1
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Del Angel Cruz D, Ferreras KN, Harville T, Schoendorff G, Gordon MS. Analysis of bonding motifs in unusual molecules I: planar hexacoordinated carbon atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39078376 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The bonding structures of CO3Li3+ and CS3Li3+ are studied by means of oriented quasi-atomic orbitals (QUAOs) to assess the possibility of these molecules being planar hexacoordinated carbon (phC) systems. CH3Li and CO32- are employed as reference molecules. It is found that the introduction of Li+ ions into the molecular environment of carbonate has a greater effect on the orbital structure of the O atoms than it does on the C atom. Partial charges computed from QUAO populations imply repulsion between the positively charged C and Li atoms in CO3Li3+. Upon the transition from CO3Li3+ to CS3Li3+, the analysis reveals that the substitution of O atoms by S atoms inverts the polarity of the carbon-chalcogen σ bond. This is linked to the difference in s- and p-fractions of the QUAOs of C and S, as element electronegativities do not explain the observed polarity of the CSσ bond. Partial charges indicate that the larger electron population on the C atom in CS3Li3+ makes C-Li attraction possible. Upon comparison with the C-Li bond in methyllithium, it is found that the C-Li covalent interactions in CO3Li3+ and CS3Li3+ have about 14% and 6% of the strength of the C-Li covalent interaction in CH3Li, respectively. Consequently, it is concluded that only CS3Li3+ may be considered to be a phC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Del Angel Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - Katherine N Ferreras
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - Taylor Harville
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, 57069, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
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2
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Sterling AJ, Levine DS, Aldossary A, Head-Gordon M. Chemical Bonding and the Role of Node-Induced Electron Confinement. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9532-9543. [PMID: 38532619 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The chemical bond is the cornerstone of chemistry, providing a conceptual framework to understand and predict the behavior of molecules in complex systems. However, the fundamental origin of chemical bonding remains controversial and has been responsible for fierce debate over the past century. Here, we present a unified theory of bonding, using a separation of electron delocalization effects from orbital relaxation to identify three mechanisms [node-induced confinement (typically associated with Pauli repulsion, though more general), orbital contraction, and polarization] that each modulate kinetic energy during bond formation. Through analysis of a series of archetypal bonds, we show that an exquisite balance of energy-lowering delocalizing and localizing effects are dictated simply by atomic electron configurations, nodal structure, and electronegativities. The utility of this unified bonding theory is demonstrated by its application to explain observed trends in bond strengths throughout the periodic table, including main group and transition metal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Sterling
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel S Levine
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Abdulrahman Aldossary
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Kim S, Conrad JA, Tow GM, Maginn EJ, Boatz JA, Gordon MS. Intermolecular interactions in clusters of ethylammonium nitrate and 1-amino-1,2,3-triazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30428-30457. [PMID: 37917371 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular interaction energies, including hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), of clusters of the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and 1-amino-1,2,3-triazole (1-AT) based deep eutectic propellants (DeEP) are examined. 1-AT is introduced as a neutral hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to EAN in order to form a eutectic mixture. The effective fragment potential (EFP) is used to examine the bonding interactions in the DeEP clusters. The resolution of the Identity (RI) approximated second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (RI-MP2) and coupled cluster theory (RI-CCSD(T)) are used to validate the EFP results. The EFP method predicts that there are significant polarization and charge transfer effects in the EAN:1-AT complexes, along with Coulombic, dispersion and exchange repulsion interactions. The EFP interaction energies are in good agreement with the RI-MP2 and RI-CCSD(T) results. The quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) bonding and kinetic bond order (KBO) analyses are additionally used to develop a conceptual and semi-quantitative understanding of the H-bonding interactions as a function of the size of the system. The QUAO and KBO analyses suggest that the H-bonds in the examined clusters follow the characteristic hydrogen bonding three-center four electron interactions. The strongest H-bonding interactions between the (EAN)1:(1-AT)n and (EAN)2:(1-AT)n (n = 1-5) complexes are observed internally within EAN; that is, between the ethylammonium cation [EA]+ and the nitrate anion ([NO3]-). The weakest H-bonding interactions occur between [NO3]- and 1-AT. Consequently, the average strengths of the H-bonds within a given (EAN)x:(1-AT)n complex decrease as more 1-AT molecules are introduced into the EAN monomer and EAN dimer. The QUAO bonding analysis suggests that 1-AT in (EAN)x:(1-AT)n can act as both a HBD and a hydrogen bond acceptor simultaneously. It is observed that two 1-AT molecules can form H-bonds to each other. Although the KBOs that correspond to H-bonding interactions in [EA]+:1-AT, [NO3]-:1-AT and between two 1-AT molecules are weaker than the H-bonds in EAN, those weak H-bond networks with 1-AT could be important to form a stable DeEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Justin A Conrad
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Garrett M Tow
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jerry A Boatz
- Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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4
