1
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Blechschmidt DR, Mergendahl C, Kass SR. Metallocenium incorporated charge-enhanced thiourea catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1788-1793. [PMID: 38343361 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Several metallocenium derivatives were prepared including N-ferrocenium-N'-phenylthiourea tetrakis-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (BArF4, 4a), N-methylferrocenium-N'-phenylthiourea BArF4 (4b) and N-cobaltocenium-N'-phenylthiourea BArF4 (5). These compounds are competent catalysts for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with trans-β-nitrostyrenes, and are much more active than their reduced non-charged forms. The iron derivatives are less stable than the cobalt analog and were generated and used in situ whereas the cobalt-containing thiourea was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three of these metallocenium salts have Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites which were exploited in tandem to afford charge-activated catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Blechschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Cal Mergendahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Dempsey SH, Cao W, Wang XB, Kass SR. Anion-Activated Bases and Nucleophiles Characterized by Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8828-8833. [PMID: 37844075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion photoelectron spectra at 20 K along with ab initio [CCSD(T)] and M06-2X density functional theory calculations are reported for a series of six basic and nucleophilic pyridine derivatives with an anionic substituent [i.e., 3- and 4-PyrBX3-, where X = F, 4-t-BuC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, and 3,5-(MeO)2C6H3]. Vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of these charge-activated reagents span from 4.50-5.85 eV and are well reproduced by M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/maug-cc-pVTZ computations. Surprisingly, the VDEs are found to correlate with the SN2 reactivity of the PPh4+ salts of the substituted pyridine anions with 1-iodooctane in dichloromethane. This provides an experimental measure of the nucleophilicity of these charge-activated anions, which represent a new class of chemical reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Wu JQ, Wu XY, Lu JM, Shi Q, Shao LX. Highly Active La(III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework as a Heterogeneous Lewis Acid Catalyst for Friedel-Crafts Alkylation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202441. [PMID: 36082763 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel La(III)-based two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework, [La2/3 (qptca)1/2 ] (referred to as SLX-2), from LaCl3 and 1,1' : 4',1'' : 4'',1''' : 4''',1''''-quinquephenyl]-2,2'',2'''',5''-tetracarboxylic acid (H4 qptca) was synthesized by conventional solvothermal method and thoroughly characterized by using X-ray single-crystal diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses. The 2D SLX-2 features a unique lanthanum center exposed to the skeleton and was used as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole and pyrrole with β-nitrostyrene along with a wide substrate scope, giving the desired products in good-to-high yields under the optimal reaction conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst was used for twenty cycles, with nearly no effect on its activity, and the reaction was heterogeneous in nature. Moreover, compared to the previous hydrogen-bond-donating MOF catalysts for such alkylation reactions, SLX-2 showed an excellent stability toward harsh acidic and basic environment, and gave comparable catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xiong Shao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ahmad T, Khan S, Ullah N. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Indoles. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35446-35485. [PMID: 36249392 PMCID: PMC9558610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized chiral indole derivatives are privileged and versatile organic frameworks encountered in numerous pharmaceutically active agents and biologically active natural products. The catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles, catalyzed by chiral metal complexes or chiral organocatalysts, is one of the most powerful and atom-economical approaches to access optically active indole derivatives. Consequently, a wide range of electrophilic partners including α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, amides, imines, β,γ-unsaturated α-keto- and α-ketiminoesters, ketimines, nitroalkenes, and many others have been successfully employed to achieve a plethora of functionalized chiral indole moieties. In particular, strategies for C-H functionalization in the phenyl of indoles require incorporation of a directing or blocking group in the phenyl or azole ring of indole. The discovery of chiral catalysts which can control enantiodiscrimination has gained a great deal of attention in recent years. This review will provide an updated account on the application of the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles in the synthesis of diverse chiral indole derivatives, covering the timeframe from 2011 to today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqir Ahmad
- Chemistry
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sardaraz Khan
- Chemistry
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisar Ullah
- Chemistry
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- The
Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Blechschmidt DR, Lovstedt A, Kass SR. Metallocenium Lewis Acid Catalysts for Use in Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Diels–Alder Reactions. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Blechschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alex Lovstedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Uchikura T, Aruga K, Suzuki R, Akiyama T. Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction of Pyrroles with N-Unprotected Alkynyl Trifluoromethyl Ketimines. Org Lett 2022; 24:4699-4703. [PMID: 35728276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Developed herein is an enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of N-unprotected alkynyl trifluoromethyl ketimines with pyrroles catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid to furnish chiral primary α-trifluoromethyl-α-(2-pyrrolyl)propargylamines with high enantioselectivity. Transformation of the alkynyl group of the adducts afforded optically active α-trifluoromethylated amines bearing various substituents such as alkyl, alkenyl, enyne, and triazole without loss of optical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Uchikura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kureha Aruga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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7
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Riegel GF, Takashige K, Lovstedt A, Kass SR. Charge‐Activated TADDOLs: Recyclable Organocatalysts for Asymmetric (Hetero‐)Diels–Alder Reactions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George F. Riegel
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota United States
| | - Keiji Takashige
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota United States
| | - Alex Lovstedt
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota United States
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8
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Riegel GF, Payne C, Kass SR. Effects of Brønsted acid cocatalysts on the activities and selectivities of charge‐enhanced thiourea organocatalysts in Friedel–Crafts and oxa‐Pictet–Spengler reactions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George F. Riegel
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Curtis Payne
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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9
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Shekurov RP, Gilmanova LH, Zagidullin AA, Miluykov VA. 2-[1-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]ferrocenylphosphinic acid as an organocatalyst of Michael and Friedel—Crafts reactions. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole with nitroalkenes in the presence of bifunctional squaramide organocatalysts. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Non-Covalent Interactions in Enantioselective Organocatalysis: Theoretical and Mechanistic Studies of Reactions Mediated by Dual H-Bond Donors, Bifunctional Squaramides, Thioureas and Related Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral bifunctional dual H-bond donor catalysts have become one of the pillars of organocatalysis. They include squaramide, thiosquaramide, thiourea, urea, and even selenourea-based catalysts combined with chiral amines, cinchona alkaloids, sulfides, phosphines and more. They can promote several types of reactions affording products in very high yields and excellent stereoselectivities in many cases: conjugate additions, cycloadditions, the aldol and Henry reactions, the Morita–Baylis–Hilman reaction, even cascade reactions, among others. The desire to understand mechanisms and the quest for the origins of stereoselectivity, in attempts to find guidelines for developing more efficient catalysts for new transformations, has promoted many mechanistic and theoretical studies. In this review, we survey the literature published in this area since 2015.
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12
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Boylan A, Nguyen TS, Lundy BJ, Li JY, Vallakati R, Sundstrom S, May JA. Rate Dependence on Inductive and Resonance Effects for the Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Alkenyl and Alkynyl Boronic Acids to β-Indolyl Enones and β-Pyrrolyl Enones. Molecules 2021; 26:1615. [PMID: 33799473 PMCID: PMC8000498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two key factors bear on reaction rates for the conjugate addition of alkenyl boronic acids to heteroaryl-appended enones: the proximity of inductively electron-withdrawing heteroatoms to the site of bond formation and the resonance contribution of available heteroatom lone pairs to stabilize the developing positive charge at the enone β-position. For the former, the closer the heteroatom is to the enone β-carbon, the faster the reaction. For the latter, greater resonance stabilization of the benzylic cationic charge accelerates the reaction. Thus, reaction rates are increased by the closer proximity of inductive electron-withdrawing elements, but if resonance effects are involved, then increased rates are observed with electron-donating ability. Evidence for these trends in isomeric substrates is presented, and the application of these insights has allowed for reaction conditions that provide improved reactivity with previously problematic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Boylan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Thien S. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Brian J. Lundy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Baker Hughes, 17021 Aldine Westfield Rd, Houston, TX 77073, USA
| | - Jian-Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ravikrishna Vallakati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Vallark Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Genome Valley, Turkapally, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sasha Sundstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor Sciences Bldg. D.208, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Jeremy A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (A.B.); (T.S.N.); (B.J.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
