1
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Liang D, Zhou QQ, Xuan J. Multiple-cycle photochemical cascade reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2156-2174. [PMID: 38385507 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cascade reactions represent an efficient and economical synthetic approach, enabling the rapid synthesis of a wide array of structurally complex organic compounds. These compounds, previously inaccessible, can now be synthesized in a remarkably limited number of steps. Concurrently, the photochemical reactions of organic molecules have gained prominence as a potent strategy for accessing a diverse range of radical species and intermediates. This is achieved in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Owing to the relentless endeavors of chemists, significant strides have been made in the realm of photochemical cascade reactions. These advancements have facilitated the synthesis of novel molecular structures with high complexity, structures that are typically challenging to generate under thermal conditions. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and underscore the recent pivotal advancements in visible-light-induced cascade reactions. Our focus is on the elucidation of multiple photochemical catalytic cycles, emphasizing the catalytic activation modes and the types of reactions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Bimetallic TiO 2 Nanoparticles for Lignin-Based Model Compounds Valorization by Integrating an Optocatalytic Flow-Microreactor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248731. [PMID: 36557862 PMCID: PMC9785458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of improving the activity of TiO2 by modifying it with metals and using it for targeted applications in microreactor environments is an active area of research. Recently, microreactors have emerged as successful candidates for many photocatalytic reactions, especially for the selective oxidation process. The current work introduces ultrasound-assisted catalyst deposition on the inner walls of a perfluoro-alkoxy alkane (PFA) microtube under mild conditions. We report Cu-Au/TiO2 and Fe-Au/TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using the sol-gel method. The obtained photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized by UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 physisorption. The photocatalytic activity under UV (375 nm) and visible light (515 nm) was estimated by the oxidation of lignin-based model aromatic alcohols in batch and fluoropolymer-based flow systems. The bimetallic catalyst exhibited improved photocatalytic selective oxidation. Herein, four aromatic alcohols were individually investigated and compared. In our experiments, the alcohols containing hydroxy and methoxy groups (coniferyl and vanillin alcohol) showed high conversion (93% and 52%, respectively) with 8% and 17% selectivity towards their respective aldehydes, with the formation of other side products. The results offer an insight into ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) complex formation, which was found to be the main reason for the activity of synthesized catalysts under visible light.
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3
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Mandal T, Mallick S, Kumari N, De Sarkar S. Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of Phenanthrenes through Successive Photosensitization and Photoredox by a Single Organocatalyst. Org Lett 2022; 24:8452-8457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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4
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Sakharov PA, Rostovskii NV, Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS. Copper(II)-Catalyzed (3+2) Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines to Six-Membered Cyclic Enols as a Route to Pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinolone, Chromeno[3,4- b]pyrrole, and Naphtho[1,8- ef]indole Scaffolds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175681. [PMID: 36080448 PMCID: PMC9457675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the [2+3] pyrroline annulation to the six-membered non-aromatic enols using 3-aryl-2H-azirines as annulation agents is developed in the current study. The reaction proceeds as a formal (3+2) cycloaddition via the N1-C2 azirine bond cleavage and is catalyzed by both Cu(II) and Cu(I) compounds. The new annulation method can be applied to prepare pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline, chromeno[3,4-b]pyrrole, and naphtho[1,8-ef]indole derivatives in good to excellent yields from enols of the quinolin-2-one, 2H-chromen-2-one, and 1H-phenalen-1-one series.
