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Sinha S, Das S, Ray KK, Maity S, Roymahapatra G, Giri S. In silico investigation on the separation of disulfide bonds by N-heterocyclic carbene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23073-23079. [PMID: 39176465 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the separation of a disulfide bond using different nucleophilic agents like tri-methyl phosphine (TMP), tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been investigated. Both TMP and TCEP have demonstrated their ability to break disulfide bonds through the SN2 mechanism. However, it is worth noting that these reactions are endothermic. While searching for a suitable nucleophile, it was observed that the NHC-mediated reaction was exothermic. The natural bond orbital (NBO), principal interacting orbital (PIO) and extended transition state-natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) studies help understand the electron transfer process between interacting orbitals during the chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Sinha
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, 741249, India
| | - Subhra Das
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736101, India
| | - Kritish Kumar Ray
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Sibaprasad Maity
- Sagardighi Kamada Kinkar Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Murshidabad, West Bengal, 742226, India
| | - Gourisankar Roymahapatra
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
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Li Y, Zhang M, Zhang Z. Mechanisms and Stereoselectivities in the NHC-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation of 2-Bromoenal and 6-Methyluracil-5-carbaldehyde. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12997-13008. [PMID: 37642149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
To disclose the reaction mechanism and selectivity in the NHC-catalyzed reaction of 2-bromoenal and 6-methyluracil-5-carbaldehyde, a systematic computational study has been performed. According to DFT computations, the catalytic cycle is divided into eight elementary steps: nucleophilic attack of the NHC on 2-bromoenal, 1,2-proton transfer, C-Br bond dissociation, 1,3-proton transfer, addition to 6-methyluracil-5-carbaldehyde, [2 + 2] cycloaddition, NHC dissociation, and decarboxylation. The Bronsted acid DABCO·H+ plays a crucial role in proton transfer and decarboxylation steps. The addition to 6-methyluracil-5-carbaldehyde determines both chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity, leading to R-configured carbocycle-fused uracil, in agreement with experimental results. NCI analysis indicates that the CH···N, CH···π, and LP···π interactions should be the key factor for determining the stereoselectivity. ELF analysis shows the main role of the NHC in promoting C-Br bond dissociation. The mechanistic insights obtained in the present work may guide the rational design of potential NHC catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China
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3
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Hans AC, Becker PM, Haußmann J, Suhr S, Wanner DM, Lederer V, Willig F, Frey W, Sarkar B, Kästner J, Peters R. A Practical and Robust Zwitterionic Cooperative Lewis Acid/Acetate/Benzimidazolium Catalyst for Direct 1,4-Additions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217519. [PMID: 36651714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst type is disclosed allowing for exceptional efficiency in direct 1,4-additions. The catalyst is a zwitterionic entity, in which acetate binds to CuII , which is formally negatively charged and serving as counterion for benzimidazolium. All 3 functionalities are involved in the catalytic activation. For maleimides productivity was increased by a factor >300 compared to literature (TONs up to 6700). High stereoselectivity and productivity was attained for a broad range of other Michael acceptors as well. The polyfunctional catalyst is accessible in only 4 steps from N-Ph-benzimidazole with an overall yield of 96 % and robust during catalysis. This allowed to reuse the same catalyst multiple times with nearly constant efficiency. Mechanistic studies, in particular by DFT, give a detailed picture how the catalyst operates. The benzimidazolium unit stabilizes the coordinated enolate nucleophile and prevents that acetate/acetic acid dissociate from the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Hans
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick M Becker
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johanna Haußmann
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Suhr
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel M Wanner
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Lederer
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Willig
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Kee CW. Molecular Understanding and Practical In Silico Catalyst Design in Computational Organocatalysis and Phase Transfer Catalysis-Challenges and Opportunities. Molecules 2023; 28:1715. [PMID: 36838703 PMCID: PMC9966076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the lens of organocatalysis and phase transfer catalysis, we will examine the key components to calculate or predict catalysis-performance metrics, such as turnover frequency and measurement of stereoselectivity, via computational chemistry. The state-of-the-art tools available to calculate potential energy and, consequently, free energy, together with their caveats, will be discussed via examples from the literature. Through various examples from organocatalysis and phase transfer catalysis, we will highlight the challenges related to the mechanism, transition state theory, and solvation involved in translating calculated barriers to the turnover frequency or a metric of stereoselectivity. Examples in the literature that validated their theoretical models will be showcased. Lastly, the relevance and opportunity afforded by machine learning will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Wee Kee
