1
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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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2
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Wen J, Mai S, González L. Excited-State Dynamics Simulations of a Light-Driven Molecular Motor in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9520-9529. [PMID: 37917883 PMCID: PMC10658450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors, where light can be transformed into motion, are promising in the design of nanomechanical devices. For applications, however, finding relationships between molecular motion and the environment is important. Here, we report the study of excited-state dynamics of an overcrowded alkene in solution using a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach combined with excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. Using QM/MM surface-hopping trajectories, we calculated time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectra. These show the rise of a short-lived Franck-Condon state, followed by the formation of a dark state in the first 150 fs before the molecular motor relaxes to the ground state in about 1 ps. From the analysis of radial distribution functions, we infer that the orientation of the solvent with respect to the molecular motor in the electronic excited state is similar to that in the ground state during the photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- State
Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
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3
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Roy P, Sardjan AS, Danowski W, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Control of Photoconversion Yield in Unidirectional Photomolecular Motors by Push-Pull Substituents. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19849-19855. [PMID: 37646616 PMCID: PMC10510317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors based on the overcrowded alkene motif convert light energy into unidirectional mechanical motion through an excited state isomerization reaction. The realization of experimental control over conversion efficiency in these molecular motors is an important goal. Here, we combine the synthesis of a novel "push-pull" overcrowded alkene motor with photophysical characterization by steady state and ultrafast time-resolved electronic spectroscopy. We show that tuning of the charge transfer character in the excited state has a dramatic effect on the photoisomerization yield, enhancing it to near unity in nonpolar solvents while largely suppressing it in polar solvents. This behavior is explained through reference to solvent- and substituent-dependent potential energy surfaces and their effect on conical intersections to the ground state. These observations offer new routes to the fine control of motor efficiency and introduce additional degrees of freedom in the synthesis and exploitation of light-driven molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Andy S. Sardjan
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- University
of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
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4
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Regen-Pregizer BL, Ozcelik A, Mayer P, Hampel F, Dube H. A photochemical method to evidence directional molecular motions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4595. [PMID: 37524701 PMCID: PMC10390485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Light driven synthetic molecular motors represent crucial building blocks for advanced molecular machines and their applications. A standing challenge is the development of very fast molecular motors able to perform rotations with kHz, MHz or even faster frequencies. Central to this challenge is the direct experimental evidence of directionality because analytical methods able to follow very fast motions rarely deliver precise geometrical insights. Here, a general photochemical method for elucidation of directional motions is presented. In a macrocyclization approach the molecular motor rotations are restricted and forced to proceed in two separate ~180° rotation-photoequilibria. Therefore, all four possible photoinduced rotation steps (clockwise and counterclockwise directions) can be quantified. Comparison of the corresponding quantum yields to the unrestricted motor delivers direct evidence for unidirectionality. This method can be used for any ultrafast molecular motor even in cases where no high energy intermediates are present during the rotation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lukas Regen-Pregizer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ani Ozcelik
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Roy P, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Ultrafast motion in a third generation photomolecular motor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1253. [PMID: 36878920 PMCID: PMC9988961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling molecular translation at the nanoscale is a key objective for development of synthetic molecular machines. Recently developed third generation photochemically driven molecular motors (3GMs), comprising pairs of overcrowded alkenes capable of cooperative unidirectional rotation offer the possibility of converting light energy into translational motion. Further development of 3GMs demands detailed understanding of their excited state dynamics. Here we use time-resolved absorption and emission to track population and coherence dynamics in a 3GM. Femtosecond stimulated Raman reveals real-time structural dynamics as the excited state evolves from a Franck-Condon bright-state through weakly-emissive dark-state to the metastable product, yielding new insight into the reaction coordinate. Solvent polarity modifies the photoconversion efficiency suggesting charge transfer character in the dark-state. The enhanced quantum yield correlates with suppression of a low-frequency flapping motion in the excited state. This detailed characterization facilitates development of 3GMs, suggesting exploitation of medium and substituent effects to modulate motor efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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6
