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Jovanovic D, Poliyodath Mohanan M, Huber SM. Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnictogen, and Tetrel Bonding in Non-Covalent Organocatalysis: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404823. [PMID: 38728623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of noncovalent interactions based on electrophilic halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, or tetrel centers in organocatalysis has gained noticeable attention. Herein, we provide an overview on the most important developments in the last years with a clear focus on experimental studies and on catalysts which act via such non-transient interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Jovanovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Meghana Poliyodath Mohanan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Il'in MV, Safinskaya YV, Polonnikov DA, Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Chalcogen- and Halogen-Bond-Donating Cyanoborohydrides Provide Imine Hydrogenation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2916-2925. [PMID: 38373196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonium, selenonium, telluronium, and iodonium cyanoborohydrides have been synthesized, isolated, and fully characterized by various methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules' analysis based on the XRD data indicated that the hydride···σ-hole short contacts observed in the crystal structures of each compound have a purely noncovalent nature. The telluronium and iodonium cyanoborohydrides provide a significantly higher rate of the model reaction of imine hydrogenation compared with sodium and tetrabutylammonium cyanoborohydrides. Based on the NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data indicating that the reaction progress is accompanied by the cation reduction, a mechanism involving intermediate formation of elusive onium hydrides has been proposed as an alternative to conventional electrophilic activation of the imine moiety by its ligation to the cation's σ-hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Yana V Safinskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Denis A Polonnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
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3
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Li Y, Zhao C, Wang Z, Zeng Y. Halogen Bond Catalysis: A Physical Chemistry Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:507-527. [PMID: 38214658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
As important noncovalent interactions, halogen bonds have been widely used in material science, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, organocatalysis, and other fields. In the past 15 years, halogen bond catalysis has become a developed field in organocatalysis for the catalysts' advantages of being environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and recyclable. Halogen bonds can induce various organic reactions, and halogen bond catalysis has become a powerful alternative to the fully explored hydrogen bond catalysis. From a physical chemistry view, this perspective provides an overview of the latest progress and key examples of halogen bond catalysis via activation of the lone pair systems of organic functional group, π systems, and metal complexes. The research progresses in halogen bond catalysis by our group were also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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4
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Li Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Zeng Y. Halogen bond catalysis of the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-alkenylindoles: catalytic modes and stereoselectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:477-484. [PMID: 38078846 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Halogen bond donor catalysts have been widely used in organic reactions because they are environmentally friendly, inexpensive and recyclable. The [4+2] cycloaddition reaction is a key reaction in organic synthesis because of its ease of use, fast speed, and wide range of applications. In this work, halogen bond catalysis in the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between 2-alkenylindoles was investigated based on DFT calculations. There are two modes of I⋯π halogen bond catalysis: either on the ethenyl of 2-alkenylindole (mode A) or on the five-membered ring of 2-alkenylindole (mode B). Both modes involve two steps: the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the formation of six-membered rings. Gibbs free energy barriers were determined to investigate the stereoselectivity of the endo pathway and exo pathway. For mode A, the exo products were more easily generated when the substituent R = H, and the N-H⋯π interaction promoted high endo selectivity in the case of the substituent R = Ph. For mode B, an increasing proportion of endo products can be obtained in the order of catalyst I2, IBr and ICl. The π⋯π interaction of the substituent R = Ph promotes the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction, which is consistent with the experimental observation that R = Ph has a higher yield than R = H. The study of different catalytic modes and stereoselectivity would provide new ideas for the further study of the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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5