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
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Conti R, Widera A, Müller G, Fekete C, Thöny D, Eiler F, Benkő Z, Grützmacher H. Organocatalyzed Phospha-Michael Addition: A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Customized Bis(acyl)phosphane Oxide Photoinitiators. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202563. [PMID: 36200550 PMCID: PMC10100105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Addition of the P-H bond in bis(mesitoyl)phosphine, HP(COMes)2 (BAPH), to a wide variety of activated carbon-carbon double bonds as acceptors was investigated. While this phospha-Michael addition does not proceed in the absence of an additive or catalyst, excellent results were obtained with stoichiometric basic potassium or caesium salts. Simple amine bases can be employed in catalytic amounts, and tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in particular is an outstanding catalyst that allows the preparation of bis(acyl)phosphines, R-P(COMes)2 , under very mild conditions in excellent yields after only a short time. All phosphines RP(COMes)2 can subsequently be oxidized to the corresponding bis(acyl)phosphane oxides, RPO(COMes)2 , a substance class belonging to the most potent photoinitiators for radical polymerizations known to date. Thus, a simple and highly atom economic method has been found that allows the preparation of a broad range of photoinitiators adapted to their specific field of application even on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Conti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Widera
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Georgina Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Csilla Fekete
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3., Hungary
| | - Debora Thöny
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Eiler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3., Hungary.,ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3., Hungary
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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NHC-catalyzed [3 + 4] annulation between 2-dromoenal and aryl 1,2-diamine: Insights into mechanisms, chemo and stereoselectivities. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Yang X, Wang T, Žuvela P, Sun M, Xu C, Zheng H, Wang X, Jing L, Du K, Wang S, Wong MW, Huang D. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship of Flavones on Their Hypochlorite Scavenging Capacity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8799-8807. [PMID: 35815596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic substances widely present in the plant realm, are considered as ideal hypochlorite scavengers. However, to our knowledge, little study has focused on the structure-activity relationship between flavonoids and hypochlorite scavenging capacity. Herein, we report for the first time the three-dimensional quantitative structure and activity relationship (3D-QSAR) combined with comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Four models derived from CoMFA and CoMSIA with different combinations of descriptors were built and compared; the CoMFA model, which included both steric and electrostatic fields, showed great potential (R2 = 0.989; Q2 = 0.818) in predictive quality according to both internal and external validation criteria. Additionally, the average local ionization energy (ALIE), electrostatic potential (ESP), and orbital weighted dual descriptor (OWDD) were determined to identify the key structural moiety for scavenging capacity of flavonoids against hypochlorite. The computational results indicated that hypochlorous acid (HClO) serves as an electrophile undergoing electrophilic addition to the C6 carbon, which has the highest negative charge density, which are influenced by the functional groups on the flavones. The DFT calculated mechanism revealed the catalytic role of water of mono- and di-chlorination reactions, characterized by low activation barriers, and the involvement of neutral, instead of high-energy carbocation, intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Mingtai Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyuhang Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongling Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Linzhi Jing
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Suhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
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8
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NHC Catalyzed β-Carbon functionalization of carboxylic esters towards formation of δ-Lactams: A mechanistic study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Ciber L, Ričko S, Gregorc J, Pozgan F, Svete J, Brodnik H, Štefane B, Grošelj U. Mechanistic Insights into Annulation of Arylidene‐Δ2‐pyrrolin‐4‐ones by Cinchona Squaramide‐Based Organocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Ciber
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SLOVENIA
| | - Sebastijan Ričko
- Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za Kemijo in Kemijsko tehnologijo SLOVENIA
| | - Jure Gregorc
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SLOVENIA
| | | | | | | | | | - Uroš Grošelj
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SLOVENIA
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10
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Kozma V, Szőllősi G. Conjugate addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to maleimides using bifunctional primary amine‒(thio)phosphoramide organocatalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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11
