1
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Zeng Z, Chen C, Xu X, Liu Y, Huang W, Tang Y. Diazotization of o-Aminoamidoximes for the Preparation of Energetic 6,5,6-Fused 1,2,3-Triazine-3-oxides. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38872301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Two 6,5,6-fused 1,2,3-triazine-3-oxides (4 and 6) were designed and synthesized via the reaction of o-aminoamidoximes with sodium nitrite. In addition, the ring-opening products (5, 7, and 8) derived from 1,2,3-triazine-3-oxides were isolated and characterized. A comprehensive exploration of the reaction mechanism governing the ring-opening process was performed through a combination of theoretical and experimental studies. Notably, compound 4 exhibited commendable detonation properties and low sensitivity, demonstrating its promising potential as an energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuran Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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2
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Zhang Z, Qian X, Gu Y, Gui J. Controllable skeletal reorganizations in natural product synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:251-272. [PMID: 38291905 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2016 to 2023The synthetic chemistry community is always in pursuit of efficient routes to natural products. Among the many available general strategies, skeletal reorganization, which involves the formation, cleavage, and migration of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, stands out as a particularly useful approach for the efficient assembly of molecular skeletons. In addition, it allows for late-stage modification of natural products for quick access to other family members or unnatural derivatives. This review summarizes efficient syntheses of steroid, terpenoid, and alkaloid natural products that have been achieved by means of this strategy in the past eight years. Our goal is to illustrate the strategy's potency and reveal the spectacular human ingenuity demonstrated in its use and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jinghan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Liang C, Zheng K, Ding Y, Gao J, Wang Z, Cheng J. Pyridine-catalyzed ring-opening reaction of cyclopropenone with bromomethyl carbonyl compounds toward furan-2(5 H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38258845 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05888c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We developed a pyridine-catalyzed annulation of diaryl cyclopropenone with bromomethyl carbonyl compounds leading to 5-carbonyl furan-2(5H)-ones. Pyridinium, derived from the reaction of bromomethyl carbonyl and pyridine, triggered the reaction by the inter-molecular Michael addition to cyclopropenone. This procedure was sensitive neither to air nor moisture and proceeded at room temperature with broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance in moderate-to-good yields. As such, it represents a facile and practical pathway leading to 5-carbonyl furan-2(5H)-one derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Kui Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Yifang Ding
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Junhang Gao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenlian Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
- Lab of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
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4
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Gillard RM, Zhang J, Steel R, Wang J, Strull JL, Cai B, Chakraborty N, Boger DL. Aryl Annulation: A Powerful Simplifying Retrosynthetic Disconnection. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:118-133. [PMID: 38144170 PMCID: PMC10745204 DOI: 10.1055/a-1959-2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Retrosynthetic deconstruction of a core aromatic ring is an especially simplifying retrosynthetic step, reducing the complexity of the precursor synthetic target. Moreover, when implemented to provide a penultimate intermediate, it enables late-stage divergent aryl introductions, permitting deep-seated core aryl modifications ordinarily accessible only by independent synthesis. Herein, we highlight the use of a ketone carbonyl group as the functionality to direct such late-stage divergent aryl introductions onto a penultimate intermediate with a projected application in the total synthesis of vinblastine and its presently inaccessible analogs containing indole replacements. Although the studies highlight this presently unconventional strategy with an especially challenging target in mind, the increase in molecular complexity (intricacy) established by the synthetic implementation of the powerful retrosynthetic disconnection, the use of a ketone as the precursor enabling functionality, and with adoption of either conventional or new wave (hetero)aromatic annulations combine to define a general and powerful strategy suited for wide-spread implementation with near limitless scope in target diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Gillard
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Richard Steel
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jessica L. Strull
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nilanjana Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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5
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Zou Q, Zhang W, Wang H, Yin G, He Y, Li F. Anion-Driven C-F Bond Activation of Trifluoromethyl N-Aryl Hydrazones: Application to the Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15507-15515. [PMID: 37862576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The CF3 group attached to N-aryl hydrazone could be activated upon treatment with a suitable base, thus serving as an excellent C1 unit for the assembly of a series of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles by reaction with hydrazides. The transformation is proposed to proceed via the intermediate formation of a gem-difluorinated azoalkene. Furthermore, this reaction features simple conditions and a broad substrate scope with respect to both trifluoromethyl N-aryl hydrazones and hydrazides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Haoyue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi He
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
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6
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Liang C, Chen Z, Hu X, Yu S, Wang Z, Cheng J. Phosphine-catalyzed ring-opening reaction of cyclopropenones with dicarbonyl compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7712-7716. [PMID: 37702379 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01409f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed a phosphine-catalyzed ring-opening reaction of cyclopropenones with dicarbonyl compounds as C-nucleophiles, leading to 1,3,3'-tricarbonyl compounds. During this neutral procedure, C-acylation is more dominant than O-acylation. This transition-metal free procedure features mild and neutral reaction conditions with good atom economy. As such, it represents a facile pathway to access 1,3,3'-tricarbonyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Zhibin Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyue Hu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Shengxia Yu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenlian Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
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7
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Chai GL, Wang X, Hou YJ, Ren WH, Chang J. Chiral-Boron-Complex Catalyzed Asymmetric Inverse-Electron-Demand Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of β-Trifluoromethyl α,β-Unsaturated Ketones with Cyclic N-Sulfonyl Ketimines. Org Lett 2023; 25:6982-6986. [PMID: 37721381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient asymmetric inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of β-trifluoromethyl α,β-unsaturated ketone with cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines catalyzed by (R)-3,3'-I2-BINOL-boron-complex was developed. A broad range of fused piperidine derivatives bearing stereogenic carbon containing CF3 motifs were prepared in high yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, and >99% ee). This protocol had the characteristics of mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Li Chai
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ya-Jing Hou