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Gallardo-Fuentes S, Lodeiro L, Matute R, Fernández I. Mechanistic Insights into the DABCO-Catalyzed Cloke-Wilson Rearrangement: A DFT Perspective. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15902-15912. [PMID: 37885222 PMCID: PMC10661052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism and selectivity patterns of the DABCO-catalyzed Cloke-Wilson rearrangement were computationally studied in detail using density functional theory calculations. Our computations suggest that the process occurs stepwise involving the initial ring opening of the cyclopropane promoted by a DABCO molecule followed by a ring-closure reaction of the readily formed zwitterionic intermediate. The regioselectivity of the initial nucleophilic ring-opening step strongly depends on the nature of the substituent attached to the cyclopropane moiety. The physical factors governing the preference for the more sterically hindered C2 (tertiary) position have been quantitatively analyzed by applying the combined activation strain model-energy decomposition analysis method. In addition, our calculations revealed a new mechanism for the analogous transformation involving vinylcyclopropanes consisting of an initial SN2' ring-opening process followed by a 5-exo-trig cyclization step, which proceeds without facial selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Gallardo-Fuentes
- Instituto
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Lucas Lodeiro
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Ricardo Matute
- Centro
Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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6
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Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM, Svatunek D. Unraveling the Bürgi-Dunitz Angle with Precision: The Power of a Two-Dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7300-7306. [PMID: 37791978 PMCID: PMC10601473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the geometrical preferences in chemical reactions is crucial for advancing the field of organic chemistry and improving synthetic strategies. One such preference, the Bürgi-Dunitz angle, is central to nucleophilic addition reactions involving carbonyl groups. This study successfully employs a novel two-dimensional Distortion-Interaction/Activation-Strain Model in combination with a two-dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis to investigate the origins of the Bürgi-Dunitz angle in the addition reaction of CN- to (CH3)2C═O. We constructed a 2D potential energy surface defined by the distance between the nucleophile and carbonylic carbon atom and by the attack angle, followed by an in-depth exploration of energy components, including strain and interaction energy. Our analysis reveals that the Bürgi-Dunitz angle emerges from a delicate balance between two key factors: strain energy and interaction energy. High strain energy, as a result of the carbonyl compound distorting to avoid Pauli repulsion, is encountered at high angles, thus setting the upper bound. On the other hand, interaction energy is shaped by a dominant Pauli repulsion when the angles are lower. This work emphasizes the value of the 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis as a refined tool, offering both quantitative and qualitative insights into chemical reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud
University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Alves TV, Fernández I. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of Diels-Alder reactions involving furans. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7767-7775. [PMID: 37698053 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and endo/exo selectivity of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving furan and substituted furans as dienes have been computationally explored. In comparison to cyclopentadiene, it is found that furan is comparatively less reactive and also less endo-selective in the reaction with maleic anhydride as the dienophile. Despite that, both the reactivity and the selectivity can be successfully modified by the presence of substituents at either 2- or 3-positions of the heterocycle. In this sense, it is found that the presence of strong electron-donor groups significantly increases the reactivity of the system while the opposite is found in the presence of electron-withdrawing groups. The observed trends in both the reactivity and selectivity are analyzed quantitatively in detail by means of the activation strain model of reactivity in combination with the energy decomposition analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vinicius Alves
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departmento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Il'in MV, Polonnikov DA, Novikov AS, Sysoeva AA, Safinskaya YV, Bolotin DS. Influence of Coordination to Silver(I) Centers on the Activity of Heterocyclic Iodonium Salts Serving as Halogen-Bond-Donating Catalysts. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300304. [PMID: 37675949 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic data based on 1 H NMR monitoring and computational studies indicate that in solution, pyrazole-containing iodonium triflates and silver(I) triflate bind to each other, and such an interplay results in the decrease of the total catalytic activity of the mixture of these Lewis acids compared to the separate catalysis of the Schiff condensation, the imine-isocyanide coupling, or the nucleophilic attack on a triple carbon-carbon bond. Moreover, the kinetic data indicate that such a cooperation with the silver(I) triflate results in prevention of decomposition of the iodonium salts during the reaction progress. XRD study confirms that the pyrazole-containing iodonium triflate coordinates to the silver(I) center via the pyrazole N atom to produce a rare example of a pentacoordinated trigonal bipyramidal dinuclear silver(I) complex featuring cationic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Denis A Polonnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Research Institute of Chemistry, Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Sysoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Yana V Safinskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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9
