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Miyagawa A, Yamamoto N, Ohno A, Yamamura H. Preparation of β-1,3-glucan mimics via modification of polymer backbone, and evaluation of cytokine production using the polymer library in immune activation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130546. [PMID: 38442833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucans possess therapeutic potential owing to their ability to exhibit immunostimulating activity. β-1,3-Glucans, isolated from various organisms, differ in their chemical structures, molecular weight, and branching degree, potentially forming particulate, helix, or random coil conformations in water. Therefore, this study used synthesized β-1,3-glucan mimic polymers to investigate the difference in binding affinity for dectin-1 and induced cytokine productions based on polymer structures. The β-1,3-glucan mimic polymers were synthesized using β-1,3-glucan tetrasaccharyl monomer, with subsequent modifications to the polymer backbones through the introduction of hydrogen or a hydroxy group. Polymers with different structures in both ligands and polymer backbones were utilized to comprehensively investigate their binding affinity to dectin-1 and cytokine-inducing in macrophages. Hydroxylated polymers exhibited a high binding affinity for dectin-1, similar to that of schizophyllan, whereas the polymer composed of only saccharyl monomers did not bind to dectin-1. Further, when administered to macrophage RAW264 cells, polymers with branched and hydrophobic polymer backbones exhibited strong cytokine-inducing activities. Moreover, the results revealed that the essential factors for cytokine induction include the branches of β-1,3-glucans, high (tens of thousands) molecular weights, and hydrophobicity. The results suggests that artificial polymers comprising these factors exhibit immunostimulating activity and could be developed as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Nami Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Ayane Ohno
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Yamamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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2
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Ahiadorme D, Ande C, Fernandez-Botran R, Crich D. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,5-dithialaminaribiose and -triose tetravalent constructs. Carbohydr Res 2023; 525:108781. [PMID: 36898263 PMCID: PMC10069760 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel tetravalent glucoclusters containing 1,5-dithia mimetics of laminaribiose and triose. The new constructs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit anti-CR3 fluorescent staining of human neutrophils, for which they showed moderate affinity. Evaluation of the synthesized glycoclusters for their ability to inhibit anti-Dectin-1 fluorescent staining of mouse macrophages revealed little to no affinity for Dectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Ahiadorme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA, 30602, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
| | - Chennaiah Ande
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
| | - Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA, 30602, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, United States.
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3
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Azzam R, Gad NM, Elgemeie GH. Novel Thiophene Thioglycosides Substituted with the Benzothiazole Moiety: Synthesis, Characterization, Antiviral and Anticancer Evaluations, and NS3/4A and USP7 Enzyme Inhibitions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35656-35667. [PMID: 36249371 PMCID: PMC9557897 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Novel derivatives of benzothiazole-2-thiophene S-glycoside were synthesized and tested for their antiviral and anticancer potency and NS3/4A and USP7 enzyme inhibitions. The ring system was formed by first synthesizing new derivatives of 5-mercaptothiophene substituted with the benzothiazole moiety, followed by coupling with various halo sugar derivatives. New compounds were tested in vitro for the cytotoxic effect on five types of normal cell lines and for antiviral activity using a plaque reduction assay against CBV4, HSV-1, HCVcc genotype 4 viruses, HAV HM 175, and HAdV7. Notably, three compounds demonstrated substantial IC50, CC50, and SI values against HSV-1 with a viral reduction of 80% or more. Two substances have demonstrated a reduction of more than 50% in CBV4 and HCVcc viruses. The effectiveness of the compounds against HSV-1 and HCVcc was tested for their capability to inhibit NS3/4A protease and USP7 enzyme. Additionally, a panel of 60 human cancer cells was used to investigate the ability of the newly synthesized compounds to inhibit the in vitro tumor growth. The results revealed that two compounds, 6a and 6c, have an inhibitory effect on most cancer types, whereas 6d and 6f inhibited only three and two cell lines, respectively.