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Del Angel Cruz D, Galvez Vallejo JL, Gordon MS. Analysis of the bonding in tetrahedrane and phosphorus-substituted tetrahedranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27276-27292. [PMID: 37791459 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03619g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The bonding structures of tetrahedrane, phosphatetrahedrane, diphosphatetrahedrane and triphosphatetrahedrane are studied by employing an intrinsic quasi-atomic orbital analysis. Ethane, cyclopropane and tetrahedral P4 are employed as reference systems. The orbital analysis is paired with the computation of strain energies via isodesmic reactions. The results show that the increase in geometric strain upon transition from ethane to cyclopropane to tetrahedrane weakens the CC bonds, despite leading to shorter C-C interatomic distances. With the increase in strain, the orbitals centered on C and involved in the bonding of the cage structure are observed to have elevated p-character, and the orbital structure of C deviates from sp3 hybridization. The systematic substitution of CH groups by P atoms in the cage structure of tetrahedrane leads to stronger CC bonds, larger angles in the cage structures of the resulting phosphatetrahedranes, lower p-character in the orbitals involved in the bonding of the cages, and lower strain energies. It is found that P is more amenable to strained molecular arrangements than is C, and that the propensity of a given atom to hybridize s and p functions, or the lack thereof, has implications in the stability of molecules with strained geometries. The combination of the calculations presented here with the existing literature provides insight into the apparent propensity of tetrahedrane and P4 to 'break' their tetrahedral structures. Trends in the bonding interactions, such as bond strengths, s- and p-orbital characters and charge transfer are identified and related to the strain energy observed in each of the analyzed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge L Galvez Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- School of Computing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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5
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Varandas AJC. Carbon-[ n]Triangulenes and Sila-[ n]Triangulenes: Which Are Planar? J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37256705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using our recently suggested concept of a quasi-molecule ("tile") and, in the case of the planarity here at stake, its generalization to larger than tetratomics, we explain why carbon [n]triangulenes tend to be planar, while hybrids, where just a few or even all a- or b-type carbon atoms are silicon-substituted (sila-[n]triangulenes), tend to be planar/nonplanar when compared with the unsubstituted carbon-[n]triangulenes. Because other spin states of the parent carbon- and sila-[n]triangulenes tend to correlate with the same tiles, it is conjectured that no structural changes are expected to depend on their spin state. Other polycyclic and sila-compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Espí rito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Dunning TH, Gordon MS, Xantheas SS. The nature of the chemical bond. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:130401. [PMID: 37031137 DOI: 10.1063/5.0148500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Sotiris S Xantheas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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7
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Arasaki Y, Takatsuka K. Energy natural orbital characterization of nonadiabatic electron wavepackets in the densely quasi-degenerate electronic state manifold. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114102. [PMID: 36948795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamics and energetic structure of largely fluctuating nonadiabatic electron wavepackets are studied in terms of Energy Natural Orbitals (ENOs) [K. Takatsuka and Y. Arasaki, J. Chem. Phys. 154, 094103 (2021)]. Such huge fluctuating states are sampled from the highly excited states of clusters of 12 boron atoms (B12), which have densely quasi-degenerate electronic excited-state manifold, each adiabatic state of which gets promptly mixed with other states through the frequent and enduring nonadiabatic interactions within the manifold. Yet, the wavepacket states are expected to be of very long lifetimes. This excited-state electronic wavepacket dynamics is extremely interesting but very hard to analyze since they are usually represented in large time-dependent configuration interaction wavefunctions and/or in some other complicated forms. We have found that ENO gives an invariant energy orbital picture to characterize not only the static highly correlated electronic wavefunctions but also those time-dependent electronic wavefunctions. Hence, we first demonstrate how the ENO representation works for some general cases, choosing proton transfer in water dimer and electron-deficient multicenter chemical bonding in diborane in the ground state. We then penetrate with ENO deep into the analysis of the essential nature of nonadiabatic electron wavepacket dynamics in the excited states and show the mechanism of the coexistence of huge electronic fluctuation and rather strong chemical bonds under very random electron flows within the molecule. To quantify the intra-molecular energy flow associated with the huge electronic-state fluctuation, we define and numerically demonstrate what we call the electronic energy flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Arasaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 606-8103 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 606-8103 Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Galvez Vallejo JL, Tow GM, Maginn EJ, Pham BQ, Datta D, Gordon MS. Quantum Chemical Modeling of Propellant Degradation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1874-1882. [PMID: 36791340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
An ab initio quantum chemical approach for the modeling of propellant degradation is presented. Using state-of-the-art bonding analysis techniques and composite methods, a series of potential degradation reactions are devised for a sample hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) type solid fuel. By applying thermochemical procedures and isodesmic reactions, accurate thermochemical quantities are obtained using a modified G3 composite method based on the resolution of the identity. The calculated heats of formation for the different structures produced presents an ∼2 kcal/mol average error when compared against experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Galvez Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Garrett M Tow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Buu Q Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Dipayan Datta
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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9
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Mato J, Tzeli D, Xantheas SS. The Many-Body Expansion for Metals I: The Alkaline Earth metals Be, Mg, and Ca. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084313. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the Many-Body Expansion (MBE) for alkaline earth metal clusters, Be n, Mg n, Ca n ( n = 4, 5, 6) at the MP2, CCSD(T), MRPT2, and MRCI levels of theory. The magnitude of each term in the MBE is evaluated for several geometrical configurations. We find that the behavior of the MBE for these clusters depends strongly on the geometrical arrangement, and, to a lesser extent, on the level of theory used. Another factor that affects the MBE is the in situ (ground or excited) electronic state of the individual atoms in the cluster. For most geometries, the three-body term is the largest, followed by a steady decrease in absolute energy for subsequent terms. Though these systems exhibit non-negligible multi-reference effects, there was little qualitative difference in the MBE expansion when employing single vs. multi-reference methods. Useful insights into the connectivity and stability of these clusters have been drawn from the respective potential energy surfaces and Quasi-Atomic orbitals for the various dimers, trimers, and tetramers. Through these analyses we investigate the similarities and differences in the binding energies of different size clusters for these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joani Mato