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Rodríguez H, Cruz DA, Padrón JI, Fernández I. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Carbonyl-Ene Reaction: Interplay between Aromaticity, Synchronicity, and Pauli Repulsion. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11102-11110. [PMID: 37485981 PMCID: PMC10407925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The physical factors governing the catalysis in Lewis acid-promoted carbonyl-ene reactions have been explored in detail quantum chemically. It is found that the binding of a Lewis acid to the carbonyl group directly involved in the transformation greatly accelerates the reaction by decreasing the corresponding activation barrier up to 25 kcal/mol. The Lewis acid makes the process much more asynchronous and the corresponding transition state less in-plane aromatic. The remarkable acceleration induced by the catalyst is ascribed, by means of the activation strain model and the energy decomposition analysis methods, mainly to a significant reduction of the Pauli repulsion between the key occupied π-molecular orbitals of the reactants and not to the widely accepted stabilization of the LUMO of the enophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto
A. Rodríguez
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco
Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel A. Cruz
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco
Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Juan I. Padrón
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco
Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Li Y, Ge Y, Sun R, Yang X, Huang S, Dong H, Liu Y, Xue H, Ma X, Fu H, Chen Z. Balancing Activity and Stability in Halogen-Bonding Catalysis: Iodopyridinium-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydropyridinones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11069-11082. [PMID: 37458502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot cascade reaction for 2,3-dihydropyridinone synthesis was accomplished with 3-fluoro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium triflate as the halogen bond catalyst. The desired [4+2] cycloaddition products, bearing aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and alicyclic substituents, were successfully furnished in 28-99% yields. Mechanistic investigations proved that a strong halogen-bonding interaction forged between the iodopyridinium catalyst and imine intermediate was essential to dynamically masking the vulnerable C-I bond on the catalyst and accelerating the following aza-Diels-Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Yicen Ge
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Rui Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Shipeng Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Huajian Dong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Yunyao Liu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Haodan Xue
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Zeqin Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
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11
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Chen WW, Artigues M, Font-Bardia M, Cuenca AB, Shafir A. Cyclic Homo- and Heterohalogen Di-λ 3-diarylhalonium Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37311085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the ever-growing interest in the cyclic diaryliodonium salts, this work presents synthetic design principles for a new family of structures with two hypervalent halogens in the ring. The smallest bis-phenylene derivative, [(C6H4)2I2]2+, was prepared through oxidative dimerization of a precursor bearing the ortho-disposed iodine and trifluoroborate groups. We also report, for the first time, the formation of cycles containing two different halogen atoms. These present two phenylenes linked by hetero-(I/Br) or -(I/Cl) halogen pairs. This approach was also extended to the cyclic bis-naphthylene derivative [(C10H6)2I2]2+. The structures of these bis-halogen(III) rings were further assessed through X-ray analysis. The simplest cyclic phenylene bis-iodine(III) derivative features the interplanar angle of ∼120°, while a smaller angle of ∼103° was found for the analogous naphthylene-based salt. All dications form dimeric pairs through a combination of π-π and C-H/π interactions. As the largest member of the family, a bis-I(III)-macrocycle was also assembled using the quasi-planar xanthene backbone. Its geometry enables the two iodine(III) centers to be bridged intramolecularly by two bidentate triflate anions. In a preliminary manner, the interaction of the phenylene- and naphthalene-based bis-iodine(III) dications with a new family of rigid bidentate bis-pyridine ligands was studied in solution and the solid state, with an X-ray structure showing the chelating donor bonding to just one of the two iodine centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei W Chen
- BISi-Bonds Group, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 20, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margalida Artigues
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Vía Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat de Difracció de RX. Centres Científics i Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Solé i Sabarís 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Cuenca