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Jiang Y, Danowski W, Feringa BL, Heinke L. Nanoporous Films with Oriented Arrays of Molecular Motors for Photoswitching the Guest Adsorption and Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214202. [PMID: 36367076 PMCID: PMC10107543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are fascinating nanomachines. However, constructing smart materials from such functional molecules presents a severe challenge in material science. Here, we present a bottom-up layer-by-layer assembly of oriented overcrowded-alkene molecular motors forming a crystalline metal-organic framework thin film. While all stator parts of the overcrowded-alkene motors are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the rotors point into the pores, which are large enough allowing for the light-induced molecular rotation. Taking advantage of the thin film's transparency, the motor rotation and its activation energy are determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. As shown by gravimetric uptake experiments, molecular motors in crystalline porous materials are used, for the first time, to control the adsorption and diffusion properties of guest molecules in the pores, here, by switching with light between the (meta-)stable states. The work demonstrates the potential of designed materials with molecular motors and indicates a path for the future development of smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands.,University of Strasbourg CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Vainikka P, Marrink SJ. Martini 3 Coarse-Grained Model for Second-Generation Unidirectional Molecular Motors and Switches. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:596-604. [PMID: 36625495 PMCID: PMC9878727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors (MMs) and switches (MSs), capable of undergoing unidirectional rotation or switching under the appropriate stimuli, are being utilized in multiple complex and chemically diverse environments. Although thorough theoretical work utilizing QM and QM/MM methods have mapped out many of the critical properties of MSs and MMs, as the experimental setups become more complex and ambitious, there is an ever increasing need to study the behavior and dynamics of these molecules as they interact with their environment. To this end, we have parametrized two coarse-grained (CG) models of commonly used MMs and a model for an oxindole-based MS, which can be used to study the ground state behavior of MMs and MSs in large simulations for significantly longer periods of time. We also propose methods to perturb these systems which can allow users to approximate how such systems would respond to MMs rotating or the MSs switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Vainikka
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Lee IS, Min SK. Generalized Formulation of the Density Functional Tight Binding-Based Restricted Ensemble Kohn-Sham Method with Onsite Correction to Long-Range Correction. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3391-3409. [PMID: 35549266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a generalized formulation for the combination of the density functional tight binding (DFTB) approach and the state-interaction state-average spin-restricted ensemble-referenced Kohn-Sham (SI-SA-REKS or SSR) method by considering onsite correction (OC) as well as the long-range corrected (LC) functional. The OC contribution provides more accurate energies and analytic gradients for individual microstates, while the multireference character of the SSR provides the correct description for conical intersections. We benchmark the LC-OC-DFTB/SSR method against various DFTB calculation methods for excitation energies and conical intersection structures with π/π* or n/π* characters. Furthermore, we perform excited-state molecular dynamics simulations with a molecular rotary motor with variations of LC-OC-DFTB/SSR approaches. We show that the OC contribution to the LC functional is crucial to obtain the correct geometry of conical intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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9
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Dekhtyar ML. Brownian Photomotors Based on Organic Compounds: A Review. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-022-09726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy applied to photoinduced reactions: how and why. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:557-584. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Pooler DRS, Lubbe AS, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Designing light-driven rotary molecular motors. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14964-14986. [PMID: 34909140 PMCID: PMC8612399 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce and amplify motion at the molecular scale has seen tremendous progress ranging from simple molecular rotors to responsive materials. In the two decades since the discovery of light-driven rotary molecular motors, the development of these molecules has been extensive; moving from the realm of molecular chemistry to integration into dynamic molecular systems. They have been identified as actuators holding great potential to precisely control the dynamics of nanoscale devices, but integrating molecular motors effectively into evermore complex artificial molecular machinery is not trivial. Maximising efficiency without compromising function requires conscious and judicious selection of the structures used. In this perspective, we focus on the key aspects of motor design and discuss how to manipulate these properties without impeding motor integrity. Herein, we describe these principles in the context of molecular rotary motors featuring a central double bond axle and emphasise the strengths and weaknesses of each design, providing a comprehensive evaluation of all artificial light-driven rotary motor scaffolds currently present in the literature. Based on this discussion, we will explore the trajectory of research into the field of molecular motors in the coming years, including challenges to be addressed, potential applications, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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12
