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Michel E, Grieser FF, Mackenroth AV, Schukin M, Krämer P, Tahir S, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. Light-Induced Metal-Free Generation of Cyanocarbenes from Alkynyl Triazenes for the Synthesis of Nitrile Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309274. [PMID: 37515774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of alkynyl triazenes is an emerging field for organic chemists and especially acid-induced nucleophilic functionalizations, either directly, or after a prior reaction towards aromatic triazenes under extrusion of nitrogen, paved the way for fruitful strategies. In contrast, the chemical behavior of alkynyl triazenes upon irradiation with light is still unknown. Herein we present the first photoactivation of alkynyl triazenes that triggers an uncommon reactivity pattern involving the cleavage of the N1-N2 bond of the triazene moiety resulting in a unique approach to cyanocarbenes from a readily available, stable, and insensitive precursor. This allows to access various nitrile compounds without the use of a toxic cyanating agent by exploiting the reactivity pattern of carbenes. By variation of the reaction conditions and light sources, different substitution patterns can be obtained selectively in good yields under mild and metal-free conditions, thus introducing the alkynyl triazene unit as a photo accessible methylene nitrile synthon. Using this synthon, subclasses like α-alkoxynitriles, α-aminonitriles and α-cyanohydrazones become easily available. These exhibit synthetically valuable substitution patterns for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, intermediates for total synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Michel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian F Grieser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra V Mackenroth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schukin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Krämer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shaista Tahir
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Steinlandt PS, Hemming M, Xie X, Ivlev SI, Meggers E. Trading Symmetry for Stereoinduction in Tetradentate, non-C 2 -Symmetric Fe(II)-Complexes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2023:e202300267. [PMID: 37104865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of stereogenic-at-metal iron complexes comprising a non-C2 -symmetric chiral topology is introduced and applied to asymmetric 3d-transition metal catalysis. The chiral iron(II) complexes are built from chiral tetradentate N4-ligands containing a proline-derived amino pyrrolidinyl backbone which controls the relative (cis-α coordination) and absolute metal-centered configuration (Λ vs. Δ). Two chloride ligands complement the octahedral coordination sphere. The modular composition of the tetradentate ligands facilitates the straightforward incorporation of different terminal coordinating heteroaromatic groups into the scaffold. The influence of various combinations was evaluated in an asymmetric ring contraction of isoxazoles to 2H-azirines revealing that a decrease of symmetry is beneficial for the stereoinduction to obtain chiral products in up to 99 % yield and with up to 92 % ee. Conveniently, iron catalysis is feasible under open flask conditions with the bench-stable dichloro complexes exhibiting high robustness towards oxidative or hydrolytic decomposition. The versatility of non-racemic 2H-azirines was subsequently showcased with the conversion into a variety of quaternary α-amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S Steinlandt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Hemming
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulian Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Classical amination methods involve the reaction of a nitrogen nucleophile with an electrophilic carbon center; however, in recent years, umpoled strategies have gained traction where the nitrogen source acts as an electrophile. A wide range of electrophilic aminating agents are now available, and these underpin a range of powerful C-N bond-forming processes. In this Review, we highlight the strategic use of electrophilic aminating agents in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. O'Neil
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - John F. Bower
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. O'Neil
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - John F. Bower
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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5
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Liang J, Fu Y, Bao X, Ou L, Sang T, Yuan Y, Huo C. Cyanation of glycine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3014-3017. [PMID: 33623936 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a catalytic oxidative C-H cyanation of glycine derivatives using a simple copper(i) catalyst with NFSI as an oxidant via a radical process to furnish α-cyano glycine derivatives, which are useful intermediates for organic synthesis. CuCl acted as both a one-electron reductant and a transition-metal catalyst in this transformation. NFSI served as a one-electron oxidant and generated a N-centered radical as a H-abstractor. The reaction displayed broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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Saranya S, Neetha M, Aneeja T, Anilkumar G. Recent Trends in the Iron‐Catalyzed Cyanation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Saranya
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O. Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
| | - Mohan Neetha
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O. Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
| | - Thaipparambil Aneeja
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O. Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O. Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC) Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O. Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS) Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O. Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