- BISi-Bonds/CRISOL Group, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Universitat Ramon Llull and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Vía Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- BISi-Bonds Group, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Tiekink EH, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA. Not antiaromaticity gain, but increased asynchronicity enhances the Diels-Alder reactivity of tropone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3703-3706. [PMID: 36880301 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Tropone is an unreactive diene in normal electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, but it can be activated via carbonyl umpolung by using hydrazone ion analogs. Recently, the higher reactivity of hydrazone ion analogs was ascribed to a raised HOMO energy induced by antiaromaticity (L. J. Karas, A. T. Campbell, I. V. Alabugin and J. I. Wu, Org. Lett., 2020, 22, 7083). We show that this is incorrect, and that the activation barrier is lowered by increased asynchronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline H Tiekink
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecfular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecfular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecfular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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13
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Vermeersch L, De Proft F, Faulkner V, De Vleeschouwer F. Unravelling the Mechanism and Governing Factors in Lewis Acid and Non-Covalent Diels-Alder Catalysis: Different Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054938. [PMID: 36902369 PMCID: PMC10003447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current literature, many non-covalent interaction (NCI) donors have been proposed that can potentially catalyze Diels-Alder (DA) reactions. In this study, a detailed analysis of the governing factors in Lewis acid and non-covalent catalysis of three types of DA reactions was carried out, for which we selected a set of hydrogen-, halogen-, chalcogen-, and pnictogen-bond donors. We found that the more stable the NCI donor-dienophile complex, the larger the reduction in DA activation energy. We also showed that for active catalysts, a significant part of the stabilization was caused by orbital interactions, though electrostatic interactions dominated. Traditionally, DA catalysis was attributed to improved orbital interactions between the diene and dienophile. Recently, Vermeeren and co-workers applied the activation strain model (ASM) of reactivity, combined with the Ziegler-Rauk-type energy decomposition analysis (EDA), to catalyzed DA reactions in which energy contributions for the uncatalyzed and catalyzed reaction were compared at a consistent geometry. They concluded that reduced Pauli repulsion energy, and not enhanced orbital interaction energy, was responsible for the catalysis. However, when the degree of asynchronicity of the reaction is altered to a large extent, as is the case for our studied hetero-DA reactions, the ASM should be employed with caution. We therefore proposed an alternative and complementary approach, in which EDA values for the catalyzed transition-state geometry, with the catalyst present or deleted, can be compared one to one, directly measuring the effect of the catalyst on the physical factors governing the DA catalysis. We discovered that enhanced orbital interactions are often the main driver for catalysis and that Pauli repulsion plays a varying role.
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14
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Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Xenon Derivatives as Aerogen Bond-Donating Catalysts for Organic Transformations: A Theoretical Study on the Metaphorical "Spherical Cow in a Vacuum" Provides Insights into Noncovalent Organocatalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1936-1944. [PMID: 35679603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Computations indicate that cationic and noncharged xenon derivatives should exhibit higher catalytic activity than their iodine-based noncovalent organocatalytic congeners. Perfluorophenyl xenonium(II) is expected to demonstrate the best balance between catalytic activity and chemical stability for use in organocatalysis. Comparing its catalytic activity with that of isoelectronic perfluoroiodobenzene indicates that the high catalytic activity of cationic noncovalent organocatalysts is predominantly attributed to the electrostatic interactions with the reaction substrates, which cause the polarization of ligated species during the reaction progress. In contrast, the electron transfer and covalent contributions to the bonding between the catalyst and substrate have negligible effects. The dominant effect of electrostatic interactions results in a strong negative correlation between the calculated Gibbs free energies of activation for the modeled reactions and the highest potentials of the σ-holes on the central atoms of the catalysts. No such correlation is observed for noncharged catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
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15