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5
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Bellotti P, Rogge T, Paulus F, Laskar R, Rendel N, Ma J, Houk KN, Glorius F. Visible-Light Photocatalyzed peri-(3 + 2) Cycloadditions of Quinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15662-15671. [PMID: 35984989 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions─epitomized by the Diels-Alder reaction─offer an arguably unmatched springboard for achieving chemical complexity, often with excellent selectivity, in a modular single step. We report the synthesis of aza-acenaphthenes in a single step by an unprecedented formal peri-(3 + 2) cycloaddition of simple quinolines with alkynes. A commercially available iridium complex exerts a dual role of photosensitizer and photoredox catalyst, fostering a cyclization/rearomatization cascade. The initial energy-transfer phase leads to the acenaphthene skeleton, while the ensuing redox shuttling step leads to aromatization. We applied this technology to 8-substituted quinolines and phenanthrolines, which smoothly reacted with both terminal and internal alkynes with excellent levels of regio- and diastereoselectivity. Density functional theory calculations revealed the intertwined EnT/SET nature of the process and offered guiding design principles for the synthesis of new aza-acenaphthenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Fritz Paulus
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ranjini Laskar
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Rendel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Maurya RA, Borkotoky L. Recent Advances on α‐Azidoketones and Esters in the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Awatar Maurya
- CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology Chemical Sciences Jorhat 785006 Jorhat INDIA
| | - Lodsna Borkotoky
- North East Institute of Science and Technology CSIR Chemical Sciences and Technology Division INDIA
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7
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Strumfs B, Velikijs K, Uljanovs R, Sinkarevs S, Strumfa I. Non-Aziridination Approaches to 3-Arylaziridine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives and 3-Aryl-(aziridin-2-yl)ketones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115919. [PMID: 35682596 PMCID: PMC9180376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly functionalized aziridines, including compounds with aromatic moieties, are attractive substrates both in synthetic and medical areas of chemistry. There is a broad and interesting set of synthetic methods for reaching these compounds. Aziridination represents the most explored tool, but there are several other more specific, less well-known, but highly promising approaches. Therefore, the current review focuses on recently described or updated ways to obtain 3-arylated aziridines via different non-aziridination-based synthetic methods, reported mainly since 2000. The presented methods belong to two main directions of synthesis, namely, cyclization of open-chain substrates and rearrangement of other heterocycles. Cyclization of open-chain substrates includes the classic Gabriel-Cromwell type cyclization of halogenated substrates with amines, base-promoted cyclization of activated aminoalcohols (or its analogues), and the oxidative cyclization of β-dicarbonyls. Rearrangements of other heterocycles are presented as the Baldwin rearrangement of 4-isoxazolines, the cycloaddition of 1.3-dipoles or dienes to 2H-azirines, and the addition of C- and N-nucleophiles to the double bond of azirines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boriss Strumfs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; or
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Kirils Velikijs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Romans Uljanovs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Stanislavs Sinkarevs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Cascade synthetic strategies opening access to medicinal-relevant aliphatic 3- and 4-membered N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114438. [PMID: 35567964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cascade reactions are often 'employed' by nature to construct structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocycles in a highly stereoselective fashion, i.e., secondary metabolites important for pharmacy. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles of three- and four-membered rings, as standalone and bicyclic compounds, inhibit different enzymes and are pharmacophores of approved drugs or drug candidates considered in many therapies, e.g. anticancer, antibacterial or antiviral. Domino transformations are in most cases in line with modern green chemistry concepts due to atom economy, one-pot procedures often without use the protective groups, time-saving and at markedly lower costs than multistep transformations. The tandem approaches can help to obtain novel N-heterocyclic scaffolds, functionalized according to structural requirements of the target in cells, taking into account the nature of functional group and stereochemistry. On the other hand cascade strategies allow to modify small N-heterocyclic rings in a systematic way, which is beneficial for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses. This review is focused on the biological relevance of the N-heterocyclic scaffolds with smaller 3- and 4-membered rings among approved drugs and leading structures of drug candidates. The cascade synthetic strategies offering N-heterocyclic scaffolds, at relatively good yields and high stereoselectivity, are discussed here. The review covers mainly years from 2015 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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9
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Bao L, Cheng JT, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Pyrylium salts acting as both energy transfer and electron transfer photocatalysts for E → Z isomerization of activated alkenes and cyclization of cinnamic or biaryl carboxylic acids. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01623g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we report that 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium salts could perform both energy transfer and electron transfer photocatalysis modes for E → Z isomerization of activated alkenes and cyclization of cinnamic or biaryl carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Tang Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Bera M, Lee DS, Cho EJ. Advances in N-centered intermediates by energy transfer photocatalysis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Zhang HY, Chen J, Lu CC, Han YP, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Visible-Light-Induced C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Dehydrogenative-Coupling Reaction of N-Heterocycles with N-Alkyl- N-methylanilines under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11723-11735. [PMID: 34369160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reaction of N-heterocycles including 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H, 4H)-diones and quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones with N-methylanilines to form C(sp2)-C(sp3) under visible-light illumination and ambient air at room temperature. In this process, easily available Ru(bpy)3Cl2·6H2O serves as the catalyst, and air acts as the green oxidant. This method features high atom economy, environmental friendliness, and convenient operation and provides an efficient and practical access to aminomethyl-substituted N-heterocycles with extensive functional group compatibility in 40-86% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Cong Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