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Wen-Hui Ren
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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8
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Savastano M, López de la Torre MD, Pagliai M, Poggi G, Ridi F, Bazzicalupi C, Melguizo M, Bianchi A. Crystal engineering of high explosives through lone pair-π interactions: Insights for improving thermal safety. iScience 2023; 26:107330. [PMID: 37636051 PMCID: PMC10448033 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this high-risk/high-reward study, we prepared complexes of a high explosive anion (picrate) with potentially explosive s-tetrazine-based ligands with the sole purpose of advancing the understanding of one of the weakest supramolecular forces: the lone pair-π interaction. This is a proof-of-concept study showing how lone pair-π contacts can be effectively used in crystal engineering, even of high explosives, and how the supramolecular architecture of the resulting crystalline phases influences their experimental thermokinetic properties. Herein we present XRD structures of 4 novel detonating compounds, all showcasing lone pair-π interactions, their thermal characterization (DSC, TGA), including the correlation of experimental thermokinetic parameters with crystal packing, and in silico explosion properties. This last aspect is relevant for improving the safety of high-energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Savastano
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Poggi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Ridi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Manuel Melguizo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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9
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De Angelis L, Haug GC, Rivera G, Biswas S, Al-Sayyed A, Arman H, Larionov O, Doyle MP. Site Reversal in Nucleophilic Addition to 1,2,3-Triazine 1-Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:13059-13068. [PMID: 37294869 PMCID: PMC10755600 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important reactions of 1,2,3-triazines with a dienophile is inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition, which occurs through nucleophilic addition to the triazine followed by N2 loss and cyclization to generate a heterocycle. The site of addition is either at the 4- or 6-position of the symmetrically substituted triazine core. Although specific examples of the addition of nucleophiles to triazines are known, a comprehensive understanding has not been reported, and the preferred site for nucleophilic addition is unknown and unexplored. With access to unsymmetrical 1,2,3-triazine-1-oxides and their deoxygenated 1,2,3-triazine compounds, we report C-, N-, H-, O-, and S-nucleophilic additions on 1,2,3-triazine and 1,2,3-triazine-1-oxide frameworks where the 4- and 6-positions could be differentiated. In the IEDDA cycloadditions using C- and N-nucleophiles, the site of addition is at C-6 for both heterocyclic systems, but product formation with 1,2,3-triazine-1-oxides is faster. Other N-nucleophile reactions with triazine 1-oxides show addition at either the 4- or 6-position of the triazine 1-oxide ring, but nucleophilic attack only occurs at the 6-position on the triazine. Hydride from NaBH4 undergoes addition at the 6-position on the triazine and the triazine 1-oxide core. Alkoxides show a high nucleophilic selectivity for the 4-position of the triazine 1-oxide. Thiophenoxide, cysteine, and glutathione undergo nucleophilic addition on the triazine core at the 6-position, while addition occurs at the 4-position of the triazine 1-oxide. These nucleophilic additions proceed under mild reaction conditions and show high functional group tolerance. Computational studies clarified the roles of the nucleophilic addition and nitrogen extrusion steps and the influence of steric and electronic factors in determining the outcomes of the reactions with different nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Graham C Haug
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Soumen Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ammar Al-Sayyed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Oleg Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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10
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Alghamdi ZS, Klausen M, Gambardella A, Lilienkampf A, Bradley M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of s-Tetrazines. Org Lett 2023; 25:3104-3108. [PMID: 37083299 PMCID: PMC10167685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of s-tetrazines by solid-phase methods is described. This synthesis route was compatible with different solid-phase resins and linkers and did not require metal catalysts or high temperatures. Monosubstituted tetrazines were routinely synthesized using thiol-promoted chemistry, using dichloromethane as a carbon source, while disubstituted unsymmetrical aryl or alkyl tetrazines were synthesized using readily available nitriles. This efficient approach enabled the synthesis of s-tetrazines in high yields (70-94%), eliminating the classical solution-phase problems of mixtures of symmetrical and unsymmetrical tetrazines, with only a single final purification step required, and paves the way to the rapid synthesis of s-tetrazines with various applications in bioorthogonal chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab S Alghamdi
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxime Klausen
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Alessia Gambardella
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Annamaria Lilienkampf
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
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11
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Chen BL, Jing S, Zhu XQ. Thermodynamics Evaluation of Selective Hydride Reduction for α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062862. [PMID: 36985834 PMCID: PMC10051270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is one of the core reactions and also a difficult task for organic synthesis. We have been attempting to study the thermodynamic data of these compounds to create a theoretical basis for organic synthesis and computational chemistry. By electrochemical measurement method and titration calorimetry, in acetonitrile at 298 K, the hydride affinity of two types of unsaturated bonds in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, their single-electron reduction potential, and the single-electron reduction potential of the corresponding radical intermediate are determined. Their hydrogen atom affinity, along with the hydrogen atom affinity and proton affinity of the corresponding radical anion, is also derived separately based on thermodynamic cycles. The above data are used to establish the corresponding "Molecule ID Card" (Molecule identity card) and analyze the reduction mechanism of unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Primarily, the mixture of any carbonyl hydride ions and Ac-tempo+ will stimulate hydride transfer process and create corresponding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and Ac-tempoH from a thermodynamic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Long Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sha Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Biswas S, De Angelis L, Rivera G, Arman H, Doyle MP. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder-Type Heterocycle Syntheses with 1,2,3-Triazine 1-Oxides: Expanded Versatility. Org Lett 2023; 25:1104-1108. [PMID: 36787541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazine 1-oxides are remarkably effective substrates for inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions. Formed from vinyldiazoacetates via reaction with tert-butyl nitrite, these stable heterocyclic compounds undergo clean nucleophilic addition with amidines to form pyrimidines, with β-ketocarbonyl compounds and related nitrile derivatives to form polysubstituted pyridines and with 3/5-aminopyrazoles to form pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, in high yield. These practical reactions are rapid at room temperature, are base catalyzed, and offer a diversity of structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Luca De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa, México
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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13