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Portela S, Fernández I. η 6 -Metalated Aryl Iodides in Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reactions: Mode of Activation and Catalysis. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201214. [PMID: 36515097 PMCID: PMC10108214 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential application of η6 -metalated aryl iodides as organocatalyst has been explored by means of computational methods. It is found that the enhanced halogen bonding donor ability of these species, in comparison with their demetalated counterparts, translates into a significant acceleration of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction involving cyclohexadiene and methyl vinyl ketone. The factors behind this acceleration, the endo-exo selectivity of the process and the influence of the nature of the transition metal fragment in the activity of these species are quantitatively explored in detail by means of the combination of the Activation Strain Model of reaction and the Energy Decomposition Analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Portela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Peng X, Rahim A, Peng W, Jiang F, Gu Z, Wen S. Recent Progress in Cyclic Aryliodonium Chemistry: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1364-1416. [PMID: 36649301 PMCID: PMC9951228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent aryliodoumiums are intensively investigated as arylating agents. They are excellent surrogates to aryl halides, and moreover they exhibit better reactivity, which allows the corresponding arylation reactions to be performed under mild conditions. In the past decades, acyclic aryliodoniums are widely explored as arylation agents. However, the unmet need for acyclic aryliodoniums is the improvement of their notoriously low reaction economy because the coproduced aryl iodides during the arylation are often wasted. Cyclic aryliodoniums have their intrinsic advantage in terms of reaction economy, and they have started to receive considerable attention due to their valuable synthetic applications to initiate cascade reactions, which can enable the construction of complex structures, including polycycles with potential pharmaceutical and functional properties. Here, we are summarizing the recent advances made in the research field of cyclic aryliodoniums, including the nascent design of aryliodonium species and their synthetic applications. First, the general preparation of typical diphenyl iodoniums is described, followed by the construction of heterocyclic iodoniums and monoaryl iodoniums. Then, the initiated arylations coupled with subsequent domino reactions are summarized to construct polycycles. Meanwhile, the advances in cyclic aryliodoniums for building biaryls including axial atropisomers are discussed in a systematic manner. Finally, a very recent advance of cyclic aryliodoniums employed as halogen-bonding organocatalysts is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
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17
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Sihag M, Soni R, Rani N, Kinger M, Kumar Aneja D. Recent Synthetic Applications of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. A Review in Three Installments: Installment II. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sihag
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Rinku Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Mayank Kinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Aneja
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
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18
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Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Halonium, chalconium, and pnictonium salts as noncovalent organocatalysts: a computational study on relative catalytic activity. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7632-7639. [PMID: 36111866 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01415g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical study sheds light on the relative catalytic activity of pnictonium, chalconium, and halonium salts in reactions involving elimination of chloride and electrophilic activation of a carbonyl group. DFT calculations indicate that for cationic aromatic onium salts, values of the electrostatic potential on heteroatom σ-holes gradually increase from pnictogen- to halogen-containing species. The higher values of the potential on the halogen atoms of halonium salts result in the overall higher catalytic activity of these species, but in the case of pnictonium and chalconium cations, weak interactions from the side groups provide an additional stabilization effect on the reaction transition states. Based upon quantum-chemical calculations, the catalytic activity of phosphonium(V) and arsenonium(V) salts is expected to be too low to obtain effective noncovalent organocatalytic compounds, whereas stibonium(V), telluronium(IV) and iodonium(III) salts exhibit higher potential in application as noncovalent organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation. .,Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, Bldg. A, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.
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19
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Escorihuela J, Wolf LM. Computational Study on the Co-Mediated Intramolecular Pauson–Khand Reaction of Fluorinated and Chiral N-Tethered 1,7-Enynes. Organometallics 2022; 41:2525-2534. [PMID: 36185394 PMCID: PMC9516775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Co2(CO)8-mediated intramolecular
Pauson–Khand
reaction is an elegant approach to obtain cyclopentenone derivatives
containing asymmetric centers. In this work, we employed density functional
theory calculations at the M11/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory to investigate
the mechanism and reactivity for the Pauson–Khand reaction
of fluorinated and asymmetric N-tethered 1,7-enynes.