- Chemical Physics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Chemistry, Greece
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10
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Arasaki Y, Takatsuka K. Nature of chemical bond and potential barrier in an invariant energy-orbital picture. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234102. [PMID: 35732517 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical nature of the chemical bond and potential barrier is studied in terms of energy natural orbitals (ENOs), which are extracted from highly correlated electronic wavefunctions. ENO provides an objective one-electron picture about energy distribution in a molecule, just as the natural orbitals (NOs) represent one electron view about electronic charge distribution. ENO is invariant in the same sense as NO is, that is, ENOs converge to the exact ones as a series of approximate wavefunctions approach the exact one, no matter how the methods of approximation are adopted. Energy distribution analysis based on ENO can give novel insights about the nature of chemical bonding and formation of potential barriers, besides information based on the charge distribution alone. With ENOs extracted from full configuration interaction wavefunctions in a finite yet large enough basis set, we analyze the nature of chemical bonding of three low-lying electronic states of a hydrogen molecule, all being in different classes of the so-called covalent bond. The mechanism of energy lowering in bond formation, which gives a binding energy, is important, yet not the only concern for this small molecule. Another key notion in chemical bonding is whether a potential basin is well generated stiff enough to support a vibrational state(s) on it. Based on the virial theorem in the adiabatic approximation and in terms of the energy and force analyses with ENOs, we study the roles of the electronic kinetic energy and its nuclear derivative(s) on how they determine the curvature (or the force constant) of the potential basins. The same idea is applied to the potential barrier and, thereby, the transition states. The rate constant within the transition-state theory is formally shown to be described in terms of the electronic kinetic energy and the nuclear derivatives only. Thus, the chemical bonding and rate process are interconnected behind the scenes. Besides this aspect, we pay attention to (1) the effects of electron correlation that manifests itself not only in the orbital energy but also in the population of ENOs and (2) the role of nonadiabaticity (diabatic state mixing), resulting in double basins and a barrier on a single potential curve in bond formation. These factors differentiate a covalent bond into subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Arasaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 606-8103 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 606-8103 Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Abstract
According to Ruedenberg's classic treatise on the theory of chemical bonding [K. Ruedenberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 34, 326-376 (1962)], orbital contraction is an integral consequence of covalent bonding. While the concept is clear, its quantification by quantum chemical calculations is not straightforward, except for the simplest of molecules, such as H2 + and H2. This paper proposes a new, yet simple, approach to the problem, utilizing the modified atomic orbital (MAO) method of Ehrhardt and Ahlrichs [Theor. Chim. Acta 68, 231 (1985)]. Through the use of MAOs, which are an atom-centered minimal basis formed from the molecular and atomic density operators, the wave functions of the species of interest are re-expanded, allowing the computation of the kinetic energy (and any other expectation value) of free and bonded fragments. Thus, it is possible to quantify the intra- and interfragment changes in kinetic energy, i.e., the effects of contraction. Computations are reported for a number of diatomic molecules H2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2, CO, P2, and Cl2 and the polyatomics CH3-CH3, CH3-SiH3, CH3-OH, and C2H5-C2H5 (where the single bonds between the heavy atoms are studied) as well as dimers of He, Ne, Ar, and the archetypal ionic molecule NaCl. In all cases, it is found that the formation of a covalent bond is accompanied by an increase in the intra-fragment kinetic energy, an indication of orbital contraction and/or deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Bacskay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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12
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Ruedenberg K. Atoms and interatomic bonding synergism inherent in molecular electronic wave functions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:024111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical model of matter consists of atoms held together by bonds. The success of this model implies that the physical interactions of the electrons and nuclei in molecules combine into compound interactions that create the bonding. In the quantum mechanical description, the modified atoms in molecules and the bonding synergism are contained in the molecular electronic wave function. So far, only part of this information has been recovered from the wave function. Notably, the atoms have remained unidentified in the wave function. One reason is that conventional energy decomposition analyses formulate separate model wave functions, independent of the actual wave function, to represent "prepared atoms" and preconceived interactions, and then intuitively catenate the parts. In the present work, the embedded modified atoms and the inherent physical synergisms between them are determined by a unified derivation entirely from the actual molecular valence space wave function. By means of a series of intrinsic orbital and configurational transformations of the wave function, the energy of formation of a molecule is additively resolved in terms of intra-atomic energy changes, interference energies, quasi-classical, non-classical and charge-transfer Coulombic interactions. The analysis furnishes an algorithm for the quantitative resolution of the energy of formation, which enables analyses elucidating reaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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13