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. 1,2,3,5-Tetrazines: A General Synthesis, Cycloaddition Scope, and Fundamental Reactivity Patterns. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16829-16846. [PMID: 36461931 PMCID: PMC9771955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite the explosion of interest in heterocyclic azadienes, 1,2,3,5-tetrazines remain unexplored. Herein, the first general synthesis of this new class of heterocycles is disclosed. Its use in the preparation of a series of derivatives, and the first study of substituent effects on their cycloaddition reactivity, mode, and regioselectivity provide the foundation for future use. Their reactions with amidine, electron-rich, and strained dienophiles reveal unique fundamental reactivity patterns (4,6-dialkyl-1,2,3,5-tetrazines > 4,6-diaryl-1,2,3,5-tetrazines for amidines but slower with strained dienophiles), an exclusive C4/N1 mode of cycloaddition, and dominant alkyl versus aryl control on regioselectivity. An orthogonal reactivity of 1,2,3,5-tetrazines and the well-known isomeric 1,2,4,5-tetrazines is characterized, and detailed kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the remarkably fast reaction of 1,2,3,5-tetrazines with amidines, especially 4,6-dialkyl-1,2,3,5-tetrazines, established the mechanistic origins underlying the reactivity patterns and key features needed for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. Acyclic and Heterocyclic Azadiene Diels-Alder Reactions Promoted by Perfluoroalcohol Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Comprehensive Examination of Scope. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14657-14672. [PMID: 36239452 PMCID: PMC9637783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the first use of perfluoroalcohol H-bonding in accelerating acyclic azadiene inverse electron demand cycloaddition reactions is described, and its use in the promotion of heterocyclic azadiene cycloaddition reactions is generalized through examination of a complete range of azadienes. The scope of dienophiles was comprehensively explored; relative reactivity trends and solvent compatibilities were established with respect to the dienophile as well as azadiene; H-bonding solvent effects that lead to rate enhancements, yield improvements, and their impact on regioselectivity and mode of cycloaddition are defined; new viable diene/dienophile reaction partners in the cycloaddition reactions are disclosed; and key comparison rate constants are reported. The perfluoroalcohol effectiveness at accelerating an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition is directly correlated with its H-bond potential (pKa). Not only are the reactions of electron-rich dienophiles accelerated but those of strained and even unactivated alkenes and alkynes are improved, including representative bioorthogonal click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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15
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Huang G, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Maryasin B, de la Torre A. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Cycloaddition between 2-Pyrones and Acyclic Enol Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208185. [PMID: 36040131 PMCID: PMC9826153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A broadly applicable diastereo- and enantioselective inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of 2-pyrones and acyclic enol ethers is reported herein. Using a copper(II)-BOX catalytic system, bridged bicyclic lactones are obtained in very high yields (up to 99 % yield) and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) from diversely substituted 2-pyrones and acyclic enol ethers. Mechanistic experiments as well as DFT calculations indicate the occurrence of a stepwise mechanism. The synthetic potential of the bridged bicyclic lactones is showcased by the enantioselective synthesis of polyfunctional cyclohexenes and cyclohexadienes, as well as a carbasugar unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Huang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS15, rue Georges Clémenceau91405Orsay CedexFrance
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS15, rue Georges Clémenceau91405Orsay CedexFrance
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS15, rue Georges Clémenceau91405Orsay CedexFrance
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 381090ViennaAustria,Institute of Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS15, rue Georges Clémenceau91405Orsay CedexFrance
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16
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Lerma‐Berlanga B, Ganivet CR, Almora‐Barrios N, Vismara R, Navarro JAR, Tatay S, Padial NM, Martí‐Gastaldo C. Tetrazine Linkers as Plug-and-Play Tags for General Metal-Organic Framework Functionalization and C 60 Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208139. [PMID: 35972797 PMCID: PMC9826395 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The value of covalent post-synthetic modification in expanding the chemistry and pore versatility of reticular solids is well documented. Here we use mesoporous crystals of the metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-68-TZDC to demonstrate the value of tetrazine connectors for all-purpose inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder ligation chemistry. Our results suggest a positive effect of tetrazine reticulation over its reactivity for quantitative one-step functionalization with a broad scope of alkene or alkyne dienophiles into pyridazine and dihydropyridazine frameworks. This permits generating multiple pore environments with diverse chemical functionalities and the expected accessible porosities, that is also extended to the synthesis of crystalline fulleretic materials by covalent conjugation of fullerene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Lerma‐Berlanga
- Functional Inorganic Materials TeamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universitat de ValènciaCatedrático José Beltrán-246980PaternaSpain
| | - Carolina R. Ganivet
- Functional Inorganic Materials TeamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universitat de ValènciaCatedrático José Beltrán-246980PaternaSpain
| | - Neyvis Almora‐Barrios
- Functional Inorganic Materials TeamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universitat de ValènciaCatedrático José Beltrán-246980PaternaSpain
| | - Rebecca Vismara
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaUniversidad de GranadaAv. Fuentenueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - Jorge A. R. Navarro
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaUniversidad de GranadaAv. Fuentenueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - Sergio Tatay
- Functional Inorganic Materials TeamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universitat de ValènciaCatedrático José Beltrán-246980PaternaSpain
| | - Natalia M. Padial
- Functional Inorganic Materials TeamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universitat de ValènciaCatedrático José Beltrán-246980PaternaSpain
| | - Carlos Martí‐Gastaldo
- Functional Inorganic Materials TeamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universitat de ValènciaCatedrático José Beltrán-246980PaternaSpain
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17
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Diaza-1,3-butadienes as Useful Intermediate in Heterocycles Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196708. [PMID: 36235245 PMCID: PMC9573662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many heterocyclic compounds can be synthetized using diaza-1,3-butadienes (DADs) as key structural precursors. Isolated and in situ diaza-1,3-butadienes, produced from their respective precursors (typically imines and hydrazones) under a variety of conditions, can both react with a wide range of substrates in many kinds of reactions. Most of these reactions discussed here include nucleophilic additions, Michael-type reactions, cycloadditions, Diels–Alder, inverse electron demand Diels–Alder, and aza-Diels–Alder reactions. This review focuses on the reports during the last 10 years employing 1,2-diaza-, 1,3-diaza-, 2,3-diaza-, and 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes as intermediates to synthesize heterocycles such as indole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, imidazoline, pyrimidinone, pyrazoline, -lactam, and imidazolidine, among others. Fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline, isoquinoline, and dihydroquinoxaline derivatives, are also included in the review.