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Pooler DRS, Pierron R, Crespi S, Costil R, Pfeifer L, Léonard J, Olivucci M, Feringa BL. Effect of charge-transfer enhancement on the efficiency and rotary mechanism of an oxindole-based molecular motor. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7486-7497. [PMID: 34163839 PMCID: PMC8171491 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting energy and converting it into mechanical motion forms the basis for both natural and artificial molecular motors. Overcrowded alkene-based light-driven rotary motors are powered through sequential photochemical and thermal steps. The thermal helix inversion steps are well characterised and can be manipulated through adjustment of the chemical structure, however, the insights into the photochemical isomerisation steps still remain elusive. Here we report a novel oxindole-based molecular motor featuring pronounced electronic push-pull character and a four-fold increase of the photoisomerization quantum yield in comparison to previous motors of its class. A multidisciplinary approach including synthesis, steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopies, and electronic structure modelling was implemented to elucidate the excited state dynamics and rotary mechanism. We conclude that the charge-transfer character of the excited state diminishes the degree of pyramidalisation at the alkene bond during isomerisation, such that the rotational properties of this oxindole-based motor stand in between the precessional motion of fluorene-based molecular motors and the axial motion of biomimetic photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Pierron
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7504 F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Romain Costil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7504 F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena 53100 Siena Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio 43403 USA
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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13
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Kolodzeiski E, Amirjalayer S. Elucidating the Impact of Molecular Motors on Their Solvation Environment. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10879-10888. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, Münster 48149, Germany
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14
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Wilcken R, Huber L, Grill K, Guentner M, Schildhauer M, Thumser S, Riedle E, Dube H. Tuning the Ground and Excited State Dynamics of Hemithioindigo Molecular Motors by Changing Substituents. Chemistry 2020; 26:13507-13512. [PMID: 32692896 PMCID: PMC7702134 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficiency and performance of light triggered molecular motors are crucial features that need to be mechanistically understood to improve the performance and enable conscious property tailoring for specific applications. In this work, three different hemithioindigo-based molecular motors are investigated and all four steps in their complete unidirectional rotation are unraveled fully quantitatively. Transient absorption spectroscopy across twelve orders of magnitude in time is used to probe the fs nuclear motions up to the ms thermal kinetics, covering the timeframe of the whole motor rotation. The newly known full mechanisms allow simulation of the motor systems to scrutinize their performance at realistic illumination conditions. This highlights the importance of photoisomerization quantum yields for the rotation speed. The substitution pattern in close proximity to the rotation axle influences the excited and ground state properties. Reduction of electron donation and concomitant increase of steric hindrance leads to faster photoisomerization reactions with quasi-ballistic behavior, but also to a slight decrease in the quantum efficiency. The expected decelerating effects of increased sterics are primarily manifested in the ground state. A promising approach for next-generation hemithioindigo motors is to elevate electron donation at the rotor fragment followed by an increase of steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wilcken
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare OptikLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenOettingenstr. 6780538MünchenGermany
| | - Ludwig Huber
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F)81377MünchenGermany
| | - Kerstin Grill
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F)81377MünchenGermany
| | - Manuel Guentner
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F)81377MünchenGermany
| | - Monika Schildhauer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F)81377MünchenGermany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F)81377MünchenGermany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare OptikLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenOettingenstr. 6780538MünchenGermany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F)81377MünchenGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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15
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Zhang ZX, Zhang T, Shi PP, Zhang WY, Ye Q, Fu DW. Anion-Regulated Molecular Rotor Crystal: The First Case of a Stator-Rotator Double Switch with Relaxation Behavior. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4237-4244. [PMID: 31295405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular rotational motion is crucial in artificial molecular machines and is expected to be very significant for the development of an electronic information molecular machine as mentioned in the 2016 Nobel Prize. However, controlling multiple motor modes is a huge challenge. Here, we report a case in which the structural phase transition effectively triggers multiple motor modes by regulating the rotational speed of the cation and/or anion. A novel switchable crystalline supramolecular rotor, [(cyclohexylammonium)(18-crown-6)] FSO3 (1), exhibits prominent temperature-dependent double switching behavior at 157.9 and 389.1 K induced by the variation of the rotational speed of the FSO3- anion (which acts as a super miniature rotator) in response to temperature. Moreover, it exhibits significant relaxation behavior and excellent pyroelectric switch characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, this might be the first discovery of the stator-rotator double switch with a relaxation effect, which could be a promising candidate for a slow/fast responsive double switch over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Tie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Qiong Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
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16
