1
|
Ali MA, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Studies of Symmetrical DitelluraCalix[6]phyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1)s. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1389-1396. [PMID: 38238884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Rare examples of ditellura calix[6]phyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1)s containing two telluratripyrrin units connected via two sp3 carbons were synthesized by condensing 16-telluratripyrrane with a cyclic ketone in CH2Cl2 under acid-catalyzed conditions. The X-ray structure obtained for meso-cyclohexyl-substituted calix[6]phyrin revealed that the macrocycle resembles a roof-like shape with two telluratripyrrin units that are perpendicular to each other, whereas the DFT-optimized structure of meso-cyclopentyl-substituted calix[6]phyrin showed a bird-like structure with two telluratripyrrin units that are almost in the same plane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashif Ali
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tripathi N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phenothiazine Embedded Heteroporphyrins. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300952. [PMID: 38055208 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins containing one phenothiazine unit, two pyrrole rings and one heterocycle such as furan, thiophene, selenophene and tellurophene connected via four meso carbons were synthesized. The macrocycles were synthesized by condensing the phenothiazine based tripyrrane with corresponding 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycle under BF3 ⋅ OEt2 catalyzed conditions and compared the structural, spectral, and electrochemical properties with the reported phenothiazinophyrins. The studies showed that the phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins were nonaromatic and electronic properties were significantly altered by replacing the pyrrole ring from phenothiazinophyrin with different heterocycles. The X-ray structure of phenothiazine embedded thiaporphyrin revealed that the macrocycle was distorted with an inverted thiophene ring. Both mono-protonated and diprotonated derivatives of macrocycles were generated by the controlled addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the macrocycles. The macrocyclic protons experienced upfield/downfield shifts in protonated derivatives compared to their corresponding neutral phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins. However, the heterocyclic ring in both mono- and diprotonated derivatives retained its inverted conformation. The macrocycles in their neutral and protonated form exhibit nonaromatic absorption features. The studies indicated the electron rich nature of macrocycles and DFT/TD-DFT studies were carried out to justify the experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vojdani Z, Mosslemin MH, Mohebat R, Hassanabadi A. An efficient one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized selenophenes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2023.2171039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Vojdani
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Razieh Mohebat
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Hassanabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vetter G, Białońska A, Pacholska-Dudziak E. Metalation of Tellurophene: Reactivity of 21,23-Ditelluraporphodimethene toward Palladium(II), Platinum(II), and Rhodium(I). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3056-3066. [PMID: 36701549 PMCID: PMC9945301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ditelluraporphodimethene, a nonaromatic porphyrinoid containing two tellurophene rings, reacted with palladium(II), platinum(II), and rhodium(I) following two different paths. Palladium(II) formed bonds to two tellurium donors of the macrocycle, yielding a side-on coordination compound, with a square planar (Te2Cl2) metal ion environment. An alternative reaction path has been observed for ditelluraporphodimethene with platinum(II) or rhodium(I) in high boiling solvents. These conditions led to the profound transformation, that is, one tellurium atom to a metal atom exchange, resulting in the formation of organometallic species containing metallacyclopentadiene rings, that is, 21-platina-23-telluraporphodimethene and 21-rhoda-23-telluraporphodimethene. The substitution reaction proceeded selectively at the tellurophene ring within the conjugated part of the molecule, that is, the tellurophene ring bound to two sp2 meso-carbon atoms. In the case of platinum, the exchange was accompanied by one meso-aryl ring fusion with the formed platinacyclopentadiene ring, and the platinum(II) macrocycle underwent reversible oxidation with chlorine. The products are stable and represent first nonaromatic examples of metalloporphyrinoids, with a metallacyclopentadiene ring incorporated into a porphodimethene skeleton.