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18
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Huang G, Kouklovsky C, de la Torre A. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Lucidumone. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17803-17807. [PMID: 36150082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-lucidumone is described through a 13-step synthetic pathway (longest linear sequence). The key steps involve the formation of a bridged bicyclic lactone by an enantioselective inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition, C-O bond formation to assemble two fragments, and a one-pot retro-[4 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloaddition cascade. The synthesis is scalable, and more than one gram of natural product was synthesized in one batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Huang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
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19
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Huang G, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Maryasin B, de la Torre A. Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition between 2‐Pyrones and Acyclic Enol Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Huang
- ICMMO: Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et des Materiaux d'Orsay MSMT FRANCE
| | - Régis Guillot
- ICMMO: Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et des Materiaux d'Orsay SC FRANCE
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- ICMMO: Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et des Materiaux d'Orsay MSMT FRANCE
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Universität Wien: Universitat Wien Organic Chemistry and Computational Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et des Materiaux d'Orsay MSMT 420 rue du Doyen Georges Poitou 91405 Orsay FRANCE
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20
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Tetrazine Linkers as Plug‐and‐Play Tags for General Framework Functionalization and C60 Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Miao YH, Hua YZ, Gao HJ, Mo NN, Wang MC, Mei GJ. Catalytic asymmetric inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diazadienes with 3-vinylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7515-7518. [PMID: 35687078 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A facile chiral phosphoric-acid catalyzed asymmetric inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diazadienes with 3-vinylindoles was established. By using this mild and practical protocol, a broad range of benzothiazolopyrimidines with three contiguous stereogenic centers were prepared in good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantio-selectivities (43 examples, up to 83% yield, >99% ee and all >20 : 1 dr). A plausible concerted reaction pathway enabled by the dual hydrogen-bonding effect was proposed to account for the observed excellent enantioselectivity and specific trans-trans diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hang Miao
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhao Hua
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hao-Jie Gao
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Nan-Nan Mo
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Min-Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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22
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Wu ZC, Houk KN, Boger DL, Svatunek D. Mechanistic Insights into the Reaction of Amidines with 1,2,3-Triazines and 1,2,3,5-Tetrazines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10921-10928. [PMID: 35666564 PMCID: PMC9228069 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazines and 1,2,3,5-tetrazines react rapidly, efficiently, and selectively with amidines to form pyrimidines/1,3,5-triazines, exhibiting an orthogonal reactivity with 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based conjugation chemistry. Whereas the mechanism of the reaction of the isomeric 1,2,4-triazines and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with alkenes is well understood, the mechanism of the 1,2,3-triazine/1,2,3,5-tetrazine-amidine reaction as well as its intrinsic reactivity remains underexplored. By using 15N-labeling, kinetic investigations, and kinetic isotope effect studies, complemented by extensive computational investigations, we show that this reaction proceeds through an addition/N2 elimination/cyclization pathway, rather than the generally expected concerted or stepwise Diels-Alder/retro Diels-Alder sequence. The rate-limiting step in this transformation is the initial nucleophilic attack of an amidine on azine C4, with a subsequent energetically favored N2 elimination step compared with a disfavored stepwise formation of a Diels-Alder cycloadduct. The proposed reaction mechanism is in agreement with experimental and computational results, which explains the observed reactivity of 1,2,3-triazines and 1,2,3,5-tetrazines with amidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with strained and electron-rich alkynes. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. N1/N4 1,4-Cycloaddition of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines with Enamines Promoted by the Lewis Acid ZnCl 2. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6288-6301. [PMID: 35417656 PMCID: PMC9081262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The second example of selective N1/N4 1,4-cycloaddition (vs C3/C6 1,4-cycloaddition) of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with preformed or in situ generated enamines now promoted by the Lewis acid ZnCl2 and with an expanded scope is described. The reaction constitutes a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition across two nitrogen atoms (N1/N4 vs C3/C6) of a 1,2,4,5-tetrazine followed by retro [4 + 2] cycloaddition loss of a nitrile and aromatization to provide 1,2,4-triazines. Optimization of reaction parameters, simplification of its implementation through in situ enamine generation from ketones, definition of the enamine reaction scope for 3,6-bis(thiomethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, exploration of the 1,2,4,5-tetrazine scope, and representative applications of the product 1,2,4-triazines are detailed. The work establishes and further extends a powerful method for efficient one-step regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines under mild reaction conditions directly now from easily accessible ketones. It extends the substrate scope of a solvent (hexafluoroisopropanol) hydrogen bonding-promoted reaction that we recently reported with aryl-conjugated enamines, permitting the use of simple ketone-derived enamines and expanding the generality of the remarkable reaction. The reaction is regioselective with respect to the site of reaction with unsymmetrical ketones and provides exclusively a single 1,2,4-triazine regioisomer consistent with our previously established stepwise mechanism of formal N1/N4 1,4-cycloaddition, overcoming the challenges observed in conventional approaches to 1,2,4-triazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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25
