1
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Rühe J, Rajeevan M, Shoyama K, Swathi RS, Würthner F. A Terrylene Bisimide based Universal Host for Aromatic Guests to Derive Contact Surface-Dependent Dispersion Energies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318451. [PMID: 38416063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
π-π interactions are among the most important intermolecular interactions in supramolecular systems. Here we determine experimentally a universal parameter for their strength that is simply based on the size of the interacting contact surfaces. Toward this goal we designed a new cyclophane based on terrylene bisimide (TBI) π-walls connected by para-xylylene spacer units. With its extended π-surface this cyclophane proved to be an excellent and universal host for the complexation of π-conjugated guests, including small and large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as dye molecules. The observed binding constants range up to 108 M-1 and show a linear dependence on the 2D area size of the guest molecules. This correlation can be used for the prediction of binding constants and for the design of new host-guest systems based on the herewith derived universal Gibbs interaction energy parameter of 0.31 kJ/molÅ2 in chloroform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rühe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Megha Rajeevan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rotti Srinivasamurthy Swathi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Torres-Moya I, Sánchez A, Donoso B, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Prieto P, Ponce Ortiz R. Extended π-Conjugation and Structural Planarity Effects of Symmetrical D-π-A-π-D Naphthalene and Perylene Diimide Semiconductors on n-type Electrical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301639. [PMID: 37265227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) compounds based on naphthalendiimide (NDI) and perylenediimide (PDI) central cores combined with triphenylamine and phenylcarbazole donor groups have been synthesized, characterized and tested in top-contact/bottom gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The results showed high electron mobilities, up to 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , in the case of NDI derivatives and moderate values of around 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for PDI-based semiconductors. Quantum chemical calculations were performed in order to support the experimental data. The results suggest that adequate molecular characteristics and larger crystalline domains in NDI vs. PDI semiconducting films may be the reasons behind the enhanced electrical properties of NDI derivatives. Furthermore, when the lateral donor substituents are triphenylamine groups, the mobilities were slightly higher in comparison to phenylcarbazole donor groups due to an improved electron-donating character. Other characterization techniques, such as AFM, X-ray diffraction or spectroelectrochemistry, among others, have been performed to analyze supramolecular order, charge carriers' nature and stability, parameters closely related to charge transport characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia Campus of Espinardo, Murcia, 30005, Spain
| | - Abelardo Sánchez
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Beatriz Donoso
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
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3
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Huang J, Wang L, Tang XY. Oxidative cross-coupling of quinoxalinones with indoles enabled by acidochromism. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2709-2714. [PMID: 36928912 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative cross-coupling of quinoxalinones with indole derivatives via B(C6F5)3·H2O induced acidochromism of quinoxalinone derivatives was developed under mild and external photocatalyst-free conditions. The reaction shows excellent substrate scope, accommodating a wide range of functional groups. The usefulness of this strategy was demonstrated by the synthesis of the natural products Azacephalandole A and Cephalandole A in high yields. Moreover, the products are fluorophores showing prevalent fluorescence properties with a wide emission range and good relative quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Tian X, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Nitrogen-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a one-pot Suzuki coupling/intramolecular S NAr reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:284-290. [PMID: 36687343 PMCID: PMC9811559 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new method for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped (N-doped) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a Suzuki coupling/intramolecular SNAr cascade reaction. A one- or two-fold [3 + 3] naphtho-annulation of halogenated aniline was conducted under Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling conditions to yield a series of fully fused N-doped PAHs. In contrast to reported methods to synthesize pyridinic or pyrrolic nitrogen-doped PAHs, our method enables preparation of PAHs doped with graphitic nitrogen, for which few reports are known in the literature. The crystal structure as well as absorption, fluorescence and electrochemical properties of these N-doped PAHs were investigated, which demonstrated the capability of N-doping to adjust optical and electronic properties and alter the LUMO energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Tian
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische ChemieAm HublandWürzburg 97074Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische ChemieAm HublandWürzburg 97074Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische ChemieAm HublandWürzburg 97074Germany,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-WegWürzburg 97074Germany
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5
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Borioni J, Baumgartner MT, Puiatti M, Jimenez LB. 1-Substituted Perylene Derivatives by Anionic Cyclodehydrogenation: Analysis of the Reaction Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21860-21867. [PMID: 35785287 PMCID: PMC9245103 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perylene derivatives constitute a promising class of compounds with technological applications mainly due to their optoelectronic properties. One mechanism proposed to synthesize them, starting from binaphthyl derivatives, is anionic cyclodehydrogenation (under reductive conditions). However, the scope of this reaction is limited. In the present study, we report a theoretical and experimental analysis of this particular reaction mechanism for its use in the synthesis of 1-substituted perylenes. Different substituents at position 2 of 1,1'-binaphthalene were evaluated: -OCH3, -OSi(CH3)2C(CH3)3, and -N(CH3)2. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the proposed mechanism, we suggest that the cyclization takes place from binaphthyl dianion instead of its radical anion. This dianion has an open-shell diradical nature, and this could be the species that was detected by EPR in previous studies. The O-substituted derivatives could not afford the perylene derivatives since their radical anions fragment and the necessary binaphthyl dianion could not be formed. On the other hand, 49% of N,N-dimethylperylen-1-amine was obtained starting from the N-substituted 2-binapthyl derivative as a substrate, employing a simpler experimental methodology.