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Benzofuran-Embedded Selena- and Telluraporphyrins. J Org Chem 2023; 88:39-48. [PMID: 36512743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The benzofuran-embedded selena- and telluraporphyrins are resulted by replacing the pyrrole ring that is across the selenophene/tellurophene ring in meso-tetraaryl 21-selenaporphyrin and 21-telluraporphyrin respectively by a benzofuran unit. Three examples of benzofuran-embedded selenaporphyrins and one example of benzofuran-embedded telluraporphyrin were synthesized by adopting a simple 3 + 2 synthetic protocol involving the condensation of benzofuran based tripyrrane with appropriate 2,5-bis(hydroxymethylaryl) selenophene/telluorophene to afford pure benzofuran-embedded selenaporphyrins and telluraporphyrin in 3-6% yields. The macrocycles were thoroughly characterized and studied by various spectroscopic and computational techniques. The spectral and computational studies certified their nonaromatic nature unlike aromatic meso-tetraaryl 21-selena/21-telluraporphyrins, which proves that replacement of pyrrole with a benzofuran ring results in complete alteration of electronic properties. The DFT studies revealed that the benzofuran moiety hinders π-electron delocalization in the macrocycle due to its inflexibility, and the macrocycles adopt highly deformed saddle-shaped structures. The absorption spectra of benzofuran-embedded selena- and telluraporphyrins showed one strong band at ∼350-380 nm and one broad band at ∼650-695 nm that extended up to ∼900 nm. However, the protonated derivatives of macrocycles absorb strongly in the NIR region with a band trailing up to 1200 nm. The electrochemical studies revealed that the macrocycles are electron deficient, and theoretical studies resembled the experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ali MA, Laxman K, Panda KN, Ravikanth M. Tellurophene-Containing Core-Modified Pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1)s. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2480-2488. [PMID: 35080412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various core-modified tellurophene-containing pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1)s were synthesized via (3 + 2) condensation of 16-telluratripyrrane with different heterodiols under mild acid catalyzed conditions in 5-12% yields. The formation of pentaphyrin (2.1.1.1.1) with a N2O2Te core was not successful due to its inherent instability. The new pentaphyrins were characterized and studied by HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, X-ray crystallography for one of the pentaphyrins, absorption and DFT/TD-DFT techniques. The NMR studies indicated their nonaromatic nature. The X-ray structure obtained for pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) with N4Te core revealed that the macrocycle exists in a highly distorted nonplanar structure. The DFT studies showed that the macrocycles are nonaromatic and exists in highly distorted nonplanar geometry. Furthermore, as the core heterocyclic groups at ethene moiety were changed from pyrrole to furan to thiophene to benzene, the macrocycles tended toward more planar structures. The absorption spectra of pentaphyrins showed one strong sharp band in the region of 450-540 nm along with a broad band in the region of 700-800 nm. The pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) with N4Te core upon protonation showed distinct color change in solution and large bathochromic shifts in absorption bands with an absorption in the NIR region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashif Ali
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kandala Laxman
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.,Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530045, AP, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
This review highlights the hydroelementation reactions of conjugated and separated diynes, which depending on the process conditions, catalytic system, as well as the type of reagents, leads to the formation of various products: enynes, dienes, allenes, polymers, or cyclic compounds. The presence of two triple bonds in the diyne structure makes these compounds important reagents but selective product formation is often difficult owing to problems associated with maintaining appropriate reaction regio- and stereoselectivity. Herein we review this topic to gain knowledge on the reactivity of diynes and to systematise the range of information relating to their use in hydroelementation reactions. The review is divided according to the addition of the E-H (E = Mg, B, Al, Si, Ge, Sn, N, P, O, S, Se, Te) bond to the triple bond(s) in the diyne, as well as to the type of the reagent used, and the product formed. Not only are the hydroelementation reactions comprehensively discussed, but the synthetic potential of the obtained products is also presented. The majority of published research is included within this review, illustrating the potential as well as limitations of these processes, with the intent to showcase the power of these transformations and the obtained products in synthesis and materials chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Walkowiak
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan.
| | - Jakub Szyling
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan. .,Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrian Franczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan.