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Yesilcimen A, Jiang NC, Gottlieb FH, Wasa M. Enantioselective Organocopper-Catalyzed Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction through in Situ Oxidation of Ethers into Enol Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6173-6179. [PMID: 35380438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We disclose a catalytic method for the enantio- and diastereoselective union of alkyl ethers and heterodienes. We demonstrate that a chiral Cu-BOX complex catalyzes the efficient oxidation of ethers into enol ethers in the presence of trityl acetate. Then, the organocopper promotes stereoselective hetero Diels-Alder reaction between the in situ generated enol ethers and β,γ-unsaturated ketoesters, allowing for rapid access to an array of dihydropyran derivatives possessing three vicinal stereogenic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yesilcimen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Na-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Felix H Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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26
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Ou Yang CH, Liu WH, Yang S, Chiang YY, Shie JJ. Copper‐Mediated Synthesis of (E)‐β‐Aminoacrylonitriles from 1,2,3‐Triazine and Secondary Amines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheng Yang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Chemistry TAIWAN
| | | | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Academia Sinica Institute of Chemistry 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang 11529 Taipei TAIWAN
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27
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Luo H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Lu Q, An Q, Xu M, Li S, Li J, Li B. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of 5-Bromo-1,2,3-triazines with Phenols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2590-2600. [PMID: 35166528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction in classic textbook is a stepwise mechanism, and few examples of concerted reactions have been reported. Herein, we developed a concerted SNAr reaction of 5-bromo-1,2,3-triazines with phenols in which the nonclassic mechanism of this reaction could be revealed by calculation. Furthermore, the resulting 5-aryloxy-1,2,3-triazines could be used as convenient precursors to access biologically important 3-aryloxy-pyridines in one-pot manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qixing Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiaoyu An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Mingchuan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Baosheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China
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28
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Kanti Das K, Kumar P, Ghorai D, Mondal B, Panda S. Organoboron Compounds Towards Asymmetric Pericyclic Reaction; Exploitation to Bioactive Molecule Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanak Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Debraj Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Buddhadeb Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Santanu Panda
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
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29
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Nie B, Wu W, Jin C, Ren Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Alicyclic[ b]-Fused Pyridines via C(sp 2)-H Activation of α,β-Unsaturated N-Acetyl Hydrazones with Vinyl Azides. J Org Chem 2021; 87:159-171. [PMID: 34931823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic protocol for alicyclic[b]-fused pyridines with complete regioselectivity from α,β-unsaturated N-acetyl hydrazones and vinyl azides via Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H activation/cyclization/aromatization strategy has been described. A series of five- to eight-membered alicyclic[b]-fused pyridines were prepared in a one-step manner with wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guang-dong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guang-dong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuanfei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (No. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake PharmaCompany, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Qingyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (No. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake PharmaCompany, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (No. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake PharmaCompany, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (No. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake PharmaCompany, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guang-dong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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30
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Yuan SP, Dou PH, Jia YQ, Zhao JQ, You Y, Wang ZH, Zhou MQ, Yuan WC. Catalytic asymmetric aromatizing inverse electron-demand [4+2] cycloaddition of 1-thioaurones and 1-azaaurones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:553-556. [PMID: 34908046 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using 1-thioaurones and 1-azaaurones as electron-deficient oxa-dienes, an organocatalytic asymmetric aromatizing inverse electron-demand [4+2] cycloaddition with γ-deconjugated butenolides and azlactones was developed. A wide range of optically active benzothiophene-fused δ-lactones and indole-fused δ-lactones were obtained with desirable outcomes (up to 94% yield, >99 : 1 dr and 99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Pei Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei-Hao Dou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun-Qing Jia
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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31
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Zhang FG, Chen Z, Tang X, Ma JA. Triazines: Syntheses and Inverse Electron-demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14555-14593. [PMID: 34586777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triazines are an important class of six-membered aromatic heterocycles possessing three nitrogen atoms, resulting in three types of regio-isomers: 1,2,4-triazines (a-triazines), 1,2,3-triazines (v-triazines), and 1,3,5-triazines (s-triazines). Notably, the application of triazines as cyclic aza-dienes in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition reactions has been established as a unique and powerful method in N-heterocycle synthesis, natural product preparation, and bioorthogonal chemistry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances in the construction of these triazines via annulation and ring-expansion reactions, especially emphasizing recent developments and challenges. The synthetic transformations of triazines are focused on IEDDA cycloaddition reactions, which have allowed access to a wide scope of heterocycles, including pyridines, carbolines, azepines, pyridazines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines. The utilization of triazine IEDDA reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis is also discussed. More importantly, a particular attention is paid on the bioorthogonal application of triazines in fast click ligation with various strained alkenes and alkynes, which opens a new opportunity for studying biomolecules in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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32