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Osman HHH, Manjón FJ. Metavalent bonding in chalcogenides: DFT-chemical pressure approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9936-9942. [PMID: 35437536 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical bond nature has attracted considerable attention as it is crucial to analyze and comprehend the different physical and chemical properties of materials. This work is considered a complementary part of our previous work in studying the nature of different types of bonding interactions in a wide variety of molecules and materials using the DFT Chemical Pressure (CP) approach. Recently, a new type of chemical bond, the metavalent bond (MVB), has been defined. We show how the CP formalism can be used to analyze and study the establishment of MVB in two chalcogenides, GeSe and PbSe, in a similar fashion as the electron localization function (ELF) profiles. This is accomplished by analyzing the CP maps of these two chalcogenides at different pressures (up to 40 GPa for GeSe and 10 GPa for PbSe). The CP maps show distinctive features related to the MVB, providing insights into the existence of such chemical interaction in the crystal structure of the two compounds. Similar to ELF profiles, CP maps can visualize and track the strength of the MVB in GeSe and PbSe under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussien Helmy Hassan Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, 11795, Cairo, Egypt. .,Instituto de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada, MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Manjón
- Instituto de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada, MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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14
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Harville T, Gordon MS. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Analysis. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) bonding analysis is used to study intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IMHB) in salicylic acid and an intermediate that is crucial to the synthesis of aspirin. The bonding analysis rigorously explores IMHB through directly accessing information that is intrinsic to the molecular wave function, thereby bypassing the need for intrinsically biased methods. The variables that effect the strength of IMHB are determined using kinetic bond orders (KBO), QUAO populations, and QUAO hybridizations. Important properties include both the interatomic distance between the hydrogen and oxygen participating in the IMHB and the hybridization on the oxygen. The bonding analysis further shows that each intramolecular hydrogen bond is a 4-electron 3-center bond. The bonding analysis is used to understand how aromatic reactivity changes due to the effect of functional groups on the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, United States of America
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15
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Varandas AJC. From six to eight Π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements and beyond: can planarity be deciphered from the "quasi-molecules" they embed? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8488-8507. [PMID: 35343978 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital theory is used to study the structures of six and eight π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements, and even larger [n]annulenes up to C18H18, including some of their mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-anions. While some of the above rings are planar, others are nonplanar. A much spotlighted case is cyclo-octatetraene (C8H8), which is predicted to be nonplanar together with its heavier group-XIV analogues Si8H8 and Ge8H8, with the solely planar members of its family having the stoichiometric formulas C4Si4H8 and C4Ge4H8. A similar situation arises with the six π-electron bare rings, where benzene and substituted ones up to C3Si3H6 or so are planar, while others are not. However, the explanations encountered in the literature find support in ab initio calculations for such species, often rationalized from distinct calculated features. Using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and, when affordable (particularly tetratomics, which may allow even higher levels), the coupled-cluster method including single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, a common rationale is suggested based on a novel concept of quasi-molecules or the (3+4)-atom partition scheme. Any criticism of tautology is therefore avoided. The same analysis has also been successfully applied to even larger [n]annulenes, to their mixed family members involving silicon and germanium atoms, and to the C18 carbon ring. Furthermore, it has been extended to annulene anions to check the criteria of the popular Hückel rule for planarity and aromaticity. Exploratory work on cycloarenes is also reported. Besides a partial study of the involved potential energy surfaces, equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been calculated anew, for both the parent and the actual prototypes of the quasi-molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 273165 Qufu, China.,Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Esp rito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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16
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MacDonell RJ, Patchkovskii S, Schuurman MS. A Comparison of Partial Atomic Charges for Electronically Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1061-1071. [PMID: 35015528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Partial atomic charges are a useful and intuitive concept for understanding molecular properties and chemical reaction mechanisms, showing how changes in molecular geometry can affect the flow of electronic charge within a molecule. However, the use of partial atomic charges remains relatively uncommon in the characterization of excited-state electronic structure. Here, we show how well-established partial atomic charge methods perform for interatomic, intermolecular, and interbond electron transfer in electronically excited states. Our results demonstrate the utility of real-space partial atomic charges for interpreting the electronic structures that arise in excited-state processes. Furthermore, we show how this analysis can be used to demonstrate that analogous electronic structures arise near photochemically relevant conical intersection regions for several conjugated polyenes. On the basis of our analysis, we find that charges computed using the iterative Hirshfeld approach provide results which are consistent with chemical intuition and are transferable between homologous molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J MacDonell
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Serguei Patchkovskii
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.,National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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17
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Galvez Vallejo JL, Heredia JD, Gordon MS. Bonding analysis of water clusters using quasi-atomic orbitals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18734-18743. [PMID: 34612411 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) bonding analysis introduced by Ruedenberg and co-workers is used to develop an understanding of the hydrogen bonds in small water clusters, from the dimer through the hexamer (bag, boat, book, cyclic, prism and cage conformers). Using kinetic bond orders as a metric, it is demonstrated that as the number of waters in simple cyclic clusters increases, the hydrogen bonds strengthen, from the dimer through the cyclic hexamer. However, for the more complex hexamer isomers, the strength of the hydrogen bonds varies, depending on whether the cluster contains double acceptors and/or double donors. The QUAO analysis also reveals the three-center bonding nature of hydrogen bonds in water clusters.