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Li Y, Geng L, Song Z, Zhang Z. A DFT study of NHC-catalyzed reactions between 2-bromo-2-enals and acylhydrazones: mechanisms, and chemo- and stereoselectivities. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms and origins of the chemo- and stereoselectivities of NHC-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation of 2-bromo-2-enals and acylhydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Lina Geng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
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12
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Zhao J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xue Y. Exploring the Effects of Water on the Mechanism of the Catalyst-Free Reaction between Isatin and 3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one from the Mixed Implicit/Explicit Multiple Types of Water Clusters. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:249-261. [PMID: 34932350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations with implicit/explicit water cluster models were conducted to pursue deeper understandings about the mechanism and the water effects in the reaction of isatin with 3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. The proposed preferential mechanistic scenario here undergoes three major steps: first, 3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one converts to its enol form and then, the aldol addition reaction takes place between isatin and enol to generate the intermediate INT2, followed finally by the tautomerization of INT2 to become the product 3-pyrazolone. The computed results indicate that the direct aldol reaction without the water auxiliary is feasible in the second step and the remaining tautomerization steps (steps 1, 3, and 4) assisted by tri-, tri-, and six-water cluster models, respectively, are the most favorable cases. It is further noted that more hydrogen bonding interactions in the tri-water auxiliary reaction are essential for the reduction of the free energy barrier ΔG⧧ in the proton transfer largely than those assisted by the other types of water cluster models. The origin of the more stable transition state in the rate-determining step of the tri-water cluster model is ascribed to smaller cyclic strain and more global electron density transfer associated to its structure than the other types of water cluster models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wani AA, Chourasiya SS, Kathuria D, Bharatam PV. 1,1-Diaminoazines as organocatalysts in phospha-Michael addition reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11717-11720. [PMID: 34697617 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04657h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,1-Diaminoazines can act as effective organocatalysts for the formation of phosphorus-carbon bonds between biphenylphosphine oxide and an activated alkene (Michael acceptor). These catalysts provide the P-C adducts at a faster rate and with relatively better yields in comparison to the organocatalysts employed earlier. The notable advantage is that 1,1-diaminoazines catalyse the reaction even in an aqueous medium with very good yields. Organocatalysis using 1,1-diaminoazines was also successfully carried out between dimethylphosphite and benzylidenemalononitrile under multicomponent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid A Wani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Sumit S Chourasiya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Deepika Kathuria
- University Center for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed reaction of 2-bromoenals with β-ketoamides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Synthesis of multifunctional 4-hydroxymethyl 2-oxazolidinones from glycidyl carbamate derivatives catalyzed by bicyclic guanidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Guanidine-Amide-Catalyzed Aza-Henry Reaction of Isatin-Derived Ketimines: Origin of Selectivity and New Catalyst Design. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071965. [PMID: 33807341 PMCID: PMC8037019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism and the enantioselectivity of the aza-Henry reaction of isatin-derived ketimine catalyzed by chiral guanidine–amide catalysts at the M06-2X-D3/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X-D3/6-31G(d,p) (toluene, SMD) theoretical level. The catalytic reaction occurred via a three-step mechanism: (i) the deprotonation of nitromethane by a chiral guanidine–amide catalyst; (ii) formation of C–C bonds; (iii) H-transfer from guanidine to ketimine, accompanied with the regeneration of the catalyst. A dual activation model was proposed, in which the protonated guanidine activated the nitronate, and the amide moiety simultaneously interacted with the ketimine substrate by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The repulsion of CPh3 group in guanidine as well as N-Boc group in ketimine raised the Pauli repulsion energy (∆EPauli) and the strain energy (∆Estrain) of reacting species in the unfavorable si-face pathway, contributing to a high level of stereoselectivity. A new catalyst with cyclopropenimine and 1,2-diphenylethylcarbamoyl as well as sulfonamide substituent was designed. The strong basicity of cyclopropenimine moiety accelerated the activation of CH3NO2 by decreasing the energy barrier in the deprotonation step. The repulsion between the N-Boc group in ketimine and cyclohexyl group as well as chiral backbone in the new catalyst raised the energy barrier in C–C bond formation along the si-face attack pathway, leading to the formation of R-configuration product. A possible synthetic route for the new catalyst is also suggested.