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13
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Luque A, Paternoga J, Opatz T. Strain Release Chemistry of Photogenerated Small-Ring Intermediates. Chemistry 2021; 27:4500-4516. [PMID: 33080091 PMCID: PMC7986234 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical processes, such as isomerizations and cycloadditions, have proven to be very useful in the construction of highly strained molecular frameworks. Photoinduced ring strain enables subsequent exergonic reactions which do not require the input of additional chemical energy and provides a variety of attractive synthetic options leading to complex structures. This review covers the progress achieved in the application of sequences combining excitation by ultraviolet light to form strained intermediates, which are further transformed to lower energy products in strain-release reactions. As ring strain is considerable in small ring systems, photogenerated three- and four-membered rings will be covered, mainly focusing on examples from 2000 to May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Luque
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Paternoga
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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14
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Tang XF, Zhao JN, Wu YF, Zheng ZH, Ma CF, Yu ZY, Yun L, Liu GZ, Meng QW. Asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds by C-2′ modified cinchonine-derived phase-transfer catalysts in batch and flow microreactors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1781183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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16
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Borra S, Borkotoky L, Newar UD, Das B, Maurya RA. Photocatalyst‐Free Visible‐Light Enabled Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles from
α
‐Keto Vinyl Azides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Borra
- Applied Organic Chemistry GroupChemical Sciences & Technology DivisionCSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NEIST Jorhat 785006 India
| | - Lodsna Borkotoky
- Applied Organic Chemistry GroupChemical Sciences & Technology DivisionCSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NEIST Jorhat 785006 India
| | - Uma Devi Newar
- Applied Organic Chemistry GroupChemical Sciences & Technology DivisionCSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NEIST Jorhat 785006 India
| | - Babulal Das
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Applied Organic Chemistry GroupChemical Sciences & Technology DivisionCSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NEIST Jorhat 785006 India
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17
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Molina A, Díaz-Tendero S, Adrio J, Carretero JC. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with azirines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5050-5053. [PMID: 32243487 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Substituted 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with two contiguous quaternary stereocentres are readily prepared by catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of α-substituted iminoesters with azirines. High diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) are achieved using CuI/(R)-Fesulphos as the catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Molina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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19
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Tang X, Zhao J, Wu Y, Feng S, Yang F, Yu Z, Meng Q. Visible‐Light‐Driven Enantioselective Aerobic Oxidation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Cinchona‐Derived Phase Transfer Catalysts in Batch and Semi‐Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing‐Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Shi‐Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zong‐Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
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20
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Tang XF, Zhao JN, Wu YF, Zheng ZH, Feng SH, Yu ZY, Liu GZ, Meng QW. Enantioselective photooxygenation of β-dicarbonyl compounds in batch and flow photomicroreactors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7938-7942. [PMID: 31417995 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-2' modified cinchonine-derived phase-transfer catalysts were synthesized and used in the enantioselective photo-organocatalytic aerobic oxidation of β-dicarbonyl compounds with excellent yields (up to 97%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 90% ee). Furthermore, the reaction was carried out in a flow photomicroreactor, in which the heterogeneous gas-liquid-liquid asymmetric photocatalytic oxidation reaction was performed affording good yields (up to 97%) and enantioselectivities (up to 86% ee) within 0.89 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
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21
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Borra S, Borkotoky L, Newar UD, Kalwar A, Das B, Maurya RA. Visible light triggered photo-decomposition of vinyl azides to (E)-stilbene derivatives via 1,2-acyl migration. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5971-5981. [PMID: 31165843 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient photocatalyst-free visible light assisted synthetic route to various (E)-stilbene derivatives was developed. The reaction proceeds through a denitrogenative photo-decomposition of vinyl azides into 2H-azirines followed by neighboring amino group assisted ring opening, 1,2-acyl migration and enolization. The photochemical reaction offers light harvesting without any photocatalyst to access a wide variety of substituted (E)-stilbenes in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Borra
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat-785006, Assam, India.
