acid. Dynamic combinatorial libraries, when exposed to diverse nucleophiles, revealed a profound stabilizing effect of the mechanical bond as well as intriguing reactivity differences between seemingly similar [2]rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Borodin
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yevhenii Shchukin
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Craig C. Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Stefan Richter
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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