The rate-determining step was found to be the intramolecular alkene
insertion into the carbon–cobalt bond. The stereoselectivity
of the alkene insertion step was rationalized by the different transition
states showing the coordination of the alkene through the Re- and Si-face. The effects of different
fluorine groups and steric effects on both the alkenyl and alkynyl
moieties were also theoretically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Lawrence M. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts−Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts01854, United States
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20
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Recent Advances of Green Catalytic System I2/DMSO in C–C and C–Heteroatom Bonds Formation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a green, practical and efficient method for the formation of C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds is an important topic in modern organic synthetic chemistry. In recent years, the I2/DMSO catalytic system has attracted wide attention because of its green, high efficiency, atomic economy, low cost, mild reaction conditions and it is environment-friendly, which is more in line with the requirements of sustainable chemistry. Heteroatom-containing compounds have shown lots of important applications in pharmaceutical synthesis, agrochemicals, material chemistry and organic dyes. At present, the I2/DMSO catalytic system has been successfully applied to the synthesis of various heteroatom-containing compounds. The C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds have been formed efficiently, which has been proved to be a green and mild catalytic system. In this review, the research achievements of the I2/DMSO catalytic system in the formation of C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds from 2015 to date are described, and the research area is prospected. This review attempts to reveal the general law of iodine catalysis and lay a foundation for the design of new reactions.
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21
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García-Aznar P, Escorihuela J. Computational insights into the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of norbornenes with 1,2,4,5-tetrazines: norbornene substituents' effects on the reaction rate. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6400-6412. [PMID: 35876298 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of the reaction rates and mechanism of click chemistry reactions still remains an interesting challenge in organic chemistry. In this regard, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction represents a promising metal-free alternative with enhanced reaction rates compared to other reactions of the click chemistry toolbox. Among the different types of dienophiles used in the IEDDA reactions, norbornenes have been widely used given their high stability and fast reaction rates. The inverse electron-demand Diels Alder reaction of 3,6-dipyridin-2-yl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine with a series of norbornene derivatives was studied with quantum mechanical calculations at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The theoretical predictions were confirmed with the experimental data and analyzed with the use of the distortion/interaction model. The obtained results will help in obtaining a better understanding of the factors that affect the relative cycloaddition rates of norbornenes with tetrazines, which are crucial for selectively tuning their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Aznar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain.
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain.
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22
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Il'in MV, Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Sulfonium and Selenonium Salts as Noncovalent Organocatalysts for the Multicomponent Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10199-10207. [PMID: 35858372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonium and selenonium salts, represented by S-aryl dibenzothiophenium and Se-aryl dibenzoselenophenium triflates, were found to exhibit remarkable catalytic activity in the model Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction. Kinetic analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that their catalytic effect is induced by the ligation of the reaction substrates to the σ-holes on the S or Se atom of the cations. The experimental data indicated that although 10-fold excess of the chloride totally inhibits the catalytic activity of the sulfonium salts, the selenonium salt remains catalytically active, which can be explained by the experimentally found lower binding constant of the selenonium derivative to chloride in comparison with the sulfonium analogue. Both types of salts exhibit lower catalytic activity in the model reaction than dibenziodolium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
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23