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Ketkaew R, Creazzo F, Luber S. Closer Look at Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions on s-Tetrazines Using Enhanced Sampling Methods. Top Catal 2021; 65:1-17. [PMID: 35153451 PMCID: PMC8816378 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inverse electron demand [4+2] Diels–Alder (iEDDA) reactions as well as unprecedented nucleophilic (azaphilic) additions of R-substituted silyl-enol ethers (where R is Phenyl, Methyl, and Hydrogen) to 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (s-tetrazine) catalyzed by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$\end{document}BF3 have recently been discovered (Simon et al. in Org Lett 23(7):2426–2430, 2021), where static calculations were employed for calculation of activation energies. In order to have a more realistic dynamic description of these reactions in explicit solution at ambient conditions, in this work we use a semiempirical tight-binding method combined with enhanced sampling techniques to calculate free energy surfaces (FESs) of the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions. Relevant products of not only s-tetrazine but also its derivatives such as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$\end{document}BF3-mediated s-tetrazine adducts are investigated. We reconstruct the FESs of the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions using metadynamics and blue moon ensemble, and compare the ability of different collective variables (CVs) including bond distances, Social PeRmutation INvarianT (SPRINT) coordinates, and path-CV to describe the reaction pathway. We find that when a bulky Phenyl is used as a substituent at the dienophile the azaphilic addition is preferred over the iEDDA reaction. In addition, we also investigate the effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$\end{document}BF3 in the diene and steric hindrance in the dienophile on the competition between the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions, providing chemical insight for reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangsiman Ketkaew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Creazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Ohmura S, Isogai R, Ishihara K. Radical Cation [4+2] Cycloaddition of Non‐Conjugated Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by an FeCl
3
/AgSbF
6
Co‐Initiator. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ohmura
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Isogai
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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34
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Laina-Martín V, Humbrías-Martín J, Mas-Ballesté R, Fernández-Salas JA, Alemán J. Enantioselective Inverse-Electron Demand Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction: ipso,α-Selectivity of Silyl Dienol Ethers. ACS Catal 2021; 11:12133-12145. [PMID: 34621594 PMCID: PMC8491166 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A highly
efficient enantioselective inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder
reaction between aza-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes and silyl (di)enol
ethers has been developed. The presented methodology allows the synthesis
of benzofuran-fused 2-piperidinol derivatives with three contiguous
stereocenters in a highly selective manner, as even the hemiaminal
center is completely stereocontrolled. Density functional theory (DFT)
calculations support that the hydrogen-bond donor-based bifunctional
organocatalyst selectively triggers the reaction through the ipso,α-position
of the dienophile, in contrast to the reactivity observed for dienolates
in situ generated from β,γ-unsaturated derivatives. Moreover,
the calculations have clarified the mechanism of the reaction and
the ability of the hydrogen-bond donor core to hydrolyze selectively
the E isomer of the dienol ether. Furthermore, to
demonstrate the applicability of silyl enol ethers as nucleophiles
in the asymmetric synthesis of interesting benzofuran-fused derivatives,
the catalytic system has also been implemented for the highly efficient
installation of an aromatic ring in the piperidine adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Laina-Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Humbrías-Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (módulo 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Fernández-Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (módulo 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (módulo 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Quiñones RE, Wu ZC, Boger DL. Reaction Scope of Methyl 1,2,3-Triazine-5-carboxylate with Amidines and the Impact of C4/C6 Substitution. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13465-13474. [PMID: 34499494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the reaction scope of methyl 1,2,3-triazine-5-carboxylate (3a) with alkyl and aryl amidines is disclosed, reacting at room temperature at remarkable rates (<5 min, 0.1 M in CH3CN) nearly 10000-fold faster than that of unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazine and providing the product pyrimidines in high yields. C4 Methyl substitution of the 1,2,3-triazine (3b) had little effect on the rate of the reaction, whereas C4/C6 dimethyl substitution (3c) slowed the room-temperature reaction (<24 h, 0.25 M) but displayed an unaltered scope, providing the product pyrimidines in similarly high yields. Measured second-order rate constants of the reaction of 3a-c, the corresponding nitriles 3e and 3f, and 1,2,3-triazine itself (3d) with benzamidine and substituted derivatives quantitated the remarkable reactivity of 3a and 3e, verified the inverse electron demand nature of the reaction (Hammett ρ = -1.50 for substituted amidines, ρ = +7.9 for 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazine), and provided a quantitative measure of the impact of 4-methyl and 4,6-dimethyl substitution on the reactivity of the methyl 1,2,3-triazine-5-carboxylate and 5-cyano-1,2,3-triazine core heterocycles.
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36
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Dealkenylative Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Enabled by Tetrazine and Photoexcitation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14046-14052. [PMID: 34437800 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new and general method to functionalize the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of alkyl and alkene linkages has been developed, leading to the dealkenylative generation of carbon-centered radicals that can be intercepted to undergo Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling. This one-pot protocol leverages the easily procured alkene feedstocks for organic synthesis with excellent functional group compatibility without the need for a photoredox catalyst.