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13
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Mammadova F, Hamarat B, Ahmadli D, Şahin O, Bozkaya U, Türkmen YE. Polarization‐Enhanced Hydrogen Bonding in 1,8‐Dihydroxynaphthalene: Conformational Analysis, Binding Studies and Hydrogen Bonding Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Mammadova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Büşra Hamarat
- Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Dilgam Ahmadli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Onur Şahin
- Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center Sinop University Sinop 57000 Turkey
| | - Uğur Bozkaya
- Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Yunus E. Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
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14
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Payne C, Kass SR. Structural considerations for charge‐enhanced Brønsted acid catalysts. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Payne
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
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15
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Smajlagic I, Guest M, Durán R, Herrera B, Dudding T. Mechanistic Insight toward Understanding the Role of Charge in Thiourea Organocatalysis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:585-593. [PMID: 31790584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyranylation and glycosylation are pivotal for accessing a myriad of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and drug candidates. Catalytic approaches for enabling these transformations are of utmost importance and integral to advancing this area of synthesis. In exploring this chemical space, a combined experimental and computational mechanistic study of pyranylation and 2-deoxygalactosylation catalyzed by a cationic thiourea organocatalyst is reported. To this end, a thiourea-cyclopropenium organocatalyst was employed as a model system in combination with an arsenal of mechanistic techniques, including 13C kinetic isotope effect experiments, deuterated labeling studies, variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. From these studies, two distinct reaction pathways were identified for this transformation corresponding to either dual hydrogen bond (H-bond) activation or Brønsted acid catalysis. The former involving thiourea orchestrated bifurcated hydrogen bonding proceeded in an asynchronous concerted fashion. In contrast, the latter stepwise mechanism involving Brønsted acid catalysis hinged upon the formation of an oxocarbenium intermediate accompanied by subsequent alcohol addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Smajlagic
- Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , ON L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Matt Guest
- Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , ON L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Rocío Durán
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , Macul, Santiago , Chile
| | - Barbara Herrera
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , Macul, Santiago , Chile
| | - Travis Dudding
- Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , ON L2S 3A1 , Canada
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16
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Smajlagic I, Carlson B, Rosano N, Foy H, Dudding T. Charge-enhanced thiourea catalysts as hydrogen bond donors for Friedel‒Crafts Alkylations. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Wonner P, Dreger A, Vogel L, Engelage E, Huber SM. Chalkogenbrückenkatalyse einer Nitro‐Michael‐Reaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wonner
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Alexander Dreger
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Lukas Vogel
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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18
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Wonner P, Dreger A, Vogel L, Engelage E, Huber SM. Chalcogen Bonding Catalysis of a Nitro-Michael Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16923-16927. [PMID: 31535789 PMCID: PMC6899570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen bonding is the non-covalent interaction between Lewis acidic chalcogen substituents and Lewis bases. Herein, we present the first application of dicationic tellurium-based chalcogen bond donors in the nitro-Michael reaction between trans-β-nitrostyrene and indoles. This also constitutes the first activation of nitro derivatives by chalcogen bonding (and halogen bonding). The catalysts showed rate accelerations of more than a factor of 300 compared to strongly Lewis acidic hydrogen bond donors. Several comparison experiments, titrations, and DFT calculations support a chalcogen-bonding-based mode of activation of β-nitrostyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wonner
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Alexander Dreger
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lukas Vogel
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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19
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Lafzi F, Kilic H, Tanriver G, Avcı ÖN, Catak S, Saracoglu N. Design and synthesis of novel indoline-(thio)urea hybrids. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1675706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferruh Lafzi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Oltu Vocational Training School, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanriver
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Öyküm Naz Avcı
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saron Catak
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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20
