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An P, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang T, Wang Z, Sun CL, Qin C, Li J. Ultrasensitive and Label-Free Detection of Copper Ions by GHK-Modified Asymmetric Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13456-13462. [PMID: 37624577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Artificial solid-state nanochannels have garnered considerable attention as promising nanofluidic tools for ion/molecular detection, DNA sequencing, and biomimicry. Recently, nanofluidic devices have emerged as cost-effective detection tools for heavy metal ions by modifying stimuli-responsive materials. In this work, high-purity glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) peptide is synthesized by using 7-diphenylphosphonooxycoumarin-4-methanol (DPCM) as a protecting group and auxiliary carrier by homogeneous synthesis of photocleavable groups. Subsequently, we developed a GHK-modified asymmetric nanochannel nanofluidic diode by covalently attaching the GHK peptide to the inner surface of the nanochannels. This modification facilitated specific recognition and ultra-trace level detection of Cu2+ ions, achieving a detection limit of 10-15 M. Due to the robust complexing ability between Cu2+ and GHK peptide, the GHK-modified asymmetric nanochannels can form GHK-Cu complexes on the inner surface of nanochannels when Cu2+ passes through the nanochannels. This results in changes of current-potential (I-V) properties, which facilitated Cu2+ detection. Theoretical calculations confirmed the high affinity of the GHK peptide for Cu2+, thereby ensuring excellent Cu2+ selectivity. To evaluate the applicability of our system for detecting Cu2+ in real-world scenarios, we analyzed the concentration of Cu2+ in tap water. The GHK-Cu complexes could be dissociated by adding EDTA to the solution, enabling the regeneration and reuse of this ultrasensitive and label-free Cu2+ detection system using GHK-modified asymmetric multi-nanochannels. We anticipate that the GHK-modified asymmetric nanochannels will find future applications in the label-free detection of Cu2+ in domestic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengrong An
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Jincan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 Tianshui Road (South), Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Chuanguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
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2
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Wu A, Yamamoto H. Super silyl-based stable protecting groups for both the C- and N-terminals of peptides: applied as effective hydrophobic tags in liquid-phase peptide synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5051-5061. [PMID: 37206381 PMCID: PMC10189889 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01239e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tag-assisted liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS) is one of the important processes in peptide synthesis in pharmaceutical discovery. Simple silyl groups have positive effects when incorporated in the tags due to their hydrophobic properties. Super silyl groups contain several simple silyl groups and play an important role in modern aldol reactions. In view of the unique structural architecture and hydrophobic properties of the super silyl groups, herein, two new types of stable super silyl-based groups (tris(trihexylsilyl)silyl group and propargyl super silyl group) were developed as hydrophobic tags to increase the solubility in organic solvents and the reactivity of peptides during LPPS. The tris(trihexylsilyl)silyl group can be installed at the C-terminal of the peptides in ester form and N-terminal in carbamate form for peptide synthesis and it is compatible with hydrogenation conditions (Cbz chemistry) and Fmoc-deprotection conditions (Fmoc chemistry). The propargyl super silyl group is acid-resistant, which is compatible with Boc chemistry. Both tags are complementary to each other. The preparation of these tags requires less steps than previously reported tags. Nelipepimut-S was synthesized successfully with different strategies using these two types of super silyl tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wu
- Peptide Research Centre, Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Peptide Research Centre, Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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3
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Clapperton A, Babi J, Tran H. A Field Guide to Optimizing Peptoid Synthesis. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:417-429. [PMID: 36536890 PMCID: PMC9756346 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted glycines (peptoids) are a class of peptidomimetic molecules used as materials for health, environmental, and drug delivery applications. Automated solid-phase synthesis is the most widely used approach for preparing polypeptoids, with a range of published protocols and modifications for selected synthetic targets. Simultaneously, emerging solution-phase syntheses are being leveraged to overcome limitations in solid-phase synthesis and access high-molecular weight polypeptoids. This Perspective aims to outline strategies for the optimization of both solid- and solution-phase synthesis, provide technical considerations for robotic synthesizers, and offer an outlook on advances in synthetic methodologies. The solid-phase synthesis sections explore steps for protocol optimization, accessing complex side chains, and adaptation to robotic synthesizers; the sections on solution-phase synthesis cover the selection of initiators, side chain compatibility, and strategies for controlling polymerization efficiency and scale. This text acts as a "field guide" for researchers aiming to leverage the flexibility and adaptability of peptoids in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail
Mae Clapperton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S
3H6, Canada
| | - Jon Babi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S
3H6, Canada
| | - Helen Tran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S
3H6, Canada,Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S
3E5, Canada,
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4