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18
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Lobato A, Salvadó MA, Recio JM, Taravillo M, Baonza VG. Highs and Lows of Bond Lengths: Is There Any Limit? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17028-17036. [PMID: 33844880 PMCID: PMC8362100 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct points on the potential energy curve (PEC) of a pairwise interaction, the zero‐energy crossing point and the point where the stretching force constant vanishes, allow us to anticipate the range of possible distances between two atoms in diatomic, molecular moieties and crystalline systems. We show that these bond‐stability boundaries are unambiguously defined and correlate with topological descriptors of electron‐density‐based scalar fields, and can be calculated using generic PECs. Chemical databases and quantum‐mechanical calculations are used to analyze a full set of diatomic bonds of atoms from the s‐p main block. Emphasis is placed on the effect of substituents in C−C covalent bonds, concluding that distances shorter than 1.14 Å or longer than 2.0 Å are unlikely to be achieved, in agreement with ultra‐high‐pressure data and transition‐state distances, respectively. Presumed exceptions are used to place our model in the correct framework and to formulate a conjecture for chained interactions, which offers an explanation for the multimodal histogram of O−H distances reported for hundreds of chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Lobato
- Malta-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Salvadó
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Taravillo
- Malta-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentín G Baonza
- Malta-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Geociencias IGEO, CSIC-UCM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Lobato A, Salvadó MA, Recio JM, Taravillo M, Baonza VG. Highs and Lows of Bond Lengths: Is There Any Limit? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Lobato
- Malta-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel A. Salvadó
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica Universidad de Oviedo Av. Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - J. Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica Universidad de Oviedo Av. Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Mercedes Taravillo
- Malta-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Valentín G. Baonza
- Malta-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Geociencias IGEO CSIC-UCM 28040 Madrid Spain
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20
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Schoendorff G, Ruedenberg K, Gordon MS. Multiple Bonding in Rhodium Monoboride. Quasi-atomic Analyses of the Ground and Low-Lying Excited States. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4836-4846. [PMID: 34042447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bonding structures of the ground state and the lowest five excited states of rhodium monoboride are identified by determining the quasi-atomic orbitals in full valence space MCSCF wave functions and the interactions between these orbitals. A quadruple bond, namely two π-bonds and two σ-bonds, is identified and characterized for the X1Σ+ ground state, in agreement with a previous report (Cheung J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 659-663). However, in all excited states, the bonding is predicted to be weaker because, in these states, one of the σ-bonding interactions has a small magnitude. In the a3Δ and A1Δ states, the bond order is between a triple and quadruple bond. In the b3Σ+ state, the Rh-B linkage is a triple bond. In the c3Π and B1Π states, the atoms are linked by a double bond due to an additional weakening of the two π-bonds. The decreases in the predicted bond strengths are reflected in the decreases of the predicted binding energies and in the increases of the predicted bond lengths from the X1Σ+ ground state to the c3Π and the B1Π excited states. Notably, the 5pσ orbital of rhodium, which is vacant in the ground state of the atom, plays a significant role in the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia 24450, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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21
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de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. Substituent Effects on the Quantum Interference of Two-Center One-Electron Bonds: [B 2X 6] - (X = H, F, Cl, CN, OH, CH 3, and OCH 3). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4558-4564. [PMID: 34014679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interference energy analysis (IEA) provided by the generalized product function energy partitioning (GPF-EP) method was applied to investigate the influence of the neighboring atoms on the nature of the two-center one-electron (2c1e) bonds in the anion dimers of BX3 species (X = H, F, Cl, CN, OH, CH3, and OCH3). The species were studied at the GVB-PP(6/12).SC(1,2)/6-31**G++ level of calculation. The IEA has revealed that there is a balance between two main factors determining the chemical stability of the species. Quantum interference acts as the sole stabilizing effect in the formation of the chemical bonds, particularly as the result of the drop in kinetic energy, and the electronegativity of the substituent has a direct influence on the magnitude of this effect. The quasi-classical energy is responsible for the destabilizing factors, mainly the group bulkiness, and the "electron-withdrawing" effect in the case of the cyano group.
