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Qiao WC, Qiao H, Wang XL, Xu H, Xu F, Sun Z, Gao H, Yao YF. Ferroelectricity and Thermochromism in a 2D Dion-Jacobson Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310529. [PMID: 38148294 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have become one of the hottest research topics due to their excellent environmental stability and unique optoelectronic properties. Recently, the ferroelectricity and thermochromism of 2D OIHPs have attracted increasing interests. Integrating ferroelectricity and thermochromism into perovskites can significantly promote the development of multichannel intelligent devices. Here, a novel 2D Dion-Jacobson OIHP of the formula (3AMP)PbI4 (where 3AMP is 3-(aminomethyl)pyridinium) is reported, which has a remarkable spontaneous polarization value (Ps) of 15.6 µC cm-2 and interesting thermochromism. As far it is known, such a large Ps value is the highest for 2D OIHPs recorded so far. These findings will inspire further exploration and application of multifunctional perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Qiao
- Oujiang Laboratory, Innovation Academy of Testing Technology, Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Qiao
- Physics Department and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lu Wang
- Physics Department and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Fanchen Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics and Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Oujiang Laboratory, Innovation Academy of Testing Technology, Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
- Institute of Metabonomics and Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Feng Yao
- Physics Department and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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2
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Anta JA, Oskam G, Pistor P. The dual nature of metal halide perovskites. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:150901. [PMID: 38624112 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have brought about a disruptive shift in the field of third-generation photovoltaics. Their potential as remarkably efficient solar cell absorbers was first demonstrated in the beginning of the 2010s. However, right from their inception, persistent challenges have impeded the smooth adoption of this technology in the industry. These challenges encompass issues such as the lack of reproducibility in fabrication, limited mid- and long-term stability, and concerns over toxicity. Despite achieving record efficiencies that have outperformed even well-established technologies, such as polycrystalline silicon, these hurdles have hindered the seamless transition of this technology into industrial applications. In this Perspective, we discuss which of these challenges are rooted in the unique dual nature of metal halide perovskites, which simultaneously function as electronic and ionic semiconductors. This duality results in the intermingling of processes occurring at vastly different timescales, still complicating both their comprehensive investigation and the development of robust and dependable devices. Our discussion here undertakes a critical analysis of the field, addressing the current status of knowledge for devices based on halide perovskites in view of electronic and ionic conduction, the underlying models, and the challenges encountered when these devices are optoelectronically characterized. We place a distinct emphasis on the positive contributions that this area of research has not only made to the advancement of photovoltaics but also to the broader progress of solid-state physics and photoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Anta
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gerko Oskam
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yuc. 97310, Mexico
| | - Paul Pistor
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Xu Y, Chen J, Aydt AP, Zhang L, Sergeyev I, Keeler EG, Choi B, He S, Reichman DR, Friesner RA, Nuckolls C, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, McDermott AE. Electron and Spin Delocalization in [Co 6 Se 8 (PEt 3 ) 6 ] 0/+1 Superatoms. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300064. [PMID: 38057144 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clusters can function as nanoscale atoms/superatoms, assembling into superatomic solids, a new class of solid-state materials with designable properties through modifications on superatoms. To explore possibilities on diversifying building blocks, here we thoroughly studied one representative superatom, Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 . We probed its structural, electronic, and magnetic properties and revealed its detailed electronic structure as valence electrons delocalize over inorganic [Co6 Se8 ] core while ligands function as an insulated shell. 59 Co SSNMR measurements on the core and 31 P, 13 C on the ligands show that the neutral Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 is diamagnetic and symmetric, with all ligands magnetically equivalent. Quantum computations cross-validate NMR results and reveal degenerate delocalized HOMO orbitals, indicating aromaticity. Ligand substitution keeps the inorganic core nearly intact. After losing one electron, the unpaired electron in [Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 ]+1 is delocalized, causing paramagnetism and a delocalized electron spin. Notably, this feature of electron/spin delocalization over a large cluster is attractive for special single-electron devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Lichirui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ivan Sergeyev
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Eric G Keeler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ann E McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
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4
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Sarkar D, Bhattacharya A, Meyer J, Kirchberger AM, Mishra V, Nilges T, Michaelis VK. Unraveling Sodium-Ion Dynamics in Honeycomb-Layered Na 2Mg xZn 2-xTeO 6 Solid Electrolytes with Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19727-19745. [PMID: 37642533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have the potential to offer large-scale, safe, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage solutions by supplementing the industry-leading lithium-ion batteries. However, for the enhanced bulk properties of SIB components (e.g., solid electrolytes), a comprehensive understanding of their atomic-scale structure and the dynamic behavior of sodium (Na) ions is essential. Here, we utilize a robust multinuclear (23Na, 125Te, 25Mg, and 67Zn) magnetic resonance approach to explore a novel Mg/Zn homogeneously mixed-cation honeycomb-layered oxide Na2MgxZn2-xTeO6 solid solution series. These new intermediate compounds exhibit tailorable bulk Na-ion conductivity (σ) with the highest σ = 0.14 × 10-4 S cm-1 for Na2MgZnTeO6 at room temperature suitable for SIB solid electrolyte applications as observed by powder electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A combination of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) reveals highly crystalline phase-pure compounds in the P6322 space group. We show that the Mg/Zn disorder is random within the honeycomb layers using 125Te nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and resolve multiple Na sites using two-dimensional (triple-quantum magic-angle spinning (3QMAS)) 23Na NMR. The medium-range disorder in the honeycomb layer is revealed through the combination of 25Mg and 67Zn NMR, complemented by electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, we expose very fast local Na-ion hopping processes (hopping rate, 1/τNMR = 0.83 × 109 Hz) by using a laser to achieve variable high-temperature (∼860 K) 23Na NMR, which are sensitive to different Mg/Zn ratios. The Na2MgZnTeO6 with maximum Mg/Zn disorder displays the highest short-range Na-ion dynamics among all of the solid solution members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jan Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Kirchberger
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
- TUMint Energy Research GmbH, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
| | - Vidyanshu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tom Nilges
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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5
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Wu J, Chen J, Wang H. Phase Transition Kinetics of MAPbI 3 for Tetragonal-to-Orthorhombic Evolution. JACS AU 2023; 3:1205-1212. [PMID: 37124306 PMCID: PMC10131189 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the commonly observed phase-instability-induced photovoltaic degradation of MAPbI3, the phase transition kinetics at the atomic level remains elusive. Herein, by developing a stepwise NEB method, we clarify a nonsynergistic minimum-energy pathway for the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition. It is kinetically driven by the tilting of PbI6 4- that induces a spontaneous small rotation of adjoining MA+ and ends with stepwise ∼110° reorientations of two nonadjacent MA+ enabled by the cavity expansion. Compared to the common concerted mechanism, this process gives a low barrier of 0.08 eV/unit, demonstrating the easiness of the transition at extremely low temperatures and the importance of rotational entropies in regulating transition at elevated temperatures. With an explicit phase transition mechanism, we explore the structure-induced property response and reveal that introducing even low content of large-sized organic cations could help maintain the quasi-stable low-temperature performance of MAPbI3 solar cells.