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17
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivity in an NHC-catalyzed Mannich/lactamization domino reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6204-6212. [PMID: 33687420 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00369k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (M06-2X) have been employed to disclose the mechanisms and regio- and stereo-selectivities of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed reaction of 2-benzothiazolimines and α-chloroaldehydes. The preferred mechanism is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of NHC on α-chloroaldehyde (first step), followed by 1,2-proton transfer which was assisted by the Brønsted acid DABCO·H+ to generate the Breslow intermediate (second step). The cleavage of the C-Cl bond (third step) and deprotonation (fourth step) form the enolate intermediate. This further reacts with 2-benzothiazolimine which leads to the formation of a new C-C bond (fifth step). Subsequent cyclization takes place via the formation of a new C-N bond (sixth step). Catalyst regeneration completes the whole catalytic cycle and affords the final product (seventh step). The DFT results indicate that the fifth step determines the stereochemistry of the reaction and leads to benzothiazolopyrimidinone with the SS configuration, which agrees well with experimental observations. Intramolecular cyclization is found to be the regioselectivity-determining step, for which the [4+2] annulation pathway is more preferred than that via [2+2] annulation, which again agrees well with experimental observations. Based on the mechanism proposed, the origins of regio- and stereoselectivities have also been investigated by performing distortion/interaction, natural bond orbital (NBO) and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analyses. The mechanistic insights gained in this work should be helpful in the rational design of potential catalysts for analogous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China.
| | - Zhilin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China.
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18
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanistic study on the NHC-catalyzed [3+4] annulation of enals and thiazolones. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01617b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanisms and origins of regio- and stereo-selectivities of NHC catalyzed [3+4] annulation of enals and thiazolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Science and Technology
- Liaoning
- P. R. China
| | - Zhilin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Science and Technology
- Liaoning
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Science and Technology
- Liaoning
- P. R. China
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19
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Kee CW, Wong MW. Bicyclic Guanidine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reaction of Anthrones-Bifunctional Binding Modes and Origin of Stereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15139-15153. [PMID: 33175532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a computational analysis of the [5,5] bicyclic guanidine-catalyzed asymmetric cycloaddition reaction of anthrones. Based on extensive conformational search of key intermediates and transition states on the potential energy surface and density functional theory calculations, we studied five plausible binding modes between the guanidine catalyst and substrates for this reaction. Our results indicate that the most favorable pathway is a stepwise conjugate addition-Aldol sequence via the dual hydrogen-bond binding mode. The predicted level of enantioselectivity is in good agreement with experimental values. Trends in variation of substrates and catalysts have also been reproduced by our calculations. Decomposition analysis revealed the significance of aromatic interactions in stabilizing the key enantioselectivity-determining transition state structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Wee Kee
- Process & Catalysis Research, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627899.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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20
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. A computational study on NHC-Catalyzed [3+4] annulation between isatin-derived enal and aurone-derived azadiene: Insights into mechanism and stereoselectivity. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Mechanisms and origins of stereoselectivity of NHC-catalyzed reaction of aldehyde and butadienoate. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Ashraf MA, Li C, Norouzi F, Zhang D. New insights into the Lewis acidity of guanidinium species: Lewis acid interaction provides reactivity. CR CHIM 2020. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Yang H, Wong MW. Automatic Conformational Search of Transition States for Catalytic Reactions Using Genetic Algorithm. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10303-10314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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24
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Burke JR, La Clair JJ, Philippe RN, Pabis A, Corbella M, Jez JM, Cortina GA, Kaltenbach M, Bowman ME, Louie GV, Woods KB, Nelson AT, Tawfik DS, Kamerlin SC, Noel JP. Bifunctional Substrate Activation via an Arginine Residue Drives Catalysis in Chalcone Isomerases. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Burke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James J. La Clair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan N. Philippe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Corbella
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph M. Jez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - George A. Cortina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Miriam Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marianne E. Bowman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gordon V. Louie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katherine B. Woods