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37
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Santos T, Rivero DS, Pérez‐Pérez Y, Martín‐Encinas E, Pasán J, Daranas AH, Carrillo R. Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18783-18791. [PMID: 34085747 PMCID: PMC8457238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of tetrazines (SN Tz) is presented herein. It combines all the advantages of dynamic covalent chemistry with the versatility of the tetrazine moiety. Indeed, libraries of compounds or sophisticated molecular structures can be easily obtained, which are susceptible to post-functionalization by inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, which also locks the exchange. Additionally, the structures obtained can be disassembled upon the application of the right stimulus, either UV irradiation or a suitable chemical reagent. Moreover, SN Tz is compatible with the imine chemistry of anilines. The high potential of this methodology has been proved by building two responsive supramolecular systems: A macrocycle that displays a light-induced release of acetylcholine; and a truncated [4+6] tetrahedral shape-persistent fluorescent cage, which is disassembled by thiols unless it is post-stabilized by IEDDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanausú Santos
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - David S. Rivero
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Yaiza Pérez‐Pérez
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Endika Martín‐Encinas
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químicos (MAT4LL)Departamento de FísicaUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)38206La LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
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38
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Yu S, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. Switch From Pauli-Lowering to LUMO-Lowering Catalysis in Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Aza-Diels-Alder Reactions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:784-789. [PMID: 34351072 PMCID: PMC8340067 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brønsted acid-catalyzed inverse-electron demand (IED) aza-Diels-Alder reactions between 2-aza-dienes and ethylene were studied using quantum chemical calculations. The computed activation energy systematically decreases as the basic sites of the diene progressively become protonated. Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses traced the origin of this enhanced reactivity to i) "Pauli-lowering catalysis" for mono-protonated 2-aza-dienes due to the induction of an asynchronous, but still concerted, reaction pathway that reduces the Pauli repulsion between the reactants; and ii) "LUMO-lowering catalysis" for multi-protonated 2-aza-dienes due to their highly stabilized LUMO(s) and more concerted synchronous reaction path that facilitates more efficient orbital overlaps in IED interactions. In all, we illustrate how the novel concept of "Pauli-lowering catalysis" can be overruled by the traditional concept of "LUMO-lowering catalysis" when the degree of LUMO stabilization is extreme as in the case of multi-protonated 2-aza-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands) and
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands) and
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands) and
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39
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Abstract
A total synthesis of (-)-strempeliopine is disclosed that enlists a powerful SmI2-mediated and BF3·OEt2-initiated dearomative transannular radical cyclization onto an indole by an N-acyl α-aminoalkyl radical that is derived by single electron reduction of an in situ generated iminium ion for formation of a quaternary center and the strategic C19-C2 bond in its core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhuang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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40
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Strauss MA, Kohrs D, Ruhl J, Wegner HA. Mechanistic Study of Domino Processes Involving the Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalyzed Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels−Alder Reaction. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Julia Ruhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
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41
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Santos T, Rivero DS, Pérez‐Pérez Y, Martín‐Encinas E, Pasán J, Daranas AH, Carrillo R. Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanausú Santos
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - David S. Rivero
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Yaiza Pérez‐Pérez
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Endika Martín‐Encinas
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químicos (MAT4LL) Departamento de Física Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
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42
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Oluwasanmi A, Hoskins C. Potential use of the Diels-Alder reaction in biomedical and nanomedicine applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120727. [PMID: 34029667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction and its retro breakdown has garnered increasing research focus due to several of its advantageous properties including, atomic conservation, reversibility, and substituent retention. This is especially true in biomedical application and nanomedicine development which display a preference for rapid, efficient, and clean "click" chemistry reactions allowing for delivery of active ingredients and subsequent release upon temperature elevation. There are multiple variations on the Diels-Alder reaction based around substitution position and materials being coupled which can affect the temperature threshold for and rate of the retro reaction reversal. Hence, the Diels-Alder reaction offers a simple coupling reaction for active ingredients with tailorable release. In this review the incorporation of the Diels-Alder chemistries and linkers within the biomedical and nanomedicine field will be discussed, as well as its use in future potential technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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43
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Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Dinitrogen Activation via Transition-Metal-Involved [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1626-1633. [PMID: 33939877 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the strongest triple bond in nature, the N≡N triple bond activation has always been a challenging project in chemistry. On the other hand, since the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950, the Diels-Alder reaction has served as a powerful and widely applied tool in the synthesis of natural products and new materials. However, the application of the Diels-Alder reaction to dinitrogen activation remains less developed. Here we first demonstrate that a transition-metal-involved [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction could be used to activate dinitrogen without an additional reductant by density functional theory calculations. Further study reveals that such a dinitrogen activation by 1-metalla-1,3-dienes screened out from a series of transition metal complexes (38 species) according to the effects of metal center, ligand, and substituents can become favorable both thermodynamically (with an exergonicity of 28.2 kcal mol-1 ) and kinetically (with an activation energy as low as 13.8 kcal mol-1 ). Our findings highlight an important application of the Diels-Alder reaction in dinitrogen activation, inviting experimental chemists' verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
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44
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Boon BA, Yu YY, Boger DL. Total synthesis of (-)-4-desacetoxy-1-oxovindoline: Single atom exchange of an embedded core heteroatom in vindoline. Tetrahedron 2021; 87:132117. [PMID: 33994597 PMCID: PMC8117404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of (-)-4-desacetoxy-1-oxovindoline is disclosed, bearing a single heteroatom exchange in the core structure of the natural product 4-desacetoxyvindoline. Central to the synthesis is powerful oxadiazole intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition cascade that formed four C-C bonds, created three new rings, and established five contiguous stereocenters about the new formed central 6-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron A. Boon