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6
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Chaudhary M, Karmakar A, Mishra V, Bhattacharya A, Mumbaraddi D, Mar A, Michaelis VK. Effect of aliovalent bismuth substitution on structure and optical properties of CsSnBr 3. Commun Chem 2023; 6:75. [PMID: 37076629 PMCID: PMC10115781 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliovalent substitution of the B component in ABX3 metal halides has often been proposed to modify the band gap and thus the photovoltaic properties, but details about the resulting structure have remained largely unknown. Here, we examine these effects in Bi-substituted CsSnBr3. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid-state 119Sn, 133Cs and 209Bi nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were carried out to infer how Bi substitution changes the structure of these compounds. The cubic perovskite structure is preserved upon Bi-substitution, but with disorder in the B site occurring at the atomic level. Bi atoms are randomly distributed as they substitute for Sn atoms with no evidence of Bi segregation. The absorption edge in the optical spectra shifts from 1.8 to 1.2 eV upon Bi-substitution, maintaining a direct band gap according to electronic structure calculations. It is shown that Bi-substitution improves resistance to degradation by inhibiting the oxidation of Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Abhoy Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vidyanshu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dundappa Mumbaraddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Arthur Mar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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7
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Lavén R, Koza MM, Malavasi L, Perrichon A, Appel M, Karlsson M. Rotational Dynamics of Organic Cations in Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2784-2791. [PMID: 36898059 PMCID: PMC10041645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report results from quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies on the rotational dynamics of formamidinium (HC[NH2]2+, FA) and methylammonium (CH3NH3+, MA) cations in FA1-xMAxPbI3 with x = 0 and 0.4 and compare it to the dynamics in MAPbI3. For FAPbI3, the FA cation dynamics evolve from nearly isotropic rotations in the high-temperature (T > 285 K) cubic phase through reorientations between preferred orientations in the intermediate-temperature tetragonal phase (140 K < T ⩽ 285 K) to an even more complex dynamics, due to a disordered arrangement of the FA cations, in the low-temperature tetragonal phase (T ⩽ 140 K). For FA0.6MA0.4PbI3, the dynamics of the respective organic cations evolve from a relatively similar behavior to FAPbI3 and MAPbI3 at room temperature to a different behavior in the lower-temperature phases where the MA cation dynamics are a factor of 50 faster as compared to those of MAPbI3. This insight suggests that tuning the MA/FA cation ratio may be a promising approach to tailoring the dynamics and, in effect, optical properties of FA1-xMAxPbI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Lavén
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael M. Koza
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue
des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Adrien Perrichon
- ISIS
Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Appel
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue
des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Maths Karlsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Karmakar A, Bernard GM, Pominov A, Tabassum T, Chaklashiya R, Han S, Jain SK, Michaelis VK. Triangulating Dopant-Level Mn(II) Insertion in a Cs 2NaBiCl 6 Double Perovskite Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4485-4499. [PMID: 36787417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free metal halide double perovskites are gaining increasing attention for optoelectronic applications. Specifically, doping metal halide double perovskites using transition metals enables broadband tailorability of the optical bandgap for these emerging semiconducting materials. One candidate material is Mn(II)-doped Cs2NaBiCl6, but the nature of Mn(II) insertion on chemical structure is poorly understood due to low Mn loading. It is critical to determine the atomic-level structure at the site of Mn(II) incorporation in doped perovskites to better understand the structure-property relationships in these materials and thus to advance their applicability to optoelectronic applications. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is uniquely qualified to address this, and thus a comprehensive three-pronged strategy, involving solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, is used to identify the location of Mn(II) insertion in Cs2NaBiCl6. Multinuclear (23Na, 35Cl, 133Cs, and 209Bi) one-dimensional (1D) magnetic resonance spectra reveal a low level of Mn(II) incorporation, with select spins affected by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) induced by Mn(II) neighbors. EPR measurements confirm the oxidation state, octahedral symmetry, and low doping levels of the Mn(II) centers. Complementary EPR and NMR measurements confirm that the cubic structure is maintained with Mn(II) incorporation at room temperature, but the structure deviates slightly from cubic symmetry at low temperatures (<30 K). HYperfine Sublevel CORrelation (HYSCORE) EPR spectroscopy explores the electron-nuclear correlations of Mn(II) with 23Na, 133Cs, and 35Cl. The absence of 209Bi correlations suggests that Bi centers are replaced by Mn(II). Endogenous DNP NMR measurements from Mn(II) → 133Cs (<30 K) reveal that the solid effect is the dominant mechanism for DNP transfer and supports that Mn(II) is homogeneously distributed within the double-perovskite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhoy Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Guy M Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Arkadii Pominov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tarnuma Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raj Chaklashiya
- Materials Department, University of California─Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sheetal K Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Solid-State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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9