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paixão DB, Soares EGO, Salles HD, Silva CDG, Rampon DS, Schneider PH. Rongalite in PEG-400 as a general and reusable system for the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted chalcogenophenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01069k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of rongalite in PEG-400 as a general, efficient, and environmentally benign reductive system for the synthesis of a wide range of 2,5-disubstituted chalcogenophenes from elemental sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Paixão
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo G. O. Soares
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena D. Salles
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caren D. G. Silva
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Rampon
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Catálise (LAPOCA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), P.O. Box 19061, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. Schneider
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Dibenzothiophene Embedded Heteroporphyrins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6100-6110. [PMID: 33876633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new stable dibenzothiophene embedded heteroporphyrins were synthesized in 6-7% yields by condensing 1 equiv of dibenzothiophene-based tripyrrane with 1 equiv of four different diols, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycles (furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene), under mild acid-catalyzed conditions in CH2Cl2. The formation of dibenzothiophene embedded heteroporphyrins was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and thoroughly characterized by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, absorption, electrochemical, and density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) studies. The NMR studies indicated that the macrocycles were nonaromatic in nature. The electronic properties of the macrocycles were significantly altered as the heterocycle of the macrocycles was varied from furan to thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene, as reflected clearly in the spectral and electrochemical properties. The macrocycles exhibited a sharp band in the region of 420-440 nm and a relatively broad absorption band(s) in the higher wavelength region of 550-800 nm. The oxa analogue was considerably blue-shifted as compared to the other macrocycles, whereas the tellura analogue exhibited relatively broadened and red-shifted absorption bands. Upon protonation of these macrocycles, the resulting diprotonated species displayed bathochromically shifted absorption bands, which were extended to the NIR region. DFT studies revealed that the macrocycles were highly distorted and strained and exhibited half chair conformation with restricted π-conjugation and confirmed their nonaromatic nature due to the lack of planarity of the macrocycle. TD-DFT studies were in agreement with the experimental spectral and electrochemical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Makhal PN, Nandi A, Kaki VR. Insights into the Recent Synthetic Advances of Organoselenium Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka N. Makhal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Arijit Nandi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Venkata Rao Kaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hellwig PS, Peglow TJ, Penteado F, Bagnoli L, Perin G, Lenardão EJ. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Selenophenes and Their Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E5907. [PMID: 33322179 PMCID: PMC7764687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The selenophene derivatives are an important class of selenium-based heterocyclics. These compounds play an important role in prospecting new drugs, as well as in the development of new light-emitting materials. During the last years, several methods have been emerging to access the selenophene scaffold, employing a diversity of cyclization-based synthetic strategies, involving specific reaction partners and particularities. This review presents a comprehensive discussion on the recent advances in the synthesis of selenophene-based compounds, starting from different precursors, highlighting the main differences, the advantages, and limitations among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola S. Hellwig
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LASOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; (P.S.H.); (T.J.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Thiago J. Peglow
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LASOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; (P.S.H.); (T.J.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LASOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; (P.S.H.); (T.J.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Luana Bagnoli
- Group of Catalysis, Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Gelson Perin
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LASOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; (P.S.H.); (T.J.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LASOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; (P.S.H.); (T.J.P.); (F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dandia A, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis of meso-substituted corroles and porphyrins using iodine as a catalyst. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Isar P, Ravikanth M. Dibenzoylbenzodipyrroles: Key Precursors for the Synthesis of Fused meso-Aryl Sapphyrins. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7287-7296. [PMID: 32403925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple strategy has been developed for the synthesis of α,α'-dibenzoylbenzodipyrroles, which are key synthons for the synthesis of fused porphyrinoids. α,α'-Dibenzoylbenzodipyrroles were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), NMR, and X-ray crystallography. To show the use of α,α'-dibenzoylbenzodipyrrole, we synthesized five different fused meso-aryl sapphyrins under acid-catalyzed reaction conditions. α,α'-Dibenzoylbenzodipyrrole was reduced to diol and condensed with five different tripyrranes such as aza, oxa, thia, selena, and telluratripyrranes under mild acid-catalyzed conditions to afford fused meso-aryl sapphyrins in 15-18% yields. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR studies revealed that in fused sapphyrins, the furan ring in oxabenzosapphyrin and the pyrrole ring in benzosapphyrin, which are present opposite to the benzodipyrrole moiety, attained ring inversion (inverted sapphyrins), whereas the selenophene ring in selenabenzosapphyrin and the tellurophene ring in tellurabenzosapphyrin did not show ring inversion (normal sapphyrins). However, thiabenzosapphyrin exhibits both normal and inverted conformations in different ratios. All fused sapphyrins showed typical aromatic absorption features; however, the absorption features of normal fused sapphyrins are different from the inverted fused sapphyrins. Redox studies indicate that normal fused sapphyrins are difficult to oxidize but easier to reduce compared to inverted fused sapphyrins. Density functional theory (DFT) studies support the experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prosenjit Isar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lutz G, Back DF, Zeni G. Iron‐Mediated Cyclization of 1,3‐Diynyl Propargyl Aryl Ethers with Dibutyl Diselenide: Synthesis of Selenophene‐Fused Chromenes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Lutz
