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Brøndsted F, Stains CI. Xanthene-Based Dyes for Photoacoustic Imaging and their Use as Analyte-Responsive Probes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400598. [PMID: 38662806 PMCID: PMC11219268 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Developing imaging tools that can report on the presence of disease-relevant analytes in multicellular organisms can provide insight into fundamental disease mechanisms as well as provide diagnostic tools for the clinic. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a light-in, sound-out imaging technique that allows for high resolution, deep-tissue imaging with applications in pre-clinical and point-of-care settings. The continued development of near-infrared (NIR) absorbing small-molecule dyes promises to improve the capabilities of this emerging imaging modality. For example, new dye scaffolds bearing chemoselective functionalities are enabling the detection and quantification of disease-relevant analytes through activity-based sensing (ABS) approaches. Recently described strategies to engineer NIR absorbing xanthenes have enabled development of analyte-responsive PAI probes using this classic dye scaffold. Herein, we present current strategies for red-shifting the spectral properties of xanthenes via bridging heteroatom or auxochrome modifications. Additionally, we explore how these strategies, coupled with chemoselective spiroring-opening approaches, have been employed to create ABS probes for in vivo detection of hypochlorous acid, nitric oxide, copper (II), human NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase isozyme 1, and carbon monoxide. Given the versatility of the xanthene scaffold, we anticipate continued growth and development of analyte-responsive PAI imaging probes based on this dye class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Brøndsted
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cliff I Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 22908, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Virginia Drug Discovery Consortium, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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2
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Saucier MA, Kruse NA, Seidel BE, Hammer NI, Tschumper GS, Delcamp JH. Phospha-RosIndolizine Dye with Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) Absorption and Emission. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9092-9097. [PMID: 38841830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1000-1700 nm) absorbing and emitting dyes are needed for infrared diodes and sensors used in a wide variety of industrial and medical applications. Herein, an electron-withdrawing phosphine oxide (P═O) substituted xanthene is coupled with strong indolizine donors to produce a SWIR absorbing (λabs = 1294 nm in DCM) and emitting (λemis = 1450 nm in DCM) dye called PRos1450. The unique properties of this dye are characterized via photophysical, electrochemical, and computational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Saucier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nicholas A Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Brennan E Seidel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Gregory S Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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3
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Meador WE, Lin EY, Lim I, Friedman HC, Ndaleh D, Shaik AK, Hammer NI, Yang B, Caram JR, Sletten EM, Delcamp JH. Silicon-RosIndolizine fluorophores with shortwave infrared absorption and emission profiles enable in vivo fluorescence imaging. Nat Chem 2024; 16:970-978. [PMID: 38528102 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence imaging in the shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1,000-1,700 nm) and extended SWIR (ESWIR, 1,700-2,700 nm) regions has tremendous potential for diagnostic imaging. Although image contrast has been shown to improve as longer wavelengths are accessed, the design and synthesis of organic fluorophores that emit in these regions is challenging. Here we synthesize a series of silicon-RosIndolizine (SiRos) fluorophores that exhibit peak emission wavelengths from 1,300-1,700 nm and emission onsets of 1,800-2,200 nm. We characterize the fluorophores photophysically (both steady-state and time-resolved), electrochemically and computationally using time-dependent density functional theory. Using two of the fluorophores (SiRos1300 and SiRos1550), we formulate nanoemulsions and use them for general systemic circulatory SWIR fluorescence imaging of the cardiovascular system in mice. These studies resulted in high-resolution SWIR images with well-defined vasculature visible throughout the entire circulatory system. This SiRos scaffold establishes design principles for generating long-wavelength emitting SWIR and ESWIR fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Meador
- University of Mississippi, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Eric Y Lin
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irene Lim
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannah C Friedman
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Ndaleh
- University of Mississippi, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Abdul K Shaik
- University of Mississippi, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- University of Mississippi, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oxford, MS, USA
| | | | - Justin R Caram
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- University of Mississippi, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oxford, MS, USA.
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (RXNC), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, USA.