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Fykouras K, Lahnsteiner J, Leupold N, Tinnemans P, Moos R, Panzer F, de Wijs GA, Bokdam M, Grüninger H, Kentgens APM. Disorder to order: how halide mixing in MAPbI 3-xBr x perovskites restricts MA dynamics. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:4587-4597. [PMID: 37383090 PMCID: PMC10294545 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta09069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-halide lead perovskites are of particular interest for the design of tandem solar cells currently reaching record efficiencies. While halide phase segregation upon illumination of mixed perovskites is extensively studied, the effect of halide disorder on A cation dynamics is not well understood, despite its importance for charge carrier diffusion and lifetime. Here, we study the methylammonium (MA) reorientational dynamics in mixed halide MAPbI3-xBrx perovskites by a combined approach of experimental solid-state NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on machine-learning force-fields (MLFF). 207Pb NMR spectra indicate the halides are randomly distributed over their lattice positions, whereas PXRD measurements show that all mixed MAPbI3-xBrx samples are cubic. The experimental 14N spectra and 1H double-quantum (DQ) NMR data reveal anisotropic MA reorientations depending on the halide composition and thus associated disorder in the inorganic sublattice. MD calculations allow us to correlate these experimental results to restrictions of MA dynamics due to preferred MA orientations in their local Pb8I12-nBrn "cages". Based on the experimental and simulated results, we develop a phenomenological model that correlates the 1H dipolar coupling and thus the MA dynamics with the local composition and reproduces the experimental data over the whole composition range. We show that the dominant interaction between the MA cations and the Pb-X lattice that influences the cation dynamics is the local electrostatic potential being inhomogeneous in mixed halide systems. As such, we generate a fundamental understanding of the predominant interaction between the MA cations and the inorganic sublattice, as well as MA dynamics in asymmetric halide coordinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Fykouras
- Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Lahnsteiner
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Nico Leupold
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Gilles A de Wijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Menno Bokdam
- Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Netherlands
| | - Helen Grüninger
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Netherlands
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Netherlands
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10
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Tsai H, Ghosh D, Kinigstein E, Dryzhakov B, Driscoll H, Owczarek M, Hu B, Zhang X, Tretiak S, Nie W. Light-Induced Structural Dynamics and Charge Transport in Layered Halide Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:429-436. [PMID: 36603204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the metal halide perovskite lattice upon photoexcitation plays a vital role in their properties. Here we report an observation of light-induced structure dynamics in quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper phase perovskite thin films and its impact on the carrier transport properties. By a time-resolved X-ray scattering technique, we observe a rapid lattice expansion upon photoexcitation, followed by a slow relaxation over the course of 100 ns in the dark. Theoretical modeling suggests that the expansion originates from the lattice's thermal fluctuations caused by photon energy deposition. Power dependent optical spectroscopy and photoconductivity indicate that high laser powers triggered a strong local structural disorder, which increased the charge dissociation activation energy that results in localized transport. Our study investigates the impact of laser energy deposition on the lattices and the subsequent carrier transport properties, that are relevant to device operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinhan Tsai
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Dibyajyoti Ghosh
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Eli Kinigstein
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Bogdan Dryzhakov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Honora Driscoll
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Magdalena Owczarek
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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11
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Zhang Z, Qiao L, Meng K, Long R, Chen G, Gao P. Rationalization of passivation strategies toward high-performance perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:163-195. [PMID: 36454225 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown unprecedented development in efficiency and progressed relentlessly in improving stability. All the achievements have been accompanied by diverse passivation strategies to circumvent the pervasive defects in perovskite materials, which play crucial roles in the process of charge recombination, ion migration, and component degradation. Among the tremendous efforts made to solve these issues and achieve high-performance PSCs, we classify and review both well-established and burgeoning passivation strategies to provide further guidance for the passivation protocols in PSCs, including chemical passivation to eliminate defects by the formation of chemical bonds, physical passivation to eliminate defects by strain relaxation or physical treatments, energetic passivation to improve the stability toward light and oxygen, and field-effect passivation to regulate the interfacial carrier behavior. The subtle but non-trivial consequences from various passivation strategies need advanced characterization techniques combining synchrotron-based X-ray analysis, capacitance-based measurements, spatially resolved imaging, fluorescent molecular probe, Kelvin probe force microscope, etc., to scrutinize the mechanisms. In the end, challenges and prospective research directions on advancing these passivation strategies are proposed. Judicious combinations among chemical, physical, energetic, and field-effect passivation deserve more attention for future high-efficiency and stable perovskite photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ke Meng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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12
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Mishra A, Hope MA, Grätzel M, Emsley L. A Complete Picture of Cation Dynamics in Hybrid Perovskite Materials from Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:978-990. [PMID: 36580303 PMCID: PMC9853870 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic cations in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites rotate rapidly inside the cuboctahedral cavities formed by the inorganic lattice, influencing optoelectronic properties. Here, we provide a complete quantitative picture of cation dynamics for formamidinium-based perovskites and mixed-cation compositions, which are the most widely used and promising absorber layers for perovskite solar cells today. We use 2H and 14N quadrupolar solid-state NMR relaxometry under magic-angle spinning to determine the activation energy (Ea) and correlation time (τc) at room temperature for rotation about each principal axis of a series of organic cations. Specifically, we investigate methylammonium (MA+), formamidinium (FA+), and guanidinium (GUA+) cations in current state-of-the-art single- and multi-cation perovskite compositions. We find that MA+, FA+, and GUA+ all have at least one component of rotation that occurs on the picosecond timescale at room temperature, with MA+ and GUA+ also exhibiting faster and slower components, respectively. The cation dynamics depend on the symmetry of the inorganic lattice but are found to be insensitive to the degree of cation substitution. In particular, the FA+ rotation is invariant across all compositions studied here, when sufficiently above the phase transition temperature. We further identify an unusual relaxation mechanism for the 2H of MA+ in mechanosynthesized FAxMA1-xPbI3, which was found to result from physical diffusion to paramagnetic defects. This precise picture of cation dynamics will enable better understanding of the relationship between the organic cations and the optoelectronic properties of perovskites, guiding the design principles for more efficient perovskite solar cells in the future.