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shina C.L. Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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25
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Mannisto JK, Sahari A, Lagerblom K, Niemi T, Nieger M, Sztanó G, Repo T. One‐Step Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted 2‐Oxazolidinones by Base‐Catalyzed CO
2
Fixation and Aza‐Michael Addition. Chemistry 2019; 25:10284-10289. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jere K. Mannisto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Sahari
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kalle Lagerblom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Teemu Niemi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Gábor Sztanó
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
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26
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Ser CT, Yang H, Wong MW. Iodoimidazolinium-Catalyzed Reduction of Quinoline by Hantzsch Ester: Halogen Bond or Brønsted Acid Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10338-10348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cher Tian Ser
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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27
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Ghosh A, Hegde R, Makane VB, Sridhar B, Rode HB, Patil SA, Dateer RB. Transition metal-free functionalized hydration of alkynes: one-pot synthesis of fluorinated β-keto-imidates using Selectfluor. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4440-4445. [PMID: 30984956 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00527g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free, four-component one-pot synthesis of polyfunctionalized fluorinated β-keto-imidates via the functionalized hydration of alkynes has been described. The intermediate 1,3-ketoamino moiety was obtained from easily accessible arylpropioladehyde and arlyhydroxylamine and was treated with Selectfluor delivering fluorinated β-keto-imidates. A wide variety of functional groups are tolerated under mild reaction conditions and the product applicability is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain Global Campus, JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India.
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28
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Li Y, Zhang Z. Mechanisms and Stereoselectivities of NHC-Catalyzed [3 + 4] Cycloaddition Reaction between Isatin-Derived Enal and N-(ortho
-Chloromethyl)aryl Amide. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Science and Technology Liaoning; 114051 Anshan P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Science and Technology Liaoning; 114051 Anshan P. R. China
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29
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Li Y, Zhang Z. Mechanism and stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed β-functionalization of saturated carboxylic ester. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7635-7644. [PMID: 35521168 PMCID: PMC9061211 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10262g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanism and origin of the stereoselectivity of the [3 + 2] annulation reaction between a carboxylic ester and an isatin generating spirooxindole lactone catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out. DFT results indicate that the catalytic cycle begins with the coupling of the catalyst with benzotriazole ester, followed by α-deprotonation to produce the enolate intermediate. The subsequent 1,4-proton transfer affords the homoenolate intermediate. The next crucial step is the stereoselective C-C bond formation. Then proton transfer takes place leading to the formation of the lactone intermediate. Finally, the elimination of the catalyst furnishes the final product. The presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) dramatically accelerates the proton transfer step. More importantly, HOBt has a non-negligible impact on stereoselective C-C bond formation, and the SR-configured product is the major stereoisomer of the annulation product, which is in good agreement with the experimental observations. The differential π⋯π stacking, C-H⋯π, lone pair (LP)⋯π and repulsion interactions are found to be responsible for the stereoselectivity. The obtained mechanistic insights should provide valuable information for understanding the important roles of the NHC catalyst and HOBt additive and be helpful for designing better NHC catalysts for this kind of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5929627 +86-18741219506
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5929627 +86-18741219506
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30
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Liang C. Understanding the mechanism and stereoselectivity of NHC-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of 3-bromoenals and isatin N-Boc ketimines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:9251-9258. [PMID: 30483682 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and origin of stereoselectivities in N-heterocyclic carbine (NHC)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of 3-bromoenals and isatin N-Boc ketimines have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Various possible reaction pathways were examined and analyzed. Our calculation results reveal that the catalytic cycle can be characterized by six steps: nucleophilic attack of a catalyst on 3-bromoenal (step I); [1,2]-proton transfer (step II); addition to the other reactant isatin N-Boc ketimine (step III); debromination (step IV); intramolecular cycloaddition concerted with hydrogen-elimination (step V) and elimination of the NHC catalyst (step VI). For step II, besides the direct [1,2]-proton transfer, the mediator (base and water)-assisted proton transfer has been investigated, and the DFT results show that the 2H2O cluster-mediated proton transfer is most energy favorable. The carbon-carbon bond formation step (step III) is calculated to be the stereoselectivity-determining step and the S-configuration product is the predominant product, which are in good agreement with the experimental observations. The mechanistic insights gained in this work should be helpful for other NHC-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