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22
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Dunning TH, Xu LT, Cooper DL, Karadakov PB. Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond Theory: New Perspect ives on the Electronic Structure of Molecules and Chemical Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2021-2050. [PMID: 33677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond (SCGVB) theory provides the foundation for a comprehensive theory of the electronic structure of molecules. SCGVB theory offers a compelling orbital description of the electronic structure of molecules as well as an efficient and effective zero-order wave function for calculations striving for quantitative predictions of molecular structures, energetics, and other properties. The orbitals in the SCGVB wave function are usually semilocalized, and for most molecules, they can be interpreted using concepts familiar to all chemists (hybrid orbitals, localized bond pairs, lone pairs, etc.). SCGVB theory also provides new perspectives on the nature of the bonds in molecules such as C2, Be2 and SF4/SF6. SCGVB theory contributes unparalleled insights into the underlying cause of the first-row anomaly in inorganic chemistry as well as the electronic structure of organic molecules and the electronic mechanisms of organic reactions. The SCGVB wave function accounts for nondynamical correlation effects and, thus, corrects the most serious deficiency in molecular orbital (RHF) wave functions. Dynamical correlation effects, which are critical for quantitative predictions, can be taken into account using the SCGVB wave function as the zero-order wave function for multireference configuration interaction or coupled cluster calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David L Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
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23
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Abstract
This work examines the electronic structure and apparent instability of ethylenedione (OCCO), including an analysis of the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces along the bending vibrations. While the singlet state is inherently unstable due to the Renner-Teller effect, theory predicts the triplet state to have a stable minimum on the potential energy surface. The stability of the triplet state is examined in detail, taking into account spin-orbit interactions. Using multireference quantum chemical methods, the lifetime of the triplet state is estimated to be in the picosecond range, significantly lower than previously computed. A quasi-atomic molecular orbital (QUAO) analysis is also used to elucidate the nature of bonding along the potential energy surface in both the singlet and triplet states. These calculations confirm the transient nature of the OCCO molecule, although they do not fully explain the lack of experimental detection via spectroscopy, which is known have the capability to probe even shorter lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joani Mato
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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24
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Guidez EB, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. Why is Si 2H 2 Not Linear? An Intrinsic Quasi-Atomic Bonding Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13729-13742. [PMID: 32662651 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular energy of Si2H2 geometric structures increases in the order dibridged < trans-bent < linear, in contrast to acetylene, C2H2, for which the linear structure is the global minimum. In this study, the intra-atomic (antibonding) and bonding contributions to the total molecular energy of these valence isoelectronic molecules are computed by expressing the density matrices of the full valence space multiconfiguration self-consistent field wave function in terms of quasi-atomic orbitals. The analysis shows that the intra-atomic contributions to the molecular energy become less favorable in the order dibridged → trans-bent → linear for both C2H2 and Si2H2. By contrast, the inter-atomic bonding contributions become energetically more favorable in that order for both C2H2 and Si2H2. The two systems differ as follows. For Si2H2, the antibonding intra-atomic energy changes that occur when the dibridged molecule reconstructs into the trans-bent and linear structures prevail over the interatomic interactions that induce bond formation. In contrast, for C2H2, the interatomic interactions that create bonds prevail over the intra-atomic energy changes that occur when the dibridged molecule reconstructs into the trans-bent and linear structures. The intra-atomic energy changes that occur in these systems are related to the hybridization of the heavy atoms in an analogous manner to the hybridization of C in CH4 from (2s)2(2p)2 to sp3 hybrid orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie B Guidez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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25
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Barca GMJ, Bertoni C, Carrington L, Datta D, De Silva N, Deustua JE, Fedorov DG, Gour JR, Gunina AO, Guidez E, Harville T, Irle S, Ivanic J, Kowalski K, Leang SS, Li H, Li W, Lutz JJ, Magoulas I, Mato J, Mironov V, Nakata H, Pham BQ, Piecuch P, Poole D, Pruitt SR, Rendell AP, Roskop LB, Ruedenberg K, Sattasathuchana T, Schmidt MW, Shen J, Slipchenko L, Sosonkina M, Sundriyal V, Tiwari A, Galvez Vallejo JL, Westheimer B, Włoch M, Xu P, Zahariev F, Gordon MS. Recent developments in the general atomic and molecular electronic structure system. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:154102. [PMID: 32321259 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A discussion of many of the recently implemented features of GAMESS (General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System) and LibCChem (the C++ CPU/GPU library associated with GAMESS) is presented. These features include fragmentation methods such as the fragment molecular orbital, effective fragment potential and effective fragment molecular orbital methods, hybrid MPI/OpenMP approaches to Hartree-Fock, and resolution of the identity second order perturbation theory. Many new coupled cluster theory methods have been implemented in GAMESS, as have multiple levels of density functional/tight binding theory. The role of accelerators, especially graphical processing units, is discussed in the context of the new features of LibCChem, as it is the associated problem of power consumption as the power of computers increases dramatically. The process by which a complex program suite such as GAMESS is maintained and developed is considered. Future developments are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M J Barca
- Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colleen Bertoni
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Laura Carrington
- EP Analytics, 12121 Scripps Summit Dr. Ste. 130, San Diego, California 92131, USA
| | - Dipayan Datta
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Nuwan De Silva
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, USA
| | - J Emiliano Deustua
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Jeffrey R Gour
- Microsoft, 15590 NE 31st St., Redmond, Washington 98052, USA
| | - Anastasia O Gunina
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Emilie Guidez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Taylor Harville
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Stephan Irle
- Computational Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Joe Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Physical Sciences Division, Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, K8-91, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Sarom S Leang
- EP Analytics, 12121 Scripps Summit Dr. Ste. 130, San Diego, California 92131, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jesse J Lutz
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Ilias Magoulas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Joani Mato
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Hiroya Nakata
- Kyocera Corporation, Research Institute for Advanced Materials and Devices, 3-5-3 Hikaridai Seika-cho, Souraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
| | - Buu Q Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Piotr Piecuch
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - David Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Spencer R Pruitt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Alistair P Rendell
- Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke B Roskop
- Cray Inc., a Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company, 2131 Lindau Ln #1000, Bloomington, Minnesota 55425, USA
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Lyudmila Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Masha Sosonkina
- Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sundriyal
- Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Ananta Tiwari