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. How Ionization Catalyzes Diels‐Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200987. [PMID: 35442551 PMCID: PMC9400981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic effect of ionization on the Diels‐Alder reaction between 1,3‐butadiene and acrylaldehyde has been studied using relativistic density functional theory (DFT). Removal of an electron from the dienophile, acrylaldehyde, significantly accelerates the Diels‐Alder reaction and shifts the reaction mechanism from concerted asynchronous for the neutral Diels‐Alder reaction to stepwise for the radical‐cation Diels‐Alder reaction. Our detailed activation strain and Kohn‐Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal how ionization of the dienophile enhances the Diels‐Alder reactivity via two mechanisms: (i) by amplifying the asymmetry in the dienophile's occupied π‐orbitals to such an extent that the reaction goes from concerted asynchronous to stepwise and thus with substantially less steric (Pauli) repulsion per reaction step; (ii) by enhancing the stabilizing orbital interactions that result from the ability of the singly occupied molecular orbital of the radical‐cation dienophile to engage in an additional three‐electron bonding interaction with the highest occupied molecular orbital of the diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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24
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Portela S, Fernández I. Origin of Catalysis and Selectivity in Lewis Acid-Promoted Diels-Alder Reactions Involving Vinylazaarenes as Dienophiles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9307-9315. [PMID: 35794859 PMCID: PMC9295156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The poorly understood factors controlling the catalysis and selectivity in Lewis acid-promoted Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving vinylazaarenes as dienophiles have been quantitatively explored in detail by means of computational methods. With the help of the activation strain model and the energy decomposition analysis methods, it is found that the remarkable acceleration induced by the catalysis is mainly due to a significant reduction of the Pauli repulsion between the key occupied π-molecular orbitals of the reactants and not due to the proposed stabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the dienophile. This computational approach has also been helpful to understand the reasons behind the extraordinary regio- and diastereoselectivity observed experimentally. The insight gained in this work allows us to predict even more reactive vinylazaarene dienophiles, which may be useful in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Portela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Fernández I. Understanding the reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs with the help of the activation strain model-energy decomposition analysis method. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4931-4940. [PMID: 35322823 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This Feature article presents recent representative applications of the combination of the Activation Strain Model of reactivity and the Energy Decomposition Analysis methods to understand the reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). This approach has been helpful to not only gain a deeper quantitative insight into the factors controlling the cooperative action between the Lewis acid/base partners but also to rationally design highly active systems for different bond activation reactions. Issues such as the influence of the nature of the FLP antagonists or the substituents directly attached to them on the reactivity are covered herein, which are crucial for the future development of this fascinating family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Il'in MV, Sysoeva AA, Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Diaryliodoniums as Hybrid Hydrogen- and Halogen-Bond-Donating Organocatalysts for the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4569-4579. [PMID: 35176856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dibenziodolium and diphenyliodonium triflates display high catalytic activity for the multicomponent reaction that leads to a series of imidazopyridines. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that both the salts can play the role of hybrid hydrogen- and halogen-bond-donating organocatalysts, which electrophilically activate the carbonyl and imine groups during the reaction process. The ortho-H atoms in the vicinal position to the I atom play a dual role: forming additional noncovalent bonds with the ligated substrate and increasing the maximum electrostatic potential on the σ-hole at the iodine atom owing to the effects of polarization. Dibenziodolium triflate exhibits higher catalytic activity, and the results obtained from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titrations, in conjunction with those from DFT calculations, indicate that this could be explained in terms of the additional energy required for the rotation of the phenyl ring in the diphenyliodonium cation during ligation of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A Sysoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
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27
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Benito I, Gomila RM, Frontera A. On the energetic stability of halogen bonds involving metals: implications in crystal engineering. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00545j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a combined computational and experimental analysis of the ability of square planar d8 transition metal complexes to establish unconventional halogen bonding interactions with chloro-, bromo- and iodopentafluorobenzene...
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28
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Sun Y, Li Y, Li X, Zeng Y. Mechanism and Impact of Mono/bis(iodoimidazolium) Halogen-Bond Donor Catalysts on Michael Addition of Indole with Trans-crotonophenone: DFT Investigations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6690-6698. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bidentate halogen bond donor catalysts in organic reactions have attracted greatly attention in recent years. In this work, the catalytic mechanism of mono/bis(iodoimidazolium) halogen bond donor catalysts on the...