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6
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Mahlmeister B, Mahl M, Reichelt H, Shoyama K, Stolte M, Würthner F. Helically Twisted Nanoribbons Based on Emissive Near-Infrared Responsive Quaterrylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10507-10514. [PMID: 35649272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have the potential for next-generation functional devices. So far, GNRs with defined stereochemistry are rarely reported in literature and their optical response is usually bound to the ultraviolet or visible spectral region, while covering the near-infrared (NIR) regime is still challenging. Herein, we report two novel quaterrylene bisimides with either one- or twofold-twisted π-backbones enabled by the steric congestion of a fourfold bay arylation leading to an end-to-end twist of up to 76°. The strong interlocking effect of the π-stacked aryl substituents introduces a rigidification of the chromophore unambiguously proven by single-crystal X-ray analysis. This leads to unexpectedly strong NIR emissions at 862 and 903 nm with quantum yields of 1.5 and 0.9%, respectively, further ensuring high solubility as well as resolvable and highly stable atropo-enantiomers. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of these enantiopure chiral compounds reveals a strong Cotton effect Δε of up to 67 M-1 cm-1 centered far in the NIR region at 849 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mahlmeister
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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7
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Mahl M, Niyas MA, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Multilayer stacks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nat Chem 2022; 14:457-462. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Uehara K, Kano H, Matsuo K, Hayashi H, Fujiki M, Yamada H, Aratani N. Mirror‐Image Cofacial Coronene Dimers Characterized by CD and CPL Spectroscopy: A Twisted Bilayer Nanographene. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Uehara
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Haruka Kano
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsuo
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Division of R&D True2Materials PTE. Ltd. 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
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9
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Diels-Alder Cycloaddition to the Bay Region of Perylene and Its Derivatives as an Attractive Strategy for PAH Core Expansion: Theoretical and Practical Aspects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225373. [PMID: 33213037 PMCID: PMC7698498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PAHs (polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons), the compound group that contains perylene and its derivatives, including functionalized ones, have attracted a great deal of interest in many fields of science and modern technology. This review presents all of the research devoted to modifications of PAHs that are realized via the Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition of various dienophiles to the bay regions of PAHs, leading to the π-extension of the starting molecule. This type of annulative π-extension (APEX) strategy has emerged as a powerful and efficient synthetic method for the construction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their functionalized derivatives, nanographenes, and π-extended fused heteroarenes. Then, [4 + 2] cycloadditions of ethylenic dienophiles, -N=N-, i.e., diazo-dienophiles and acetylenic dienophiles, are presented. This subject is discussed from the organic synthesis point of view but supported by theoretical calculations. The possible applications of DA cycloaddition to PAH bay regions in various science and technology areas, and the prospects for the development of this synthetic method, are also discussed.
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10
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Kumar S, Maurya YK, Kang S, Chmielewski P, Lis T, Cybińska J, Kim D, Stępień M. Porphyrin-Ryleneimide Hybrids: Tuning of Visible and Near-Infrared Absorption by Chromophore Desymmetrization. Org Lett 2020; 22:7202-7207. [PMID: 32857521 PMCID: PMC7506948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Unsymmetrically fused
porphyrins containing one or two naphthalimide
subunits were prepared in modular syntheses relying on electron-rich
and electron-poor pyrrole building blocks. These new chromophores
show progressive changes in their electron-deficient character, while
retaining comparably small optical and electrochemical band gaps.