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Ross P, Farrell MP. The Road to Structurally Defined β-Glucans. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3178-3193. [PMID: 34010496 PMCID: PMC9109639 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are polymers of glucose that have been isolated from a variety of organisms. Isolated β-glucans have been used for medical purposes for centuries; however, efforts to define the biological activities of β-glucans experimentally were initiated in the 1940's. The diversity of structure associated with isolated β-glucans has impeded said investigations, and efforts to leverage the biological activity of β-glucans for clinical applications. In recognition of the need for defined β-glucans that retain the biological activity of isolated β-glucans, considerable investment has been made to facilitate the synthesis of structurally defined β-glucans. Here, we review the different approaches that have been applied to prepare β-glucans. In addition, we summarize the approaches that have been utilized to conjugate β-glucans to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Mark P Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Zhang GL, Gadi MR, Cui X, Liu D, Zhang J, Saikam V, Gibbons C, Wang PG, Li L. Protecting-group-free S-glycosylation towards thioglycosides and thioglycopeptides in water. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:2907-2912. [PMID: 34497476 PMCID: PMC8423405 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc00098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A facile and green S-glycosylation method has been developed featuring protecting-group-free and proceeding-in-water like enzymatic synthesis. Glycosylation of fluoride donors with thiol sugar acceptors using Ca(OH)2 as a promoter afforded various thioglycosides in good yields with exclusive stereoselectivity. This method also enabled the successful production of S-linked oligosaccharides and S-linked glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Xikai Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Varma Saikam
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Peng G Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur ST SE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
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Dou Z, Chen X, Niwayama S, Xu G, Ni Y. Kinetic Resolution of Nearly Symmetric 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylate Esters Using a Bacterial Carboxylesterase Identified by Genome Mining. Org Lett 2021; 23:3043-3047. [PMID: 33797267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new bacterial carboxylesterase (CarEst3) was identified by genome mining and found to efficiently hydrolyze racemic methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate (rac-CHCM) with a nearly symmetric structure for the synthesis of (S)-CHCM. CarEst3 displayed a high substrate tolerance and a stable catalytic performance. The enantioselective hydrolysis of 4.0 M (560 g·L-1) rac-CHCM was accomplished, yielding (S)-CHCM with a >99% ee, a substrate to catalyst ratio of 1400 g·g-1, and a space-time yield of 538 g·L-1·d-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xuanzao Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Satomi Niwayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1, Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan
| | - Guochao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ye Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Crich D. En Route to the Transformation of Glycoscience: A Chemist's Perspective on Internal and External Crossroads in Glycochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17-34. [PMID: 33350830 PMCID: PMC7856254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chemistry is an essential component of the glycosciences and is fundamental to their progress. This Perspective takes the position that carbohydrate chemistry, or glycochemistry, has reached three crossroads on the path to the transformation of the glycosciences, and illustrates them with examples from the author's and other laboratories. The first of these potential inflexion points concerns the mechanism of the glycosylation reaction and the role of protecting groups. It is argued that the experimental evidence supports bimolecular SN2-like mechanisms for typical glycosylation reactions over unimolecular ones involving stereoselective attack on naked glycosyl oxocarbenium ions. Similarly, it is argued that the experimental evidence does not support long-range stereodirecting participation of remote esters through bridged bicyclic dioxacarbenium ions in organic solution in the presence of typical counterions. Rational design and improvement of glycosylation reactions must take into account the roles of the counterion and of concentration. A second crossroads is that between mainstream organic chemistry and glycan synthesis. The case is made that the only real difference between glycan and organic synthesis is the formation of C-O rather than C-C bonds, with diastereocontrol, strategy, tactics, and elegance being of critical importance in both areas: mainstream organic chemists should feel comfortable taking this fork in the road, just as carbohydrate chemists should traveling in the opposite direction. A third crossroads is that between carbohydrate chemistry and medicinal chemistry, where there are equally many opportunities for traffic in either direction. The glycosciences have advanced enormously in the past decade or so, but creativity, input, and ingenuity of scientists from all fields is needed to address the many sophisticated challenges that remain, not the least of which is the development of a broader and more general array of stereospecific glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Athiyarath V, Roy NJ, Vijil ATV, Sureshan KM. Synthesis of novel seven-membered carbasugars and evaluation of their glycosidase inhibition potentials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9410-9420. [PMID: 35423467 PMCID: PMC8698521 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00804h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of five novel seven-membered carbasugar analogs. We adopted a chiral-pool strategy starting from the cheap and readily available d-mannitol to synthesize these ring-expanded carbasugars. Apart from several regioselective protecting group manipulations, these syntheses involved Wittig olefination and ring-closing metathesis as the key steps. We observed an unprecedented deoxygenation reaction of an allylic benzyl ether upon treatment with H2/Pd during the synthesis. Preliminary biological evaluation of the carbasugars revealed that these ring expanded carbasugars act as inhibitors of various glycosidases. This study highlights the importance of the synthesis of novel ring expanded carbasugars and their biological exploration. Here, we report the synthesis of five novel seven-membered carbasugar analogs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Naveen J. Roy
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - A. T. V. Vijil
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
- India
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Hill J, Hettikankanamalage AA, Crich D. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of N, N, O-Trisubstituted Hydroxylamines from Alcohols and Amines by N-O Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14820-14825. [PMID: 32803971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium dialkylamides react with alcohol-derived 2-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl alkyl peroxides (MTHPs) in tetrahydrofuran at 0 °C to give N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines suitable for medicinal chemistry purposes in good to excellent yields. A wide range of secondary alkyl and aryl amines and primary and secondary alcohol-derived MTHPs are compatible with the described reaction which, coupled with the enormous diversity of commercially available alcohols and secondary amines, suggests broad applicability of the reaction in fragment-based library design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis Hill
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Asiri A Hettikankanamalage
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Tyrikos-Ergas T, Fittolani G, Seeberger PH, Delbianco M. Structural Studies Using Unnatural Oligosaccharides: Toward Sugar Foldamers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:18-29. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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