- EP Analytics, 12121 Scripps Summit Dr. Ste. 130, San Diego, California 92131, USA
| | - Jorge L Galvez Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Bryce Westheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Marta Włoch
- 530 Charlesina Dr., Rochester, Michigan 48306, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Federico Zahariev
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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26
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Schoendorff G, Schmidt MW, Ruedenberg K, Gordon MS. Quasi-Atomic Bond Analyses in the Sixth Period: II. Bond Analyses of Cerium Oxides. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5249-5256. [PMID: 31199636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of the 4f orbitals in bonding is examined for the molecules cerium monoxide and cerium dioxide that have cerium formally in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, respectively. It is shown that the 4f orbitals are used primarily for polarization of the 5d orbitals when cerium is in the lower oxidation state, while the 4f orbitals play a significant role in chemical bonding via 5d/4f hybridization when cerium is in the +4 oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Schoendorff
- Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Bradley University , Peoria , Illinois 61625 , United States
| | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011-3111 , United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011-3111 , United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011-3111 , United States
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27
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Kudo T, Schmidt MW, Matsunaga N. Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of the First Four Si/C Alternately Substituted Annulenes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4588-4598. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kudo
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Michael W. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, United States
| | - Nikita Matsunaga
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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28
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Duchimaza Heredia JJ, Sadow AD, Gordon MS. A Quasi-Atomic Analysis of Three-Center Two-Electron Zr-H-Si Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9653-9669. [PMID: 30481021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the bonding structure of the disilyl zirconocene amide cation {Cp2Zr[N(SiHMe2)2]}+ is conducted by application of an intrinsic orbital localization method that yields quasi-atomic orbitals (QUAOs). An emphasis is placed on describing a previously characterized three-center two-electron interaction between zirconium, hydrogen, and silicon that presents structural and spectroscopic features similar to that of agostic bonds. Expressions of the first-order density matrix in terms of the QUAOs yields bond orders (BOs), kinetic bond orders (KBOs), and the extent of transfer of charge that are useful to determine the electronic nature of the Zr-H-Si bond. The interactions between the QUAOs demonstrate the importance of vicinal interactions in the stabilization of the molecule. In addition, the evolution of the QUAOs during reactions with Lewis bases reveals the role of the Zr-H-Si interaction in facilitating the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
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29
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30
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Conrad JA, Pruitt SR, Gordon MS. Proton Transfer in 1,2,4-Triazolium Dinitramide: Effect of Aqueous Microsolvation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7443-7454. [PMID: 30129759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase proton transfer process in 1,2,4-triazolium dinitramide (TD) was studied using second-order perturbation theory to determine how the presence of one and two water molecules modifies the potential energy surface that connects the ion pair to the neutral pair. The presence of one water molecule can introduce small proton transfer energy barriers that separate the ion pair from the lower-energy neutral pair. These energy barriers are easily surmounted. Reaction paths were determined for single proton transfers and double proton transfers via one water molecule. In the presence of two water molecules, the global minimum is an ion pair, as are most of the lower-energy local minima. Energy barriers for single, double, and triple proton transfers were also found for TD in the presence of two water molecules. One TD ion pair structure with two water molecules has no corresponding neutral pair energy minimum. A quasi-atomic orbital analysis is used to understand the nature of the bonding in the various species studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Conrad
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Spencer R Pruitt
- Academic & Research Computing , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester , Massachusetts 01609 , United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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31
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Maximal orbital analysis of molecular wavefunctions. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:39-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Duchimaza Heredia JJ, Ruedenberg K, Gordon MS. Quasi-Atomic Bonding Analysis of Xe-Containing Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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33
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Osman HH, Salvadó MA, Pertierra P, Engelkemier J, Fredrickson DC, Recio JM. Chemical Pressure Maps of Molecules and Materials: Merging the Visual and Physical in Bonding Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:104-114. [PMID: 29211959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of bonding interactions in molecules and materials is one of the major applications of quantum mechanical calculations. Numerous schemes have been devised to identify and visualize chemical bonds, including the electron localization function, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital analysis, whereas the energetics of bond formation are generally analyzed in qualitative terms through various forms of energy partitioning schemes. In this Article, we illustrate how the chemical pressure (CP) approach recently developed for analyzing atomic size effects in solid state compounds provides a basis for merging these two approaches, in which bonds are revealed through the forces of attraction and repulsion acting between the atoms. Using a series of model systems that include simple molecules (H2, CO2, and S8), extended structures (graphene and diamond), and systems exhibiting intermolecular interactions (ice and graphite), as well as simple representatives of metallic and ionic bonding (Na and NaH, respectively), we show how CP maps can differentiate a range of bonding phenomena. The approach also allows for the partitioning of the potential and kinetic contributions to the interatomic interactions, yielding schemes that capture the physical model for the chemical bond offered by Ruedenberg and co-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussien H Osman
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33006 Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University , Ain-Helwan, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miguel A Salvadó
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar Pertierra
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joshua Engelkemier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel C Fredrickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33006 Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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34
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West AC. Atom-Based Strong Correlation Method: An Orbital Selection Algorithm. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8912-8926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. West
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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35