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31
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Li Y, Zhang Z. Mechanisms of phosphine-catalyzed [3+3] cycloaddition of ynones and azomethine imines: a DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01943j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of PPh3-catalyzed [3+3] cycloaddition between a ynone and an azomethine imine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Liaoning
- Anshan 114051
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Liaoning
- Anshan 114051
- P. R. China
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32
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dos Passos Gomes G, Morrison AE, Dudley GB, Alabugin IV. Optimizing Amine‐Mediated Alkyne–Allene Isomerization to Improve Benzannulation Cascades: Synergy between Theory and Experiments. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alec E. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 32306 Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Gregory B. Dudley
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry West Virginia University 26505 Morgantown WV USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 32306 Tallahassee FL USA
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33
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Dong S, Feng X, Liu X. Chiral guanidines and their derivatives in asymmetric synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8525-8540. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews current achievements of chiral guanidines and their derivatives in organocatalysis, and updates versatile guanidine–metal salt combinations in asymmetric catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
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34
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Zeng X, Lu Z, Liu S, Hammond GB, Xu B. Gold-catalyzed Fluorination of Alkynyl Esters and Ketones: Efficient Access to Fluorinated 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2017; 359:4062-4066. [PMID: 29483850 PMCID: PMC5824727 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed an efficient synthesis of 2-fluoro-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using readily available alkynyl ketones or esters as starting material. The key step is the insertion of hydrogen fluoride (HF) to the gold carbene intermediate generated from cationic gold catalyzed addition of N-oxides to alkynyl ketones or esters. This method gives excellent chemical yields and regioselectivity with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zeng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
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35
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Zhu L, Yuan H, Zhang J. Mechanistic investigation on N → C α → O relay via non-Brook rearrangement: reaction conditions promote synthesis of furo[3,2-c]pyridinones. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9127-9138. [PMID: 29051939 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02081c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive density functional theory investigation was employed to disclose the effect of reaction conditions on the mechanism and effective anion relay sequence of a NaH promoted non-Brook rearrangement of benzaldehyde and 1-cinnamoylcyclopropanecarboxamides. Two main mechanisms were explored under four different reaction conditions: Na+-assisted and nH2O-Na+, 2H2O-DMSO-Na+, and Na+-DMSO co-assisted, and the difference relies on the reaction sequence between the concerted ring-opening and recyclization and electrophilic addition. Being different from previous reports, a cooperative participation of water, solvent DMSO and counterion Na+ is revealed in the preferential mechanism. The preferred scenario undergoes five major steps: deprotonation, aza-Michael addition, electrophilic addition, NaOH elimination and a concerted ring-opening and recyclization step. The rate-determining step is the concerted ring-opening and recyclization process with an energy barrier of 30.2 kcal mol-1. We found that the effective anion relay of a non-Brook rearrangement order is N → Cα → O rather than the previously proposed aza-oxy-carbanion. Meanwhile, a mixed type of ARC chemistry through a novel non-Brook rearrangement was disclosed. Moreover, the non-covalent interactions between substrate and reactant extensively affect the anion relay process by hydrogen-bonding (O-HO and C-HO) and electrostatic (Na+O) interactions. Thus, our results provide insightful clues to the mechanism of the reaction condition catalyzed non-Brook rearrangement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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36
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Li Y, Liu T, Liang C. Mechanisms and stereoselectivities of NHC-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between phenylacetic acid and o-quinone methide: A computational investigation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Diemoz KM, Hein JE, Wilson SO, Fettinger JC, Franz AK. Reaction Progress Kinetics Analysis of 1,3-Disiloxanediols as Hydrogen-Bonding Catalysts. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6738-6747. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M. Diemoz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T1Z1
| | - Sean O. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Annaliese K. Franz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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38