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13
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Gallop NP, Ye J, Greetham GM, Jansen TLC, Dai L, Zelewski SJ, Arul R, Baumberg JJ, Hoye RLZ, Bakulin AA. The effect of caesium alloying on the ultrafast structural dynamics of hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:22408-22418. [PMID: 36352854 PMCID: PMC9624371 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta05207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid inorganic-organic perovskites have attracted considerable attention over recent years as promising processable electronic materials. In particular, the rich structural dynamics of these 'soft' materials has become a subject of investigation and debate due to their direct influence on the perovskites' optoelectronic properties. Significant effort has focused on understanding the role and behaviour of the organic cations within the perovskite, as their rotational dynamics may be linked to material stability, heterogeneity and performance in (opto)electronic devices. To this end, we use two-dimensional IR spectroscopy (2DIR) to understand the effect of partial caesium alloying on the rotational dynamics of the methylammonium cation in the archetypal hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3. We find that caesium incorporation primarily inhibits the slower 'reorientational jump' modes of the organic cation, whilst a smaller effect on the fast 'wobbling time' may be due to distortions and rigidisation of the inorganic cuboctahedral cage. 2DIR centre-line-slope analysis further reveals that while static disorder increases with caesium substitution, the dynamic disorder (reflected in the phase memory of the N-H stretching mode of methylammonium) is largely independent of caesium addition. Our results contribute to the development of a unified model of cation dynamics within organohalide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Gallop
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 83 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Junzhi Ye
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Thomas L C Jansen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Linjie Dai
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Szymon J Zelewski
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rakesh Arul
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Robert L Z Hoye
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Artem A Bakulin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 83 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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14
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Landi N, Maurina E, Marongiu D, Simbula A, Borsacchi S, Calucci L, Saba M, Carignani E, Geppi M. Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Triple-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9517-9525. [PMID: 36200785 PMCID: PMC9575147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskites are the best candidates for perovskite-based photovoltaics, thanks to their higher efficiency and stability compared to the single-cation single-halide parent compounds. TripleMix (Cs0.05MA0.14FA0.81PbI2.55Br0.45 with FA = formamidinium and MA = methylammonium) is one of the most efficient and stable mixed perovskites for single-junction solar cells. The microscopic reasons why triple-cation perovskites perform so well are still under debate. In this work, we investigated the structure and dynamics of TripleMix by exploiting multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), which can provide this information at a level of detail not accessible by other techniques. 133Cs, 13C, 1H, and 207Pb SSNMR spectra confirmed the inclusion of all ions in the perovskite, without phase segregation. Complementary measurements showed a peculiar longitudinal relaxation behavior for the 1H and 207Pb nuclei in TripleMix with respect to single-cation single-halide perovskites, suggesting slower dynamics of both organic cations and halide anions, possibly related to the high photovoltaic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Landi
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Maurina
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Marongiu
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km. 0700, 09042Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelica Simbula
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km. 0700, 09042Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Borsacchi
- Institute
for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds - ICCOM, Italian National Research Council - CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124Pisa, Italy
- Center
for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa
(CISUP), 56126Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Calucci
- Institute
for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds - ICCOM, Italian National Research Council - CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124Pisa, Italy
- Center
for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa
(CISUP), 56126Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Saba
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km. 0700, 09042Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Carignani
- Institute
for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds - ICCOM, Italian National Research Council - CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
- Institute
for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds - ICCOM, Italian National Research Council - CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124Pisa, Italy
- Center
for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa
(CISUP), 56126Pisa, Italy
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15
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Mishra A, Hope MA, Almalki M, Pfeifer L, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Emsley L. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enables NMR of Surface Passivating Agents on Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15175-15184. [PMID: 35959925 PMCID: PMC9413210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Surface and bulk molecular modulators are the key to
improving
the efficiency and stability of hybrid perovskite solar cells. However,
due to their low concentration, heterogeneous environments, and low
sample mass, it remains challenging to characterize their structure
and dynamics at the atomic level, as required to establish structure–activity
relationships. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has revealed
a wealth of information on the atomic-level structure of hybrid perovskites,
but the inherent insensitivity of NMR severely limits its utility
to characterize thin-film samples. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)
can enhance NMR sensitivity by orders of magnitude, but DNP methods
for perovskite materials have so far been limited. Here, we determined
the factors that limit the efficiency of DNP NMR for perovskite samples
by systematically studying layered hybrid perovskite analogues. We
find that the fast-relaxing dynamic cation is the major impediment
to higher DNP efficiency, while microwave absorption and particle
morphology play a secondary role. We then show that the former can
be mitigated by deuteration, enabling 1H DNP enhancement
factors of up to 100, which can be harnessed to enhance signals from
dopants or additives present in very low concentrations. Specifically,
using this new DNP methodology at a high magnetic field and with small
sample volumes, we have recorded the NMR spectrum of the 20 nm (6
μg) passivating layer on a single perovskite thin film, revealing
a two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskite structure at the surface
that resembles the n = 1 homologue but which has
greater disorder than in bulk layered perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mishra
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Hope
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masaud Almalki
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Almalki M, Dučinskas A, Carbone LC, Pfeifer L, Piveteau L, Luo W, Lim E, Gaina PA, Schouwink PA, Zakeeruddin SM, Milić JV, Grätzel M. Nanosegregation in arene-perfluoroarene π-systems for hybrid layered Dion-Jacobson perovskites. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:6771-6776. [PMID: 35403184 PMCID: PMC9109678 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08311b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Layered hybrid perovskites are based on organic spacers separating hybrid perovskite slabs. We employ arene and perfluoroarene moieties based on 1,4-phenylenedimethylammonium (PDMA) and its perfluorinated analogue (F-PDMA) in the assembly of hybrid layered Dion-Jacobson perovskite phases. The resulting materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate the formation of layered perovskite phases. Moreover, their behaviour was probed in humid environments to reveal nanoscale segregation of layered perovskite species based on PDMA and F-PDMA components, along with enhanced stabilities of perfluoroarene systems, which is relevant to their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaud Almalki
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Algirdas Dučinskas
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Loï C Carbone
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Weifan Luo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Ethan Lim
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia A Gaina
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal A Schouwink