- Laboratório de Síntese, ReatividadeAvaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil 97105-900
| | - Davi F. Back
- Laboratório de Materiais InorgânicosDepartamento de Química, UFSM, Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil 97105-900
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, ReatividadeAvaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil 97105-900
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sengupta R, Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Effects of Core Modification on Electronic Properties of para-Benziporphyrins. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12069-12082. [PMID: 31483647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the nonaromatic meta-benziporphyrins, the para-benziporphyrins possess aromatic character depending on the type of five-membered ring present in the macrocyclic core. The effects of changing the para-benziporphyrinic core from C2N3 to C2NSN, C2NSeN, and C2NTeN by replacing the pyrrole with other five-membered heterocycles such as thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene on aromatic properties of p-benziporphyrins are described here using spectral, electrochemical, X-ray, and density functional theory (DFT) studies. The missing core-modified p-benziporphyrins with C2NSeN and C2NTeN cores were synthesized by condensing 1 equiv of benzitripyrrane and 1,3-benzene-bis((4-phenyl)methanol with an appropriate diol such as 2,5-bis[(p-tolyl)hyroxymethyl]selenophene and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tellurophene under mild acid-catalyzed conditions at room temperature and characterized in detail by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), one- & two-dimensional NMR, and X-ray crystallography of the one of the macrocycles, Selena p-benziporphyrin. The X-ray structure of Selena p-benziporphyrin revealed that the macrocycle was almost planar apart from the p-phenylene ring, which was deviated by 49.71° from the mean plane of the macrocycle defined by four meso carbons, unlike Selena m-benziporphyrin, which is relatively more distorted. NMR studies revealed that, as the core changes from C2N3 to C2NSN, C2NSeN, and C2NTeN, the diatropic ring current decreases, indicating that the aromatic character also decreases in the same order. X-ray structure and DFT studies also revealed that the distortion in the macrocycle increases as the pyrrole ring of p-benziporphyrin was replaced with other heterocycles such as furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene and that the tellura p-benziporphyrin was the most distorted macrocycle among core-modified p-benziporphyrins. Absorption and electrochemical properties were in agreement with these observations. Our repeated attempts on metalation of these p-benziporphyrins resulted in the successful synthesis of a Pd(II) complex of tellura p-benziporphyrin. The Pd(II) complex was characterized by HR-MS and NMR techniques, and the structure was optimized by DFT. The studies indicated that the Pd(II) ion was bonded to one of the pyrrolic nitrogens, tellurophene, tellurium, and two chloride ions in distorted square-planar geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Sengupta
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alka A, Shetti VS, Ravikanth M. Telluraporphyrinoids: an interesting class of core-modified porphyrinoids. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4444-4459. [PMID: 30775757 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00079h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Core-modified porphyrinoids or heteroporphyrinoids are a class of porphyrinoids in which one or more core pyrrole nitrogen atom(s) of the macrocycles are replaced predominantly by group-16 atoms such as O, S, Se, and Te. Telluraporphyrinoids are distinct and interesting from the rest of the chalcogenide atom(s) containing porphyrinoids owing to the larger size of Te and the consequent properties arising from it. The telluraporphyrinoid chemistry is only sporadically investigated and the developments are rather slow compared to the other lighter group-16 atom containing porphyrinoids. This perspective presents a concise overview of the developments that have taken place in the field of telluraporphyrinoid chemistry since its inception and includes various aspects such as the synthesis, structure, reactivity, and properties of tellurium-containing porphyrins and other related porphyrinoids such as vacataporphyrins, carbaporphyrins, calixphyrins, and expanded porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Alka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahmad S, Singhal A, Nisa K, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis of Selenium and Tellurium Core-Modified Azuliporphyrinogens and Benziporphyrinogens and Corresponding Carbaporphyrinoids. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11333-11340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kharu Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - S. M. S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singhal A. Functional Calixphyrins: Synthetic Strategies and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:21. [PMID: 29721703 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calixphyrins are hybrid macrocycles that contain both sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and hence bear analogy to both porphyrins and calixpyrroles. Due to the presence of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms, π-conjugation is disrupted in calixphyrins, which leads to conformational flexibility. Hence, these molecules find a use in anion binding, host-guest chemistry and metal-coordination chemistry. During the last decade, studies on calixphyrins have been a topic of wide interest to researchers. Various functionalities have been introduced to the structure of calixphyrins, leading to the development of expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins with diverse applications. This review outlines the detailed historical origin of the synthesis of calixphyrins with emphasis on current research and development in this area. The modular syntheses of normal calixphyrins, expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins are also discussed, along with their applicative aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
An unprecedented tellurabenziporphyrin containing C, N, and Te donor atoms was synthesized by condensing benzitripyrrane and tellurophene diol under acid catalyzed conditions. The tellurabenziporphyrin readily forms a Pd(II) complex when treated with PdCl2 in CHCl3/CH3CN. The crystal structures of tellurabenziporphyrin and its Pd(II) complex revealed that the benzene ring hinders the π-electron delocalization. An unusual five-membered ring formed inside the macrocycle due to the strong interaction between "Te" and "N" in the Pd(II) complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University , 88 Section 4 Ting-Chow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Synthesis and photoisomerization of an azobenzene-containing tetrapyrrolic macrocycle. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|