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Kee CW, Peh KQE, Wong MW. Coupling Reactions of Alkynyl Indoles and CO 2 by Bicyclic Guanidine: Origin of Catalytic Activity? Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1780-1789. [PMID: 28582609 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were used to investigate the three possible modes of activation for the coupling of CO2 with alkynyl indoles in the presence of a guanidine base. The first of these mechanisms, involving electrophilic activation, was originally proposed by Skrydstrup et al. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 6682). The second mechanism involves the nucleophilic activation of CO2 . Both of these electrophilic and nucleophilic activation processes involve the formation of a guanidine-CO2 zwitterion adduct. We have proposed a third mechanism involving the bifunctional activation of the bicyclic guanidine catalyst, allowing for the simultaneous activation of the indole and CO2 by the catalyst. We demonstrated that a second molecule of catalyst is required to facilitate the final cyclization step. Based on the calculated turnover frequencies, our newly proposed bifunctional activation mechanism is the most plausible pathway for this reaction under these experimental conditions. Furthermore, we have shown that this bifunctional mode of activation is consistent with the experimental results. Thus, this guanidine-catalyzed reaction favors a specific-base catalyzed mechanism rather than the CO2 activation mechanism. We therefore believe that this bifunctional mechanism for the activation of bicyclic guanidine is typical of most CO2 coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Wee Kee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kai Qi Elizabeth Peh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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39
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Mechanisms and stereoselectivities of phosphine-catalyzed Rauhut-Currier reaction between N -phenylmaleimide and 2-benzoyl acrylate: A computational investigation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Guo J, Wong MW. Cinchona Alkaloid-Squaramide Catalyzed Sulfa-Michael Addition Reaction: Mode of Bifunctional Activation and Origin of Stereoinduction. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4362-4368. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Guo
- NUS
Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- NUS
Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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41
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Yuan H, Zhang J. Mechanistic insights on DBU catalyzedβ-amination of nbs to chalcone driving by water: Multiple roles of water. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:438-445. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yuan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Advanced Energy Materials Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Renmin Street 5268# Changchun 130024 China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Advanced Energy Materials Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Renmin Street 5268# Changchun 130024 China
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42
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Berlinck RGS, Bertonha AF, Takaki M, Rodriguez JPG. The chemistry and biology of guanidine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1264-1301. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and biology of natural guanidines isolated from microbial culture media, from marine invertebrates, as well as from terrestrial plants and animals, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Mirelle Takaki
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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43
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Li Y, Tian R, Du S. Mechanisms and stereoselectivities of the DABCO-catalyzed Rauhut–Currier reaction of α,β-unsaturated ketones and aryl acrylates: a computational investigation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanism of the RC reaction in the absence and presence of PhOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Ruixue Tian
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Shiwen Du
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
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44
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Xue H, Tan CH, Wong MW. Guanidine-catalyzed asymmetric Strecker reaction: modes of activation and origin of stereoselectivity. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were employed to study the catalytic mechanism, modes of activation, and origin of enantioselectivity of guanidine-catalyzed asymmetric Strecker reaction of N-benzhydryl imine with hydrogen cyanide. Two types of bifunctional activation mode were identified, namely conventional bifunctional Brønsted acid activation and unconventional bifunctional Brønsted–Lewis acid activation. The lowest-energy transition states correspond to the conventional bifunctional mode of activation. The calculated enantiomeric excess, based on eight lowest-energy C–C bond forming transition states, is in good accord with observed enantioselectivity. NCI (noncovalent interaction) analysis of the key transition states reveals extensive noncovalent interactions, including aromatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, between the guanidinium catalyst and substrates. Multiple aryl–aryl interactions between the phenyl groups of guanidine catalyst and the phenyl rings of N-benzhydryl imine are the key stabilizations in the most stable (R)-inducing transition state. Differential attractive aryl–aryl stabilization is the major factor for stereoinduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Xue
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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45