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7
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Grundke C, Vierengel N, Opatz T. ‐Aminonitriles: From Sustainable Preparation to Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. CHEM REC 2020; 20:989-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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Bolm C, Mocci R, Schumacher C, Turberg M, Puccetti F, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Activation of Iron Cyano Complexes: A Prebiotic Impact Scenario for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2423-2426. [PMID: 29334423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical activation of iron cyano complexes by ball milling results in the formation of HCN, which can be trapped and incorporated into α-aminonitriles. This prebiotic impact scenario can be extended by mechanochemically transforming the resulting α-aminonitriles into α-amino amides using a chemical route related to early Earth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554 bivio per Sestu, 09028, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Bolm C, Mocci R, Schumacher C, Turberg M, Puccetti F, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Activation of Iron Cyano Complexes: A Prebiotic Impact Scenario for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria; SS 554 bivio per Sestu 09028 Monserrato (CA) Italy
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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Tadele K, Verma S, Nadagouda MN, Gonzalez MA, Varma RS. A rapid flow strategy for the oxidative cyanation of secondary and tertiary amines via C-H activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16311. [PMID: 29176644 PMCID: PMC5701117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient continuous flow protocol has been developed for bond C-H activation which promotes the α-cyanation of secondary and tertiary amines using magnetic nano-ferrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidus Tadele
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P. O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sanny Verma
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P. O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Water Systems Division, Water Resources Recovery Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS 443, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA
| | - Michael A Gonzalez
- Land and Materials Management Division, Emerging Chemistry and Engineering Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS 483, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Water Systems Division, Water Resources Recovery Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS 443, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA.
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11
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Gokada MR, Hunter R, Andrijevic A, Petersen WF, Samanta S, Venter G, Rees-Jones S. Quaternized α,α'-Amino Acids via Curtius Rearrangement of Substituted Malonate-Imidazolidinones. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10650-10658. [PMID: 28903002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis protocol is presented for accessing quaternized α-amino acids in chiral, nonracemic form via diastereoselective malonate alkylation followed by C- to N-transposition. The key stereodifferentiating step involves a diastereoselective alkylation of an α-monosubstituted malonate-imidazolidinone, which is followed first by a chemoselective malonate PMB ester removal and then a Curtius rearrangement to provide the transposition. The method demonstrates a high product ee (89-99% for eight cases) for quaternizing a range of proteinogenic α-amino acids. The stereogenicity in targets 5a-i supports previous conclusions that the diastereoselective alkylation step proceeds via an α-substituted malonate-imidazolidinone enolate in its Z-configuration, with the auxiliary in an s-transC-N conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswara Rao Gokada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ana Andrijevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Wade F Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sauvik Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Venter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sophie Rees-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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12
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Opatz T, Kucukdisli M, M. Nebe M, M. Bartelt S. A Short Synthesis of 2,3,5-Trisubstituted Pyrroles by an Alkylation/Dehydrocyanation Sequence. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Verma S, Nasir Baig RB, Han C, Nadagouda MN, Varma RS. Magnetic graphitic carbon nitride: its application in the C–H activation of amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15554-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic graphitic carbon nitride Fe@g-C3N4 has been synthesized by adorning a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) support with iron oxide via non-covalent interaction. The magnetically recyclable catalyst showed excellent reactivity for the expeditious C–H activation and cyanation of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanny Verma
- Sustainable Technology Division
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - R. B. Nasir Baig
- Sustainable Technology Division
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Changseok Han
- WQMB
- WSWRD
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Cincinnati
| | - Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda
- WQMB
- WSWRD
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Cincinnati
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Sustainable Technology Division
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Cincinnati
- USA
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