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jovana V Milić
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Shahrokhi S, Dubajic M, Dai ZZ, Bhattacharyya S, Mole RA, Rule KC, Bhadbhade M, Tian R, Mussakhanuly N, Guan X, Yin Y, Nielsen MP, Hu L, Lin CH, Chang SLY, Wang D, Kabakova IV, Conibeer G, Bremner S, Li XG, Cazorla C, Wu T. Anomalous Structural Evolution and Glassy Lattice in Mixed-Halide Hybrid Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200847. [PMID: 35484474 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid halide perovskites have emerged as highly promising photovoltaic materials because of their exceptional optoelectronic properties, which are often optimized via compositional engineering like mixing halides. It is well established that hybrid perovskites undergo a series of structural phase transitions as temperature varies. In this work, the authors find that phase transitions are substantially suppressed in mixed-halide hybrid perovskite single crystals of MAPbI3-x Brx (MA = CH3 NH3 + and x = 1 or 2) using a complementary suite of diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, as a general behavior, multiple crystallographic phases coexist in mixed-halide perovskites over a wide temperature range, and a slightly distorted monoclinic phase, hitherto unreported for hybrid perovskites, is dominant at temperatures above 100 K. The anomalous structural evolution is correlated with the glassy behavior of organic cations and optical phonons in mixed-halide perovskites. This work demonstrates the complex interplay between composition engineering and lattice dynamics in hybrid perovskites, shedding new light on their unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Shahrokhi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Milos Dubajic
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhi-Zhan Dai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Saroj Bhattacharyya
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard A Mole
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee, DC NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Kirrily C Rule
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee, DC NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ruoming Tian
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nursultan Mussakhanuly
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xinwei Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yuewei Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Michael P Nielsen
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Long Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chun-Ho Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shery L Y Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Irina V Kabakova
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Gavin Conibeer
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen Bremner
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Claudio Cazorla
- Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord B4-B5, Barcelona, E-08034, Spain
| | - Tom Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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18
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Lin CC, Huang SJ, Wu PH, Chen TP, Huang CY, Wang YC, Chen PT, Radeva D, Petrov O, Gelev VM, Sankar R, Chen CC, Chen CW, Yu TY. Direct investigation of the reorientational dynamics of A-site cations in 2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite by solid-state NMR. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1513. [PMID: 35314691 PMCID: PMC8938534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited methods are available for investigating the reorientational dynamics of A-site cations in two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (2D OIHPs), which play a pivotal role in determining their physical properties. Here, we describe an approach to study the dynamics of A-site cations using solid-state NMR and stable isotope labelling. 2H NMR of 2D OIHPs incorporating methyl-d3-ammonium cations (d3-MA) reveals the existence of multiple modes of reorientational motions of MA. Rotational-echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR of 2D OIHPs incorporating 15N- and ¹³C-labeled methylammonium cations (13C,15N-MA) reflects the averaged dipolar coupling between the C and N nuclei undergoing different modes of motions. Our study reveals the interplay between the A-site cation dynamics and the structural rigidity of the organic spacers, so providing a molecular-level insight into the design of 2D OIHPs. The reorientational dynamics of A-site cations in two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites play an important role in determining their physical properties. Here the authors use solid state NMR and isotope labelling to reveal multiple modes of reorientational motions of methylammonium cations and the role of structural rigidity of the organic spacers on their dynamics.
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19
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Hooper RW, Ni C, Tkachuk DG, He Y, Terskikh VV, Veinot JGC, Michaelis VK. Exploring Structural Nuances in Germanium Halide Perovskites Using Solid-State 73Ge and 133Cs NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1687-1696. [PMID: 35148108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites remain top candidates for higher-performance photovoltaic devices, but concerns about leading lead-based materials remain. Ge perovskites remain understudied for use in solar cells compared to their Sn-based counterparts. In this work, we undertake a combined 73Ge and 133Cs solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) study of the bulk CsGeX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) series. We show how seemingly small structural variations within germanium halide perovskites have major effects on their 73Ge and 133Cs NMR signatures and reveal a near-cubic phase at room temperature for CsGeCl3 with severe local Ge polyhedral distortion. Quantum chemical computations are effective at predicting the structural impact on NMR parameters for 73Ge and 133Cs. This study demonstrates the value of a combined solid-state NMR and DFT approach for investigating promising materials for energy applications, providing information that is out of reach with conventional characterization methods, and adds the challenging 73Ge nucleus to the NMR toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley W Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chuyi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dylan G Tkachuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Victor V Terskikh
- Metrology, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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20
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Organic molecular dynamics and charge-carrier lifetime in lead iodide perovskite MAPbI 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115812119. [PMID: 35046035 PMCID: PMC8795553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115812119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long charge carrier lifetime of the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) is the key for their remarkable performance as a solar cell material. The microscopic mechanism for the long lifetime is still in debate. Here, by using a muon spin relaxation technique that probes the fluctuation of local magnetic fields, we show that the muon depolarization rate (Δ) of a prototype HOIP methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) shows a sharp decrease with increasing temperature in two steps above 120 K and 190 K across the structural transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal structure at 162 K. Our analysis shows that the reduction of Δ is quantitatively in agreement with the expected behavior due to the rapid development of methyl ammonium (MA) jumping rotation around the C 3 and C 4 symmetry axes. Our results provide direct evidence for the intimate relation between the rotation of the electric dipoles of MA molecules and the charge carrier lifetime in HOIPs.
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21
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Li K, Li ZG, Xu J, Qin Y, Li W, Stroppa A, Butler KT, Howard CJ, Dove MT, Cheetham AK, Bu XH. Origin of Ferroelectricity in Two Prototypical Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:816-823. [PMID: 35005965 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) ferroelectrics are attracting considerable interest because of their high performance, ease of synthesis, and lightweight. However, the intrinsic thermodynamic origins of their ferroelectric transitions remain insufficiently understood. Here, we identify the nature of the ferroelectric phase transitions in displacive [(CH3)2NH2][Mn(N3)3] and order-disorder type [(CH3)2NH2][Mn(HCOO)3] via spatially resolved structural analysis and ab initio lattice dynamics calculations. Our results demonstrate that the vibrational entropy change of the extended perovskite lattice drives the ferroelectric transition in the former and also contributes importantly to that of the latter along with the rotational entropy change of the A-site. This finding not only reveals the delicate atomic dynamics in ferroelectric HOIPs but also highlights that both the local and extended fluctuation of the hybrid perovskite lattice can be manipulated for creating ferroelectricity by taking advantages of their abundant atomic, electronic, and phononic degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Alessandro Stroppa