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Ma J, Kass SR. Electrostatically Enhanced Phosphoric Acids and Their Applications in Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylations. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11125-11134. [PMID: 31386810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of electrostatically enhanced phosphoric acid catalysts were synthesized and studied. These compounds possess two positively charged N-octylpyridinium or triarylphosphonium ion centers at the 3,3'-positions of the (R)-BINOL backbone to enhance reactivity and provide needed steric bulk for enantioselective transformations. Catalytic activities for Friedel-Crafts alkylations of indoles with trans-β-nitrostyrenes were studied. Both types of catalysts accelerate reaction conversions relative to noncharged analogues, and good enantioselectivities up to 90% ee are observed with the phosphonium-ion-tagged phosphoric acids. This transformation also can be scaled up to synthetically useful amounts, affording >250 mg of product without losing any reactivity or selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street, SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street, SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Connon R, Guiry PJ. A Tandem Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation/Michael Addition: Synthesis of Novel Ergoline Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Connon
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC); School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC); School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology; School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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Feofanov MN, Averin AD, Beletskaya IP. Friedel–Crafts reaction of electron-rich (het)arenes with nitroalkenes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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23
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Nakano H, Ganesan D, Chennapuram M, Begum Z, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Tokiwa S, Takeshita M. Sugar Based γ-Amino Alcohol Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Michael Addition of β-Keto Esters with Nitroolefins. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Yan CX, Wu RZ, Lu K, Yang FL, Yang XS, Wang R, Yang X, Zhou PP, Shao X. Why electrostatically enhanced thiourea is better than Schreiner's thiourea in both catalytic activity and regioselectivity? Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00251k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatically enhanced thiourea is more active and efficient than Schreiner's thiourea in the ring-opening aminolysis of styrene oxide with aniline, and the underlying reasons were explored by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Rui-Zhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Ka Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Fang-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xiao-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
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Fan Y, Payne C, Kass SR. Quantification of Catalytic Activity for Electrostatically Enhanced Thioureas via Reaction Kinetics and UV-vis Spectroscopic Measurement. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10855-10863. [PMID: 30021436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Charged thiourea derivatives containing one and two methylated or octylated pyridinium ion centers and a tetraarylborate or triflate counteranion are reported. These novel catalysts are much more active in the Friedel-Crafts reactions of trans-β-nitroalkenes with N-methylindoles than the privileged N, N'-bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea (i.e., Schreiner's thiourea) by up to 2-3 orders of magnitude. A previously reported UV-vis spectroscopic method by Kozlowski et al. was exploited to rationalize their reactivity order along with noncharged analogues. These results offer a new design strategy for organocatalysts by introducing positively charged centers without adding additional N-H, O-H, or S-H hydrogen bond donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street, SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Curtis Payne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street, SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street, SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Urea Activation by an External Brønsted Acid: Breaking Self-Association and Tuning Catalytic Performance. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we hypothesize that Brønsted acids can activate urea-based catalysts by diminishing its self-assembly tendency. As a proof of concept, we used the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroalkenes as a benchmark reaction. The resulting 3-substituted indole derivatives were obtained with better results due to cooperative effects of the chiral urea and a Brønsted acid additive. Such synergy has been rationalized in terms of disassembly of the supramolecular catalyst aggregates, affording a more acidic and rigid catalytic complex.
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Ma J, Kass SR. Asymmetric Arylation of 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetophenones Catalyzed by Chiral Electrostatically-Enhanced Phosphoric Acids. Org Lett 2018; 20:2689-2692. [PMID: 29696976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of highly reactive metal-free chiral phosphoric acids possessing positively charged phosphonium ion substituents are reported and have been applied to Friedel-Crafts alkylations of indoles and 2,2,2-trifluoromethyl aryl ketones. These catalysts are orders-of-magnitude more active and have similar or better enantioselectivities than their noncharged analogues. High tolerance to a range of substrates with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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