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22
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Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Rostovskii NV. Advances in 2H-azirine chemistry: A seven-year update. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Santoro S, Ferlin F, Ackermann L, Vaccaro L. C-H functionalization reactions under flow conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2767-2782. [PMID: 30942788 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization technologies have progressed enormously in the last decade as testified by the great number of publications that have appeared in the literature, which are receiving great attention from researchers from different areas of expertise. While most of the protocols reported realize the C-H functionalization processes under batch conditions, there is a growing interest in the development of continuous-flow procedures aiming at increasing the performances of established methodologies or the definition of otherwise unfeasible transformations. This review summarizes the application of flow technologies for the realization of C-H functionalization reactions. According to the type of flow reactors necessary, two main general approaches are possible for the application of flow techniques, namely the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Each example is discussed and accompanied by the description of the main features and benefits of the use of flow compared to batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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24
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Borra S, Chandrasekhar D, Newar UD, Maurya RA. Access to 2,3-Fused Pyrroles via Visible Light Driven Coupling of α-Azidochalcones with 1/2-Naphthols, or 2-Hydroxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone. J Org Chem 2018; 84:1042-1052. [PMID: 30547589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Azidochalcones were coupled with 1/2-naphthols or 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone using Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 as a photocatalyst under blue LED light irradiation to yield 2,3-fused pyrroles in high yields (68-84%). The overall transformation involves photosensitized decomposition of α-azidochalcones into highly reactive 2 H-azirines which are trapped by 1/2-naphthols or 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, leading to the construction of two new C-N and one new C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Borra
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) , Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NEIST Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India
| | - D Chandrasekhar
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) , Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NEIST Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India
| | - Uma Devi Newar
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) , Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) , Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NEIST Jorhat - 785006 , Assam , India
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25
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Zhou Q, Zou Y, Lu L, Xiao W. Mit sichtbarem Licht induzierte, organische photochemische Reaktionen über Energietransferrouten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan‐Quan Zhou
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research CentreKey Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - You‐Quan Zou
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research CentreKey Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Liang‐Qiu Lu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research CentreKey Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Wen‐Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research CentreKey Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
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26
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Zhou QQ, Zou YQ, Lu LQ, Xiao WJ. Visible-Light-Induced Organic Photochemical Reactions through Energy-Transfer Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1586-1604. [PMID: 29774651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis is a rapidly developing and powerful strategy to initiate organic transformations, as it closely adheres to the tenants of green and sustainable chemistry. Generally, most visible-light-induced photochemical reactions occur through single-electron transfer (SET) pathways. Recently, visible-light-induced energy-transfer (EnT) reactions have received considerable attentions from the synthetic community as this strategy provides a distinct reaction pathway, and remarkable achievements have been made in this field. In this Review, we highlight the most recent advances in visible-light-induced EnT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Quan Zhou
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - You-Quan Zou
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Liang-Qiu Lu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
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27
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Norman AR, Yousif MN, McErlean CSP. Photoredox-catalyzed indirect acyl radical generation from thioesters. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed method for the indirect generation of acyl radicals from stable thioesters is described.
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28
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29
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Borra S, Chandrasekhar D, Khound S, Maurya RA. Access to 1a,6b-Dihydro-1H-benzofuro[2,3-b]azirines and Benzofuran-2-amines via Visible Light Triggered Decomposition of α-Azidochalcones. Org Lett 2017; 19:5364-5367. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Borra
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
| | - D. Chandrasekhar
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
| | - Susmita Khound
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
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