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West AC, Duchimaza-Heredia JJ, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. Identification and Characterization of Molecular Bonding Structures by ab initio Quasi-Atomic Orbital Analyses. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8884-8898. [PMID: 29135255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quasi-atomic analysis of ab initio electronic wave functions in full valence spaces, which was developed in preceding papers, yields oriented quasi-atomic orbitals in terms of which the ab initio molecular wave function and energy can be expressed. These oriented quasi-atomic orbitals are the rigorous ab initio counterparts to the conceptual bond forming atomic hybrid orbitals of qualitative chemical reasoning. In the present work, the quasi-atomic orbitals are identified as bonding orbitals, lone pair orbitals, radical orbitals, vacant orbitals and orbitals with intermediate character. A program determines the bonding characteristics of all quasi-atomic orbitals in a molecule on the basis of their occupations, bond orders, kinetic bond orders, hybridizations and local symmetries. These data are collected in a record and provide the information for a comprehensive understanding of the synergism that generates the bonding structure that holds the molecule together. Applications to a series of molecules exhibit the complete bonding structures that are embedded in their ab initio wave functions. For the strong bonds in a molecule, the quasi-atomic orbitals provide quantitative ab initio amplifications of the Lewis dot symbols. Beyond characterizing strong bonds, the quasi-atomic analysis also yields an understanding of the weak interactions, such as vicinal, hyperconjugative and radical stabilizations, which can make substantial contributions to the molecular bonding structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C West
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Juan J Duchimaza-Heredia
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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36
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Lefebvre C, Rubez G, Khartabil H, Boisson JC, Contreras-García J, Hénon E. Accurately extracting the signature of intermolecular interactions present in the NCI plot of the reduced density gradient versus electron density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:17928-17936. [PMID: 28664951 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02110k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An electron density (ED)-based methodology is developed for the automatic identification of intermolecular interactions using pro-molecular density. The expression of the ED gradient in terms of atomic components furnishes the basis for the Independent Gradient Model (IGM). This model leads to a density reference for non interacting atoms/fragments where the atomic densities are added whilst their interaction turns off. Founded on this ED reference function that features an exponential decay also in interference regions, IGM model provides a way to identify and quantify the net ED gradient attenuation due to interactions. Using an intra/inter uncoupling scheme, a descriptor (δginter) is then derived that uniquely defines intermolecular interaction regions. An attractive feature of the IGM methodology is to provide a workflow that automatically generates data composed solely of intermolecular interactions for drawing the corresponding 3D isosurface representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Lefebvre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
| | - Gaëtan Rubez
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France. and CReSTIC EA 3804, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France and ATOS Company, 1 rue de Provence, 38130 Echirolles, France
| | - Hassan Khartabil
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France. and Campus Universitaire des Ardennes, 4 bd Jean Delautre, 08000 Charleville-Mézières, France
| | | | - Julia Contreras-García
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
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37
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Schoendorff G, West AC, Schmidt MW, Ruedenberg K, Wilson AK, Gordon MS. Relativistic ab Initio Accurate Atomic Minimal Basis Sets: Quantitative LUMOs and Oriented Quasi-Atomic Orbitals for the Elements Li–Xe. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3588-3597. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Schoendorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Aaron C. West
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Michael W. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Angela K. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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38
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. Intrinsic Resolution of Molecular Electronic Wave Functions and Energies in Terms of Quasi-atoms and Their Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1086-1105. [PMID: 28134532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A general intrinsic energy resolution has been formulated for strongly correlated wave functions in the full molecular valence space and its subspaces. The information regarding the quasi-atomic organization of the molecular electronic structure is extracted from the molecular wave function without introducing any additional postulated model state wave functions. To this end, the molecular wave function is expressed in terms of quasi-atomic molecular orbitals, which maximize the overlap between subspaces of the molecular orbital space and the free-atom orbital spaces. As a result, the molecular wave function becomes the superposition of a wave function representing the juxtaposed nonbonded quasi-atoms and a wave function describing the interatomic electron migrations that create bonds through electron sharing. The juxtaposed nonbonded quasi-atoms are shown to consist of entangled quasi-atomic states from different atoms. The binding energy is resolved as a sum of contributions that are due to quasi-atom formation, quasiclassical electrostatic interactions, and interatomic interferences caused by electron sharing. The contributions are further resolved according to orbital interactions. The various transformations that generate the analysis are determined by criteria that are independent of the working orbital basis used for calculating the molecular wave function. The theoretical formulation of the resolution is quantitatively validated by an application to the C2 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C West
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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39
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Fantuzzi F, de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. The Nature of the Chemical Bond from a Quantum Mechanical Interference Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - David Wilian Oliveira de Sousa
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
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40
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Kummer JR, Brom JM. Geometry and Electronic Structure of Titanabenzene and Its Valence Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10007-10017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kummer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Joseph M. Brom
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
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41
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Roskop LB, Valeev EF, Carter EA, Gordon MS, Windus TL. Spin-Free [2]R12 Basis Set Incompleteness Correction to the Local Multireference Configuration Interaction and the Local Multireference Average Coupled Pair Functional Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:3176-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Roskop
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Edward F. Valeev
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emily A. Carter
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Program in Applied and Computational
Mathematics, and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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42
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. IV. Bond Breaking and Bond Forming along the Dissociative Reaction Path of Dioxetane. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10376-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. West
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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43
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Schmidt MW, Hull EA, Windus TL. Valence Virtual Orbitals: An Unambiguous ab Initio Quantification of the LUMO Concept. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10408-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Hull
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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44
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10368-75. [PMID: 26371867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of molecular electron density matrices in terms of quasi-atomic orbitals, which was developed in previous investigations, is quantitatively exemplified by a detailed application to the urea molecule. The analysis is found to identify strong and weak covalent bonding interactions as well as intramolecular charge transfers. It yields a qualitative as well as quantitative ab initio description of the bonding structure of this molecule, which raises questions regarding some traditional rationalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C West
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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