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip. to di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Keith T Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Christopher J Howard
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Martin T Dove
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Anthony K Cheetham
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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22
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Su CY, Yao YF, Zhang ZX, Wang Y, Chen M, Huang PZ, Zhang Y, Qiao WC, Fu DW. The construction of a two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid double perovskite ferroelastic with a high Tc and narrow band gap. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4794-4800. [PMID: 35655872 PMCID: PMC9067571 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid double perovskites have attracted extensive research interest for their fascinating physical properties, such as ferroelectricity, X-ray detection, light response and so on. In addition, ferroelastics, as an important branch of ferroic materials, exhibits wide prospects in mechanical switches, shape memory and templating electronic nanostructures. Here, we designed a 2D phase-transition double perovskite ferroelastic through a structurally progressive strategy. This evolution is core to our construction process from 0D to 1D and AgBi-based 2D. In this way, we successfully synthesized 2D lead-free ferroelastic (DPA)4AgBiBr8 (DPA = 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-aminium) with a high Curie temperature (Tc), which shows a narrower band gap than 0D (DPA)4Bi2Br10 and 1D (DPA)5Pb2Br9. Moreover, the mechanism of structural phase transition and molecular motion are fully characterized by temperature dependent solid-state NMR and single crystal XRD. (DPA)4AgBiBr8 injects power into the discovery of new ferroelastics or the construction and dimensional adjustment in new hybrid double perovskites. By using a lead-free AgBi-based scheme, we successfully synthesized a two-dimensional double perovskite ferroelastic (DPA)4AgBiBr8 with high Tc of 375 K and a narrow band gap of 2.44 eV, where DPA is 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-aminium.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yuan Su
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Ye-Feng Yao
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhi-Xu Zhang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Pei-Zhi Huang
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Qiao
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Da-Wei Fu
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
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23
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Ptak M, Sieradzki A, Šimėnas M, Maczka M. Molecular spectroscopy of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites and related compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Krishna A, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Gallet T, Dankl M, Ouellette O, Eickemeyer FT, Fu F, Sanchez S, Mensi M, Zakeeruddin SM, Rothlisberger U, Manjunatha Reddy GN, Redinger A, Grätzel M, Hagfeldt A. Nanoscale interfacial engineering enables highly stable and efficient perovskite photovoltaics. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2021; 14:5552-5562. [PMID: 34745345 PMCID: PMC8513747 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee02454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a facile molecular-level interface engineering strategy to augment the long-term operational and thermal stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by tailoring the interface between the perovskite and hole transporting layer (HTL) with a multifunctional ligand 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid. The solar cells exhibited high operational stability (maximum powering point tracking at one sun illumination) with a stabilized T S80 (the time over which the device efficiency reduces to 80% after initial burn-in) of ≈5950 h at 40 °C and a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 23%. The origin of high device stability and performance is correlated to the nano/sub-nanoscale molecular level interactions between ligand and perovskite layer, which is further corroborated by comprehensive multiscale characterization. These results provide insights into the modulation of the grain boundaries, local density of states, surface bandgap, and interfacial recombination. Chemical analysis of aged devices showed that molecular passivation suppresses interfacial ion diffusion and inhibits the photoinduced I2 release that irreversibly degrades the perovskite. The interfacial engineering strategies enabled by multifunctional ligands can expedite the path towards stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Krishna
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Hong Zhang
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Zhiwen Zhou
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Gallet
- Scanning Probe Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Mathias Dankl
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouellette
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Felix T Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Fan Fu
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Sandy Sanchez
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Mounir Mensi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Valais Wallis CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - G N Manjunatha Reddy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
| | - Alex Redinger
- Scanning Probe Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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25
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Hartman JD, Mathews A, Harper JK. Fast and Accurate Electric Field Gradient Calculations in Molecular Solids With Density Functional Theory. Front Chem 2021; 9:751711. [PMID: 34692646 PMCID: PMC8529703 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.751711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern approaches for calculating electric field gradient (EFF) tensors in molecular solids rely upon plane-wave calculations employing periodic boundary conditions (PBC). In practice, models employing PBCs are limited to generalized gradient approximation (GGA) density functionals. Hybrid density functionals applied in the context of gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) calculations have been shown to substantially improve the accuracy of predicted NMR parameters. Here we propose an efficient method that effectively combines the benefits of both periodic calculations and single-molecule techniques for predicting electric field gradient tensors in molecular solids. Periodic calculations using plane-wave basis sets were used to model the crystalline environment. We then introduce a molecular correction to the periodic result obtained from a single-molecule calculation performed with a hybrid density functional. Single-molecule calculations performed using hybrid density functionals were found to significantly improve the agreement of predicted 17O quadrupolar coupling constants (C q ) with experiment. We demonstrate a 31% reduction in the RMS error for the predicted 17O C q values relative to standard plane-wave methods using a carefully constructed test set comprised of 22 oxygen-containing molecular crystals. We show comparable improvements in accuracy using five different hybrid density functionals and find predicted C q values to be relatively insensitive to the choice of basis set used in the single molecule calculation. Finally, the utility of high-accuracy 17O C q predictions is demonstrated by examining the disordered 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, Mt. San Jacinto College, Menifee, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Mathews
- Department of Chemistry, Mt. San Jacinto College, Menifee, CA, United States
| | - James K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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26
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NMR spectroscopy probes microstructure, dynamics and doping of metal halide perovskites. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:624-645. [PMID: 37118421 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique to probe atomic-level microstructure and structural dynamics in metal halide perovskites. It can be used to measure dopant incorporation, phase segregation, halide mixing, decomposition pathways, passivation mechanisms, short-range and long-range dynamics, and other local properties. This Review describes practical aspects of recording solid-state NMR data on halide perovskites and how these afford unique insights into new compositions, dopants and passivation agents. We discuss the applicability, feasibility and limitations of 1H, 13C, 15N, 14N, 133Cs, 87Rb, 39K, 207Pb, 119Sn, 113Cd, 209Bi, 115In, 19F and 2H NMR in typical experimental scenarios. We highlight the pivotal complementary role of solid-state mechanosynthesis, which enables highly sensitive NMR studies by providing large quantities of high-purity materials of arbitrary complexity and of chemical shifts calculated using density functional theory. We examine the broader impact of solid-state NMR on materials research and how its evolution over seven decades has benefitted structural studies of contemporary materials such as halide perovskites. Finally, we summarize some of the open questions in perovskite optoelectronics that could be addressed using solid-state NMR. We, thereby, hope to stimulate wider use of this technique in materials and optoelectronics research.