The intrinsic curvature and extended optical absorption of these systems
make them of interest as mono- and difunctional components of multichromophoric
assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yogesh Kumar Maurya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.,PORT - Polski Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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11
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Pigulski B, Shoyama K, Würthner F. NIR-Absorbing π-Extended Azulene: Non-Alternant Isomer of Terrylene Bisimide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15908-15912. [PMID: 32441847 PMCID: PMC7540366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first planar π-extended azulene that retains aromaticity of odd-membered rings was synthesized by [3+3] peri-annulation of two naphthalene imides at both long-edge sides of azulene. Using bromination and subsequent nucleophilic substitution by methoxide and morpholine, selective functionalization of the π-extended azulene was achieved. Whilst these new azulenes can be regarded as isomers of terrylene bisimide they exhibit entirely different properties, which include very narrow optical and electrochemical gaps. DFT, TD-DFT, as well as nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations were applied to explain the structural and functional properties of these new π scaffolds. Furthermore, X-ray crystallography confirmed the planarity of the reported π-scaffolds and aromaticity of their azulene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Pigulski B, Shoyama K, Würthner F. NIR‐Absorbing π‐Extended Azulene: Non‐Alternant Isomer of Terrylene Bisimide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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13
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Pigulski B, Ximenis M, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by palladium-catalysed [3 + 3] annulation. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00968g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new [3 + 3] annulation method for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from two smaller aromatic fragments is reported. Packing structures for four products were obtained and relation to that of parent perylene was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Ximenis
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
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14
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Renner R, Stolte M, Würthner F. Self-Assembly of Bowl-Shaped Naphthalimide-Annulated Corannulene. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:32-39. [PMID: 31921543 PMCID: PMC6946951 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of a bowl-shaped naphthalimide-annulated corannulene of high solubility has been studied in a variety of solvents by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Evaluation by the anti-cooperative K2-K model revealed the formation of supramolecular dimers of outstanding thermodynamic stability. Further structural proof for the almost exclusive formation of dimers over extended aggregates is demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) measurements as well as by theoretical calculations. Thus, herein we present the first report of a supramolecular dimer of an annulated corannulene derivative in solution and discuss its extraordinarily high thermodynamic stability with association constants up to >106 M-1 in methylcyclohexane, which is comparable to the association constants given for planar phthalocyanine and perylene bisimide dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Renner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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15
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Shoyama K, Mahl M, Niyas MA, Ebert M, Kachler V, Keck C, Würthner F. Palladium-Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation of Naphthalimide Acceptors and Thiophene Donors. J Org Chem 2019; 85:142-149. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. A. Niyas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Kachler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Abstract
More than 50 years have passed since the first observation of graphitic cones in the pyrolysis of carbon. However, to date there has been no report in the literature on the synthesis of such carbon allotropes. Here we present the first synthesis of a carbon nanocone, which comprises a pentagon encircled by 30 hexagons, by means of a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. In this synthetic approach, 15 C-C bonds were constructed from a cone-shaped aromatic scaffold, corannulene, and five naphthalene dicarboximide moieties through a cascade of [3 + 3] and [4 + 2] annulations. The conical geometry of the first synthetic carbon nanocone was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The optical and electronic properties of this graphitic cone were elucidated by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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17
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Mahl M, Shoyama K, Rühe J, Grande V, Würthner F. Tetrachlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides: New Electron-Poor π-Scaffolds and NIR Emitters by Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:9409-9416. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Mahl
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jessica Rühe
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vincenzo Grande
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodori-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodori-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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18
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Li L, Hong YJ, Lin Y, Xiao WC, Lin MJ. An electron-deficient nanosized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with enhanced anion–π interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11941-11944. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06522e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A super-electron-deficient nano-sized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with six imide groups at the corners has been synthesized, which exhibited enhanced anion–π interactions with various anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | | | - Yun Lin
- Testing Centre, Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Wang-Chuan Xiao
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering
- Sanming Institute of Fluorochemical Industry
- Sanming University
- China
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19
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Zhylitskaya H, Stępień M. Carbocyclization approaches to electron-deficient nanographenes and their analogues. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Versatile π-aromatic building blocks and selective coupling transformations enable rapid assembly of complex electron-deficient molecules, useful as n-type organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14
- Poland
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