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Zeng Y, Qu J, Wu G, Zhao Y, Hao J, Dong Y, Li Z, Shi J, Francisco JS, Zheng X. Two Key Descriptors for Designing Second Near-Infrared Dyes and Experimental Validation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9888-9896. [PMID: 38546165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Second near-infrared (NIR-II) optical imaging technology has emerged as a powerful tool for diagnostic and image-guided surgery due to its higher imaging contrast. However, a general strategy for efficiently designing NIR-II organic molecules is still lacking, because NIR-II dyes are usually difficult to synthesize, which has impeded the rapid development of NIR-II bioprobes. Herein, based on the theoretical calculations on 62 multiaryl-pyrrole (MAP) systems with spectra ranging from the visible to the NIR-II region, a continuous red shift of the spectra toward the NIR-II region could be achieved by adjusting the type and site of substituents on the MAPs. Two descriptors (ΔEgs and μgs) were identified as exhibiting strong correlations with the maximum absorption/emission wavelengths, and the descriptors could be used to predict the emission spectrum in the NIR-II region only if ΔEgs ≤ 2.5 eV and μgs ≤ 22.55 D. The experimental absorption and emission spectra of ten MAPs fully confirmed the theoretical predictions, and biological imaging in vivo of newly designed MAP23-BBT showed high spatial resolution in the NIR-II region in deep tissue angiography. More importantly, both descriptors of ΔEgs and μgs have shown general applicability to most of the reported donor-acceptor-donor-type non-MAP NIR-II dyes. These results have broad implications for the efficient design of NIR-II dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectroic/Electro-Photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiamin Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yeyun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiaman Hao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectroic/Electro-Photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectroic/Electro-Photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectroic/Electro-Photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Meador WE, Lewis TA, Shaik AK, Wijesinghe KH, Yang B, Dass A, Hammer NI, Delcamp JH. Molecular Engineering of Stabilized Silicon-Rosindolizine Shortwave Infrared Fluorophores. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2825-2839. [PMID: 38334085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based biological imaging in the shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1000-1700 nm) is an attractive replacement for modern in vivo imaging techniques currently employed in both medical and research settings. Xanthene-based fluorophores containing heterocycle donors have recently emerged as a way to access deep SWIR emitting fluorophores. A concern for xanthene-based SWIR fluorophores though is chemical stability toward ambient nucleophiles due to the high electrophilicity of the cationic fluorophore core. Herein, a series of SWIR emitting silicon-rosindolizine (SiRos) fluorophores with emission maxima >1300 nm (up to 1550 nm) are synthesized. The SiRos fluorophore photophysical properties and chemical stability toward nucleophiles are examined through systematic derivatization of the silicon-core alkyl groups, indolizine donor substitution, and the use of o-tolyl or o-xylyl groups appended to the fluorophore core. The dyes are studied via absorption spectroscopy, steady-state emission spectroscopy, solution-based cyclic voltammetry, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) computational analysis, X-ray diffraction crystallography, and relative chemical stability over time. Optimal chemical stability is observed via the incorporation of the 2-ethylhexyl silicon substituent and the o-xylyl group to protect the core of the fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Meador
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Abdul K Shaik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Kalpani Hirunika Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Boqian Yang
- HORIBA Scientific, 20 Knightsbridge Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (RXNC), Air Force Research Laboratory, 2230 Tenth Street B655, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Wei R, Dong Y, Wang X, Li J, Lei Z, Hu Z, Chen J, Sun H, Chen H, Luo X, Qian X, Yang Y. Rigid and Photostable Shortwave Infrared Dye Absorbing/Emitting beyond 1200 nm for High-Contrast Multiplexed Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral region beyond 1200 nm offers optimal tissue penetration depth and has broad potential in diagnosis, therapy, and surgery. Here, we devised a novel class of fluorochromic scaffold, i.e., a tetra-benzannulated xanthenoid (EC7). EC7 absorbs/emits maximally at 1204/1290 nm in CH2Cl2 and exhibits an unparalleled molar absorptivity of 3.91 × 105 cm-1 M-1 and high transparency to light at 400-900 nm. It also exhibited high resistance toward both photobleaching and symmetry breaking due to its unique structural rigidity. It is feasible for in vivo bioimaging and particularly suitable to couple with the shorter-wavelength analogues for high-contrast multiplexing. High-contrast dual-channel intraoperative imaging of the hepatobiliary system and three-channel in vivo imaging of the intestine, the stomach, and the vasculature were showcased. EC7 is a benchmark fluorochrome for facile biomedical exploitation of the SWIR region beyond 1200 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zuhai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhubin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Youjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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