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27
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Aiello F, Masi S. The Contribution of NMR Spectroscopy in Understanding Perovskite Stabilization Phenomena. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2024. [PMID: 34443856 PMCID: PMC8398994 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been exploited since the late 1900s to study hybrid perovskite materials, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has only recently received extraordinary research attention in this field. This very powerful technique allows the study of the physico-chemical and structural properties of molecules by observing the quantum mechanical magnetic properties of an atomic nucleus, in solution as well as in solid state. Its versatility makes it a promising technique either for the atomic and molecular characterization of perovskite precursors in colloidal solution or for the study of the geometry and phase transitions of the obtained perovskite crystals, commonly used as a reference material compared with thin films prepared for applications in optoelectronic devices. This review will explore beyond the current focus on the stability of perovskites (3D in bulk and nanocrystals) investigated via NMR spectroscopy, in order to highlight the chemical flexibility of perovskites and the role of interactions for thermodynamic and moisture stabilization. The exceptional potential of the vast NMR tool set in perovskite structural characterization will be discussed, aimed at choosing the most stable material for optoelectronic applications. The concept of a double-sided characterization in solution and in solid state, in which the organic and inorganic structural components provide unique interactions with each other and with the external components (solvents, additives, etc.), for material solutions processed in thin films, denotes a significant contemporary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Aiello
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Sofia Masi
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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28
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Drużbicki K, Gaboardi M, Fernandez-Alonso F. Dynamics & Spectroscopy with Neutrons-Recent Developments & Emerging Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1440. [PMID: 33947108 PMCID: PMC8125526 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work provides an up-to-date overview of recent developments in neutron spectroscopic techniques and associated computational tools to interrogate the structural properties and dynamical behavior of complex and disordered materials, with a focus on those of a soft and polymeric nature. These have and continue to pave the way for new scientific opportunities simply thought unthinkable not so long ago, and have particularly benefited from advances in high-resolution, broadband techniques spanning energy transfers from the meV to the eV. Topical areas include the identification and robust assignment of low-energy modes underpinning functionality in soft solids and supramolecular frameworks, or the quantification in the laboratory of hitherto unexplored nuclear quantum effects dictating thermodynamic properties. In addition to novel classes of materials, we also discuss recent discoveries around water and its phase diagram, which continue to surprise us. All throughout, emphasis is placed on linking these ongoing and exciting experimental and computational developments to specific scientific questions in the context of the discovery of new materials for sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Drużbicki
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mattia Gaboardi
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Felix Fernandez-Alonso
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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29
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Li WH, Lee CH, Ling TY, Ma MH, Wei PC, He JH, Wu CM, Peng JC, Xu G, Zhao Y, Lynn JW. Enhanced lattice perfection by low temperature thermal annealing in photoelectric (CH 3NH 3)PbBr 3. PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS 2021; 5:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.025401. [PMID: 38487078 PMCID: PMC10938366 DOI: 10.1103/physrevmaterials.5.025401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The coupling between the organic CH3NH3+ cations and inorganic perovskite PbBr3- framework in a large single crystal of (CH3NH3)PbBr3 weighting 13 g was studied using neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering. Two lattice incommensurate (ICM) phases were found, one at higher temperatures, marked ICMHT, which appeared between 147 and 135 K. The second one, marked ICMLT, developed below 143 K and remained at 75 K. The transition from the ICMLT to ICMHT phase upon warming gave rise to extremely large lattice shrinking, followed by extremely large lattice expansion of the tetragonal basal plane of the PbBr3 lattice. There was a progressive decrease in the width of the Bragg peaks from the PbBr3 lattice upon warming, which can be described using a critical exponent for each type of Bragg peak to show complete ordering of the atoms into a (CH3NH3)PbBr3 lattice at 194 K. (CH3NH3)PbBr3 exhibits six definitive acoustic-like phonon branches at 75 K. The six branches renormalizes into two at 200 K, with the frequencies of both the transverse and longitudinal modes greatly enhanced. The asymmetric structure of the CH3NH3 ions helps to understand the observed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsien Li
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lee
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yin Ling
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ma-Hsuan Ma
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chun Wei
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jr-Hau He
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun-Min Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Guangyong Xu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Lynn
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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30
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Grüninger H, Bokdam M, Leupold N, Tinnemans P, Moos R, De Wijs GA, Panzer F, Kentgens APM. Microscopic (Dis)order and Dynamics of Cations in Mixed FA/MA Lead Halide Perovskites. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:1742-1753. [PMID: 33542781 PMCID: PMC7848893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of high efficiency perovskite solar cells are based on stabilization of the perovskite crystal structure of FAPbI3 while preserving its excellent optoelectronic properties. Compositional engineering of, for example, MA or Br mixed into FAPbI3 results in the desired effects, but detailed knowledge of local structural features, such as local (dis)order or cation interactions of formamidinium (FA) and methylammonium (MA), is still limited. This knowledge is, however, crucial for their further development. Here, we shed light on the microscopic distribution of MA and FA in mixed perovskites MA1-x FA x PbI3 and MA0.15FA0.85PbI2.55Br0.45 by combining high-resolution double-quantum 1H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with state-of-the-art near-first-principles accuracy molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using machine-learning force-fields (MLFFs). We show that on a small local scale, partial MA and FA clustering takes place over the whole MA/FA compositional range. A reasonable driving force for the clustering might be an increase of the dynamical freedom of FA cations in FA-rich regions. While MA0.15FA0.85PbI2.55Br0.45 displays similar MA and FA ordering as the MA1-x FA x PbI3 systems, the average cation-cation interaction strength increased significantly in this double mixed material, indicating a restriction of the space accessible to the cations or their partial immobilization upon Br- incorporation. Our results shed light on the heterogeneities in cation composition of mixed halide perovskites, helping to exploit their full optoelectronic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Grüninger
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- H.G.: email,
| | - Menno Bokdam
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Sciences, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 8/12, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty
of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- M.G.: email,
| | - Nico Leupold
- Department
of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department
of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gilles A. De Wijs
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Department
of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- A.P.M.K.: email,
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31