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Raczyńska ED, Gal JF, Maria PC. Enhanced Basicity of Push-Pull Nitrogen Bases in the Gas Phase. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13454-13511. [PMID: 27739663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen bases containing one or more pushing amino-group(s) directly linked to a pulling cyano, imino, or phosphoimino group, as well as those in which the pushing and pulling moieties are separated by a conjugated spacer (C═X)n, where X is CH or N, display an exceptionally strong basicity. The n-π conjugation between the pushing and pulling groups in such systems lowers the basicity of the pushing amino-group(s) and increases the basicity of the pulling cyano, imino, or phosphoimino group. In the gas phase, most of the so-called push-pull nitrogen bases exhibit a very high basicity. This paper presents an analysis of the exceptional gas-phase basicity, mostly in terms of experimental data, in relation with structure and conjugation of various subfamilies of push-pull nitrogen bases: nitriles, azoles, azines, amidines, guanidines, vinamidines, biguanides, and phosphazenes. The strong basicity of biomolecules containing a push-pull nitrogen substructure, such as bioamines, amino acids, and peptides containing push-pull side chains, nucleobases, and their nucleosides and nucleotides, is also analyzed. Progress and perspectives of experimental determinations of GBs and PAs of highly basic compounds, termed as "superbases", are presented and benchmarked on the basis of theoretical calculations on existing or hypothetical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Raczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) , ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jean-François Gal
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN) - UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre-Charles Maria
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN) - UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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46
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Martinez-Erro S, Sanz-Marco A, Bermejo Gómez A, Vázquez-Romero A, Ahlquist MSG, Martín-Matute B. Base-Catalyzed Stereospecific Isomerization of Electron-Deficient Allylic Alcohols and Ethers through Ion-Pairing. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13408-13414. [PMID: 27636591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A mild base-catalyzed strategy for the isomerization of allylic alcohols and allylic ethers has been developed. Experimental and computational investigations indicate that transition metal catalysts are not required when basic additives are present. As in the case of using transition metals under basic conditions, the isomerization catalyzed solely by base also follows a stereospecific pathway. The reaction is initiated by a rate-limiting deprotonation. Formation of an intimate ion pair between an allylic anion and the conjugate acid of the base results in efficient transfer of chirality. Through this mechanism, stereochemical information contained in the allylic alcohols is transferred to the ketone products. The stereospecific isomerization is also applicable for the first time to allylic ethers, yielding synthetically valuable enantioenriched (up to 97% ee) enol ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Martinez-Erro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Amparo Sanz-Marco
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | | | - Ana Vázquez-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Mårten S G Ahlquist
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Belén Martín-Matute
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
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47
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Wu L, Li G, He M, Wang Y, Zhao G, Tang Z. First example of an organocatalytic asymmetric Mannich reaction between aldimines of glycinates and sulphonyl imines. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective Mannich-type reaction between glycinate Schiff base and imines has been one of the most efficient routes for accessing α,β-diamino acids. However, the glycinate Schiff bases used in the references were almost ketimines. Only several examples of aldimines were used in the presence of metal catalyst. We developed the first example of an asymmetric direct Mannich reaction using aldimines of glycinates instead of ketimines of glycinates. The reaction was well catalyzed by chiral guanidine with high yield (up to 92%) and moderate stereoselectivity (up to 65%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangxun Li
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Migu He
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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48
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Yuan H, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Understanding the Mechanism of the Lewis Acid Promoted [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Propargylic Alcohol and α-Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1989-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yuan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
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49
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Li Y, Du S. Understanding the mechanisms, regioselectivies and enantioselectivities of the DMAP-catalyzed [2 + 4] cycloaddition of γ-methyl allenoate and phenyl(phenyldiazenyl)methanone. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DMAP-catalyzed [2 + 4] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Shiwen Du
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
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50
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Li Y, Du S, Du Z, Chen C. A theoretical study of DABCO and PPh3 catalyzed annulations of allenoates with azodicarboxylate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experiments have shown that DABCO-catalyzed annulation of 2,3-butadienoate and diethylazodicarboxylate leads to 1,2-diazetidine (reaction (1)), whereas PPh3-catalyzed 2-benzyl-2,3-butadienoate and diethylazodicarboxylate gives pyrazoline (reaction (2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Shiwen Du
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Zheng Du
- National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen (Shenzhen Cloud Computing Center)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Congmei Chen
- National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen (Shenzhen Cloud Computing Center)
- Shenzhen
- China
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