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29
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Portela S, Fernández I. Nature of C−I⋅⋅⋅π Halogen Bonding and its Role in Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Portela
- Departmento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada Facultad de Ciencas Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040- Madrid Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departmento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada Facultad de Ciencas Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040- Madrid Spain
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30
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Tiekink EH, Vermeeren P, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ene Reactions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline H. Tiekink
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Tarannam N, Shukla R, Kozuch S. Yet another perspective on hole interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19948-19963. [PMID: 34514473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hole interactions are known by different names depending on the key atom of the bond (halogen bond, chalcogen bond, hydrogen bond, etc.), and the geometry of the interaction (σ if in line, π if perpendicular to the Lewis acid plane). However, its origin starts with the creation of a Lewis acid by an underlying covalent bond, which forms an electrostatic depletion and a virtual antibonding orbital, which can create non-covalent interactions with Lewis bases. In this (maybe subjective) perspective, we will claim that hole interactions must be defined via the molecular orbital origin of the molecule. Under this premise we can better explore the richness of such bonding patterns. For that, we will study old, recent and new systems, trying to pinpoint some misinterpretations that are often associated with them. We will use as exemplars the triel bonds, a couple of metal complexes, a discussion on convergent σ-holes, and many cases of anti-electrostatic hole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Origin of asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20095-20106. [PMID: 34499069 PMCID: PMC8457343 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions plays a crucial role in determining the height of the reaction barrier. Currently, the origin of asynchronicity is ascribed to the stronger orbital interaction between the diene and the terminal carbon of an asymmetric dienophile, which shortens the corresponding newly formed C-C bond and hence induces asynchronicity in the reaction. Here, we show, using the activation strain model and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory at ZORA-BP86/TZ2P, that this rationale behind asynchronicity is incorrect. We, in fact, found that following a more asynchronous reaction mode costs favorable HOMO-LUMO orbital overlap and, therefore, weakens (not strengthens) these orbital interactions. Instead, it is the Pauli repulsion that induces asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions. An asynchronous reaction pathway also lowers repulsive occupied-occupied orbital overlap which, therefore, reduces the unfavorable Pauli repulsion. As soon as this mechanism of reducing Pauli repulsion dominates, the reaction begins to deviate from synchronicity and adopts an asynchronous mode. The eventual degree of asynchronicity, as observed in the transition state of a Diels-Alder reaction, is ultimately achieved when the gain in stability, as a response to the reduced Pauli repulsion, balances with the loss of favorable orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tarannam N, Voelkel MHH, Huber SM, Kozuch S. Chalcogen vs Halogen Bonding Catalysis in a Water-Bridge-Cocatalyzed Nitro-Michael Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1661-1668. [PMID: 34181414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a tellurium-based chalcogen-bond-catalyzed nitro-Michael reaction was reported ( Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 16923), taking advantage of the strong Lewis acidity of the catalyst. This species was found to be more effective than an analogous iodine-based halogen bond organocatalyst. Herein, we present a detailed mechanistic and kinetic analysis of these catalytic cycles including the influence of the solvent (and the performance of different intrinsic solvation models). While the chalcogen bonding interaction is fundamental to activate the C-C bond formation, we found that the presence of a two-water molecular bridge is critical to allow the following, otherwise high-energy proton transfer step. Even though the iodine-based halogen bonding interaction is stronger than the tellurium-based chalcogen bonding one, which makes the former a stronger Lewis acid and hence in principle a more efficient catalyst, solvation effects explain the smaller energy span of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Martin H H Voelkel
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Chemical reactivity from an activation strain perspective. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5880-5896. [PMID: 34075969 PMCID: PMC8204247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions are ubiquitous in the universe, they are at the core of life, and they are essential for industrial processes. The drive for a deep understanding of how something occurs, in this case, the mechanism of a chemical reaction and the factors controlling its reactivity, is intrinsically valuable and an innate quality of humans. The level of insight and degree of understanding afforded by computational chemistry cannot be understated. The activation strain model is one of the most powerful tools in our arsenal to obtain unparalleled insight into reactivity. The relative energy of interacting reactants is evaluated along a reaction energy profile and related to the rigidity of the reactants' molecular structure and the strength of the stabilizing interactions between the deformed reactants: ΔE(ζ) = ΔEstrain(ζ) + ΔEint(ζ). Owing to the connectedness between the activation strain model and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory, one is able to obtain a causal relationship between both the sterics and electronics of the reactants and their mutual reactivity. Only when this is accomplished one can eclipse the phenomenological explanations that are commonplace in the literature and textbooks and begin to rationally tune and optimize chemical transformations. We showcase how the activation strain model is the ideal tool to elucidate fundamental organic reactions, the activation of small molecules by metallylenes, and the cycloaddition reactivity of cyclic diene- and dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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