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Amirjalayer S, Buma WJ. Light on the Structural Evolution of Photoresponsive Molecular Switches in Electronically Excited States. Chemistry 2019; 25:6252-6258. [PMID: 30576061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials are attracting extensive interest as they offer the opportunity to transform external inputs such as light into a functionality by control at the molecular level. As a result, a large number of molecular building units have been developed that enable switching between two or more states. Since the trajectory describing the transition between the various states defines the efficiency of the usually immobilized unit and the resulting functionality, it does not suffice to merely consider the initial and final states of the switching process. A key challenge is in fact to decipher at the atomic scale the actual motion that takes place after photoexcitation. Understanding and being able to manipulate this trajectory is crucial for an efficient implementation of photoactive molecular switches into functional materials, as well as to rationally develop novel tailor-made materials. In this Concept article, we highlight the potential to characterize in detail photoinitiated switching mechanisms by combining quantum chemical calculations with advanced laser spectroscopic techniques that probe the vibrational manifold of electronically excited states and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory &, Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Willhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Schildhauer M, Rott F, Thumser S, Mayer P, de Vivie‐Riedle R, Dube H. A Prospective Ultrafast Hemithioindigo Molecular Motor. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schildhauer
- Department für ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSMLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Florian Rott
- Department für ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department für ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSMLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department für ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSMLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
| | | | - Henry Dube
- Department für ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSMLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München D-81377 Munich Germany
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18
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Wiley TE, Konar A, Miller NA, Spears KG, Sension RJ. Primed for Efficient Motion: Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics and Optical Manipulation of a Four Stage Rotary Molecular Motor. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7548-7558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E. Wiley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Arkaprabha Konar
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Spears
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Roseanne J. Sension
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
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19
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Hall CR, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Mapping the Excited‐State Potential Energy Surface of a Photomolecular Motor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6203-6207. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
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20
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Hall CR, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Mapping the Excited‐State Potential Energy Surface of a Photomolecular Motor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
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21
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Wilcken R, Schildhauer M, Rott F, Huber LA, Guentner M, Thumser S, Hoffmann K, Oesterling S, de Vivie-Riedle R, Riedle E, Dube H. Complete Mechanism of Hemithioindigo Motor Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5311-5318. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wilcken
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, D-80538 München, Germany
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22
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Amirjalayer S, Martinez‐Cuezva A, Berna J, Woutersen S, Buma WJ. Photoinduced Pedalo-Type Motion in an Azodicarboxamide-Based Molecular Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1792-1796. [PMID: 29139183 PMCID: PMC5814897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined structural changes of molecular units that can be triggered by light are crucial for the development of photoactive functional materials. Herein, we report on a novel switch that has azodicarboxamide as its photo-triggerable element. Time-resolved UV-pump/IR probe spectroscopy in combination with quantum-chemical calculations shows that the azodicarboxamide functionality, in contrast to other azo-based chromophores, does not undergo trans-cis photoisomerization. Instead, a photoinduced pedalo-type motion occurs, which because of its volume-conserving properties enables the design of functional molecular systems with controllable motion in a confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWillhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)Heisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | | | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad de Murcia30100MurciaSpain
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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23
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Amirjalayer S, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J, Woutersen S, Buma WJ. Photoinduced Pedalo-Type Motion in an Azodicarboxamide-Based Molecular Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Willhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech); Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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24
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Domingos SR, Cnossen A, Buma WJ, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Schnell M. Cold Snapshot of a Molecular Rotary Motor Captured by High-Resolution Rotational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11209-11212. [PMID: 28556402 PMCID: PMC5599986 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present the first high‐resolution rotational spectrum of an artificial molecular rotary motor. By combining chirped‐pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and supersonic expansions, we captured the vibronic ground‐state conformation of a second‐generation motor based on chiral, overcrowded alkenes. The rotational constants were accurately determined by fitting more than 200 rotational transitions in the 2–4 GHz frequency range. Evidence for dissociation products allowed for the unambiguous identification and characterization of the isolated motor components. Experiment and complementary quantum‐chemical calculations provide accurate geometrical parameters for the C27H20 molecular motor, the largest molecule investigated by high‐resolution microwave spectroscopy to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R Domingos