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Sharma A, Kumar A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Liquid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS): A Third Wave for the Preparation of Peptides. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13516-13546. [PMID: 35816287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the last century, peptides have gained wide acceptance as drugs, with almost 100 already in the market and a large number in the pipeline. In this context, peptide synthesis has grown massively as a stringent field for pharmaceuticals around the globe. Three methodologies, namely, classical solution peptide synthesis (CSPS), solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), and liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), have made significant contributions to the field. This review provides a comprehensive and integrated vision of LPPS as the third wave for peptide synthesis. LPPS combines the advantages of CSPS and SPPS, where peptide elongation is carried out in solution and the growing peptide chain is supported on a soluble tag, which confers characteristic properties. LPPS protocols allow the large-scale production of peptides and reduce the use of excess reagents and solvents, thus meeting the principles of green chemistry. In this review, tags associated with LPPS are broadly discussed under the following headings: polydisperse polyethylene glycol (PEG), membrane-enhanced peptide synthesis (MEPS), fluorous technology, ionic liquids (ILs), PolyCarbon, hydrophobic polymers, and group-assisted purification (GAP). It also highlights the signature accomplishments of LPPS tags and the limitations of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, Prayoga Institute of Education Research (PIER), Bangalore 560082, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.,KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.,Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., No 49 Canara Bank Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Phase I Bommasandra, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Li H, Li J, Chao J, Zhang Z, Qin C. Head-to-tail cyclization for the synthesis of naturally occurring cyclic peptides on organophosphorus small-molecular supports. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
4,4′-bis(diphenylphosphinyloxyl) diphenyl ketoxime and 4-diphenyl phospholoxy benzyl alcohol were designed and prepared as supports for peptide synthesis. The total synthesis of cyclic peptides in a resin-free manner was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Special Functional & Intelligent Polymer materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Junyou Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Special Functional & Intelligent Polymer materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Special Functional & Intelligent Polymer materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Special Functional & Intelligent Polymer materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Chuanguang Qin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Special Functional & Intelligent Polymer materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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6
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Wu A, Ramakrishna I, Hattori T, Yamamoto H. Silicon-based hydrophobic tags applied in liquid-phase peptide synthesis: protected DRGN-1 and poly alanine chain synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8685-8692. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two types of silicon-based hydrophobic tags, including a siloxy group containing tag and an arylsilyl group containing tag, were developed for applying them in tag-assisted liquid-phase peptide synthesis (Tag LPPS) to synthesize long peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wu
- Peptide Research Centre, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Isai Ramakrishna
- Peptide Research Centre, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hattori
- Peptide Research Centre, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Peptide Research Centre, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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7
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Rahman AU, Zarshad N, Khan I, Faiz F, Li G, Ali A. Regio- and Diastereoselective Vicinal Aminobromination of Electron Deficient Olefins via Phosphorus-Based GAP Protocol. Front Chem 2021; 9:742399. [PMID: 34568286 PMCID: PMC8456122 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.742399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synthesis based on Group-Assisted Purification chemistry (GAP) has been prolifically used as a powerful, greener and ecofriendly tool so far. Herein, we report hypervalent iodine (III) mediated regio- and diastereoselective aminobromination of electron-deficient olefins using group-assisted purification (GAP) method. By simply mixing the GAP auxiliary-anchored substrates with TsNH2-NBS as nitrogen/bromine sources and PhI(OAc)2 as a catalyst, a series of vicinal bromoamines with multifunctionalities were obtained in moderate to excellent yields (53-94%). The vicinal bromoamines were obtained without column chromatography and/or recrystallization simply by washing the crude mixtures with cosolvents and thus avoiding wastage of silica, solvents, time, and labor. The GAP auxiliary is recyclable and reusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ur Rahman
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nighat Zarshad
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Iltaf Khan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, China
| | - Faisal Faiz
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
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8
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Yamagami S, Okada Y, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Peptide Head‐to‐Tail Cyclization: A “Molecular Claw” Approach. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamagami
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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9
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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10
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Li H, Ren J, Li J, Zhang Z, Chang N, Qin C. Greener liquid-phase synthesis and the ACE inhibitory structure-activity relationship of an anti-SARS octapeptide. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8433-8442. [PMID: 33057549 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01948h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-efficiency strategy for resin-free and large scale liquid phase synthesis of the anti-SARS octapeptide AVLQSGFR is described. Herein, tri(4'-diphenylphosphonyloxylbenzoyl phenyl)phosphate (TDPBP) derivatives were designed as C-terminal supports to aid octapeptide intermediate purification without the need for chromatographic separation. Furthermore, the ACE inhibitory structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the anti-SARS octapeptide and its alanine-scanning analogues was systematically studied by in vitro assay and 3D-QSAR via molecular docking. This paper provides a new strategy for the development of peptide-based drugs. Simultaneously, a study on the ACE inhibition and structure-activity relationship of the anti-SARS octapeptide also lays a foundation for further understanding how the anti-SARS octapeptide acts as an ACE inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, OME Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, OME Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Junyou Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, OME Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, OME Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Ninghui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, OME Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanguang Qin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science & Technology, OME Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics & Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
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