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yi-Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Xing Y, Varghese B, Ling Z, Kar AS, Reinoso Jacome E, Ren X. Extracellular Matrix by Design: Native Biomaterial Fabrication and Functionalization to Boost Tissue Regeneration. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-021-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Schnierle M, Leimkühler M, Ringenberg MR. [(η 6- p-Cymene)[3-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine]chlororuthenium(II)] +, Redox Noninnocence and Dienophile Addition to Coordinated Tetrazine. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6367-6374. [PMID: 33856810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bidentate ligand 3-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (TzPy) coordinated in the complex [CyRuCl(TzPy)]PF6 ([1]+; Cy = η6-p-cymene) shows noninnocent behavior and can be modified through the addition of dienophiles, vinylferrocene (ViFc) or ethynylferrocene (EthFc). The kinetics and transition-state thermodynamic analysis of the reaction of [1]+ + ViFc found ΔG⧧(298 K) = 67 kJ mol-1, while that of [1]+ + EthFc was ΔG⧧(298 K) = 83 kJ mol-1. The room temperature second-order rate of [1]+ + EthFc, k2 = 1.51(4) × 10-2 M-1 s-1, was 3 orders of magnitude faster than that of EthFc + TzPy, k2 = 1.05(15) × 10-4 M-1 s-1. The [1H2Fc]+ complex was converted to [1Fc]+ by oxidation with oxygen and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-quinone, and the molecular structure of [1Fc]+ was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The title complex [1]+ showed a quasi-reversible reduction in the cyclic voltammogram, and the electrochemical reduction mechanism was determined by UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) experiments, as well as supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The dihydropyridazine [1H2Fc]+ and pyridazine [1Fc]+ states of the ligand showed ligand noninnocence similar to that of the parent tetrazine but at a cathodically shifted potential. The dihydropyridazine [1H2Fc]+ showed a mixture of several products; however, upon oxidation, only a single product, [1Fc]+, was formed from the endo addition of the dienophile to [1]+. The electrochemical mechanism of [1Fc]+ was also studied by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis SEC experiments, as well as supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schnierle
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie Leimkühler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark R Ringenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Scinto SL, Bilodeau DA, Hincapie R, Lee W, Nguyen SS, Xu M, am Ende CW, Finn MG, Lang K, Lin Q, Pezacki JP, Prescher JA, Robillard MS, Fox JM. Bioorthogonal chemistry. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:30. [PMID: 34585143 PMCID: PMC8469592 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry represents a class of high-yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions towards endogenous functional groups. Rooted in the principles of physical organic chemistry, bioorthogonal reactions are intrinsically selective transformations not commonly found in biology. Key reactions include native chemical ligation and the Staudinger ligation, copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, strain-promoted [3 + 2] reactions, tetrazine ligation, metal-catalysed coupling reactions, oxime and hydrazone ligations as well as photoinducible bioorthogonal reactions. Bioorthogonal chemistry has significant overlap with the broader field of 'click chemistry' - high-yielding reactions that are wide in scope and simple to perform, as recently exemplified by sulfuryl fluoride exchange chemistry. The underlying mechanisms of these transformations and their optimal conditions are described in this Primer, followed by discussion of how bioorthogonal chemistry has become essential to the fields of biomedical imaging, medicinal chemistry, protein synthesis, polymer science, materials science and surface science. The applications of bioorthogonal chemistry are diverse and include genetic code expansion and metabolic engineering, drug target identification, antibody-drug conjugation and drug delivery. This Primer describes standards for reproducibility and data deposition, outlines how current limitations are driving new research directions and discusses new opportunities for applying bioorthogonal chemistry to emerging problems in biology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Scinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Didier A. Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Wankyu Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Sean S. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Minghao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | | | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathrin Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Xu C, Yin G, Jia FC, Wu YD, Wu AX. Merging Annulation with Ring Deconstruction: Synthesis of ( E)-3-(2-Acyl-1 H-benzo[ d]imidazol-4-yl)acrylaldehyde Derivatives via I 2/FeCl 3-Promoted Dual C(sp 3)-H Amination/C-N Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2021; 23:2559-2564. [PMID: 33739840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented I2/FeCl3-promoted cascade reaction of aryl methyl ketones with 8-aminoquinolines for the convenient synthesis of (E)-3-(2-acyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-4-yl)acrylaldehydes was developed by merging annulation with ring deconstruction. This novel strategy unlocked the new reactivity of 8-aminoquinolines and provided an attractive platform for the ring opening of unactivated N-heteroaromatic compounds. Preliminary mechanistic investigation suggested that dual C(sp3)-H amination/C-N bond cleavage were key reaction steps. Furthermore, late-stage modification of the obtained products successfully delivered pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives, increasing the practicability and application potential of this methodology in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Cheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Yu S, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. How Oriented External Electric Fields Modulate Reactivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:5683-5693. [PMID: 33289179 PMCID: PMC8049047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A judiciously oriented external electric field (OEEF) can catalyze a wide range of reactions and can even induce endo/exo stereoselectivity of cycloaddition reactions. The Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride is studied by using quantitative activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory to pinpoint the origin of these catalytic and stereoselective effects. Our quantitative model reveals that an OEEF along the reaction axis induces an enhanced electrostatic and orbital interaction between the reactants, which in turn lowers the reaction barrier. The stronger electrostatic interaction originates from an increased electron density difference between the reactants at the reactive center, and the enhanced orbital interaction arises from the promoted normal electron demand donor-acceptor interaction driven by the OEEF. An OEEF perpendicular to the plane of the reaction axis solely stabilizes the exo pathway of this reaction, whereas the endo pathway remains unaltered and efficiently steers the endo/exo stereoselectivity. The influence of the OEEF on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is also investigated; unexpectedly, it inhibits the reaction, as the electric field now suppresses the critical inverse electron demand donor-acceptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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50
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Computational studies on the Carboni-Lindsey reaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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