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wybren J Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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25
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Beekmeyer R, Parkes MA, Ridgwell L, Riley JW, Chen J, Feringa BL, Kerridge A, Fielding HH. Unravelling the electronic structure and dynamics of an isolated molecular rotary motor in the gas-phase. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6141-6148. [PMID: 28989644 PMCID: PMC5627543 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-driven molecular motors derived from chiral overcrowded alkenes are an important class of compounds in which sequential photochemical and thermal rearrangements result in unidirectional rotation of one part of the molecule with respect to another. Here, we employ anion photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure and dynamics of a unidirectional molecular rotary motor anion in the gas-phase and quantum chemistry calculations to guide the interpretation of our results. We find that following photoexcitation of the first electronically excited state, the molecule rotates around its axle and some population remains on the excited potential energy surface and some population undergoes internal conversion back to the electronic ground state. These observations are similar to those observed in time-resolved measurements of rotary molecular motors in solution. This work demonstrates the potential of anion photoelectron spectroscopy for studying the electronic structure and dynamics of molecular motors in the gas-phase, provides important benchmarks for theory and improves our fundamental understanding of light-activated molecular rotary motors, which can be used to inform the design of new photoactivated nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Beekmeyer
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Luke Ridgwell
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Jamie W Riley
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Kerridge
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
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26
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27
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Domingos SR, Cnossen A, Buma WJ, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Schnell M. Cold Snapshot of a Molecular Rotary Motor Captured by High-Resolution Rotational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R. Domingos
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter; Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY; Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wybren J. Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter; Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY; Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Max-Eyth-Strasse 1 24118 Kiel Germany
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28
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Hall CR, Conyard J, Heisler IA, Jones G, Frost J, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Ultrafast Dynamics in Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motors Probed by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7408-7414. [PMID: 28486804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical isomerization in sterically crowded chiral alkenes is the driving force for molecular rotary motors in nanoscale machines. Here the excited-state dynamics and structural evolution of the prototypical light-driven rotary motor are followed on the ultrafast time scale by femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) and transient absorption (TA). TA reveals a sub-100-fs blue shift and decay of the Franck-Condon bright state arising from relaxation along the reactive potential energy surface. The decay is accompanied by coherently excited vibrational dynamics which survive the excited-state structural evolution. The ultrafast Franck-Condon bright state relaxes to a dark excited state, which FSRS reveals to have a rich spectrum compared to the electronic ground state, with the most intense Raman-active modes shifted to significantly lower wavenumber. This is discussed in terms of a reduced bond order of the central bridging bond and overall weakening of bonds in the dark state, which is supported by electronic structure calculations. The observed evolution in the FSRS spectrum is assigned to vibrational cooling accompanied by partitioning of the dark state between the product isomer and the original ground state. Formation of the product isomer is observed in real time by FSRS. It is formed vibrationally hot and cools over several picoseconds, completing the characterization of the light-driven half of the photocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Jamie Conyard
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Ismael A Heisler
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Garth Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - James Frost
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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29
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Pang X, Cui X, Hu D, Jiang C, Zhao D, Lan Z, Li F. “Watching” the Dark State in Ultrafast Nonadiabatic Photoisomerization Process of a Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motor. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1240-1249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Pang
- Key
Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices,
Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Key
Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices,
Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Deping Hu
- Qingdao Institute
of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Key
Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices,
Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key
Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices,
Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Qingdao Institute
of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Fuli Li
- Key
Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices,
Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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