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Karmakar A, Bhattacharya A, Sarkar D, Bernard GM, Mar A, Michaelis VK. Influence of hidden halogen mobility on local structure of CsSn(Cl 1-x Br x ) 3 mixed-halide perovskites by solid-state NMR. Chem Sci 2020; 12:3253-3263. [PMID: 34164094 PMCID: PMC8179406 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05614f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tin halide perovskites are promising candidates for lead-free photovoltaic and optoelectronic materials, but not all of them have been well characterized. It is essential to determine how the bulk photophysical properties are correlated with their structures at both short and long ranges. Although CsSnCl3 is normally stable in the cubic perovskite structure only above 379 K, it was prepared as a metastable phase at room temperature. The transition from the cubic to the monoclinic phase, which is the stable form at room temperature, was tracked by solid-state 133Cs NMR spectroscopy and shown to take place through a first-order kinetics process. The complete solid solution CsSn(Cl1−xBrx)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was successfully prepared, exhibiting cubic perovskite structures extending between the metastable CsSnCl3 and stable CsSnBr3 end-members. The NMR spectra of CsSnBr3 samples obtained by three routes (high-temperature, mechanochemical, and solvent-assisted reactions) show distinct chemical shift ranges, spin-lattice relaxation parameters and peak widths, indicative of differences in local structure, defects and degree of crystallinity within these samples. Variable-temperature 119Sn spin-lattice relaxation measurements reveal spontaneous mobility of Br atoms in CsSnBr3. The degradation of CsSnBr3, exposed to an ambient atmosphere for nearly a year, was monitored by NMR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, as well as by optical absorption spectroscopy. Unravelling the atomic-level chemical structure, slow phase conversion or degradation pathways and rapid halogen hopping of cesium tin(ii) halide perovskites using solid-state 119Sn and 133Cs NMR spectroscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhoy Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Diganta Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Guy M Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Arthur Mar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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32
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Bernard GM, Michaelis VK. Lead-207 NMR spectroscopy at 1.4 T: Application of benchtop instrumentation to a challenging I = ½ nucleus. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1203-1212. [PMID: 32364623 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The practicality of obtaining liquid- and solid-state 207 Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra with a low permanent-field magnet is investigated. Obtaining 207 Pb NMR spectra of salts in solution is shown to be viable for samples as dilute as 0.05 M. The concentration dependence of the 207 Pb chemical shifts for lead nitrate was investigated; the results are comparable with those obtained with high-field instruments. Likewise, the isotope effect of substituting D2 O for H2 O as the solvent was investigated and found to be comparable with those reported previously. Obtaining solid-state 207 Pb NMR spectra is challenging, but we demonstrate the ability to obtain such spectra for three unique solid samples. An axially symmetric 207 Pb powder pattern for lead nitrate and the powder pattern expected for lead chloride reveal linewidths dominated by shielding anisotropy, while 207 Pb-35/37 Cl J-coupling dominates in the methylammonium lead chloride perovskite material. Finally, recent innovations and the future potential of the instruments are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy M Bernard
- Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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33
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Piveteau L, Morad V, Kovalenko MV. Solid-State NMR and NQR Spectroscopy of Lead-Halide Perovskite Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19413-19437. [PMID: 32986955 PMCID: PMC7677932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two- and three-dimensional lead-halide perovskite (LHP) materials are novel semiconductors that have generated broad interest owing to their outstanding optical and electronic properties. Characterization and understanding of their atomic structure and structure-property relationships are often nontrivial as a result of the vast structural and compositional tunability of LHPs as well as the enhanced structure dynamics as compared with oxide perovskites or more conventional semiconductors. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy contributes to this thrust through its unique capability of sampling chemical bonding element-specifically (1/2H, 13C, 14/15N, 35/37Cl, 39K, 79/81Br, 87Rb, 127I, 133Cs, and 207Pb nuclei) and locally and shedding light onto the connectivity, geometry, topology, and dynamics of bonding. NMR can therefore readily observe phase transitions, evaluate phase purity and compositional and structural disorder, and probe molecular dynamics and ionic motion in diverse forms of LHPs, in which they can be used practically, ranging from bulk single crystals (e.g., in gamma and X-ray detectors) to polycrystalline films (e.g., in photovoltaics, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes) and colloidal nanocrystals (e.g., in liquid crystal displays and future quantum light sources). Herein we also outline the immense practical potential of nuclear quadrupolar resonance (NQR) spectroscopy for characterizing LHPs, owing to the strong quadrupole moments, good sensitivity, and high natural abundance of several halide nuclei (79/81Br and 127I) combined with the enhanced electric field gradients around these nuclei existing in LHPs as well as the instrumental simplicity. Strong quadrupole interactions, on one side, make 79/81Br and 127I NMR rather impractical but turn NQR into a high-resolution probe of the local structure around halide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piveteau
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- CNRS,
UPR 3079, CEMHTI, Orléans, 45071 Cedex 02, France
| | - Viktoriia Morad
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
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34
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Kubicki D, Saski M, MacPherson S, Gal̷kowski K, Lewiński J, Prochowicz D, Titman JJ, Stranks SD. Halide Mixing and Phase Segregation in Cs 2AgBiX 6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) Double Perovskites from Cesium-133 Solid-State NMR and Optical Spectroscopy. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:8129-8138. [PMID: 33071455 PMCID: PMC7558408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic double perovskites (elpasolites) are a promising potential alternatives to lead halide perovskites in optoelectronic applications. Although halide mixing is a well-established strategy for band gap tuning, little is known about halide mixing and phase segregation phenomena in double perovskites. Here, we synthesize a wide range of single- and mixed-halide Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) double perovskites using mechanosynthesis and probe their atomic-level microstructure using 133Cs solid-state MAS NMR. We show that mixed Cl/Br materials form pure phases for any Cl/Br ratio while Cl/I and Br/I mixing is only possible within a narrow range of halide ratios (<3 mol % I) and leads to a complex mixture of products for higher ratios. We characterize the optical properties of the resulting materials and show that halide mixing does not lead to an appreciable tunability of the PL emission. We find that iodide incorporation is particularly pernicious in that it quenches the PL emission intensity and radiative charge carrier lifetimes for iodide ratios as low as 0.3 mol %. Our study shows that solid-state NMR, in conjunction with optical spectroscopies, provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationships, halide mixing, and phase segregation phenomena in Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) double perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik
J. Kubicki
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Marcin Saski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01−224, Poland
| | - Stuart MacPherson
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Krzysztof Gal̷kowski
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń 87−100, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01−224, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Daniel Prochowicz
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01−224, Poland
| | - Jeremy J. Titman
- School
of
Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, U.K.
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35
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Karmakar A, Bernard GM, Meldrum A, Oliynyk AO, Michaelis VK. Tailorable Indirect to Direct Band-Gap Double Perovskites with Bright White-Light Emission: Decoding Chemical Structure Using Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10780-10793. [PMID: 32426971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efficient white-light-emitting single-material sources are ideal for sustainable lighting applications. Though layered hybrid lead-halide perovskite materials have demonstrated attractive broad-band white-light emission properties, they pose a serious long-term environmental and health risk as they contain lead (Pb2+) and are readily soluble in water. Recently, lead-free halide double perovskite (HDP) materials with a generic formula A(I)2B'(III)B″(I)X6 (where A and B are cations and X is a halide ion) have demonstrated white-light emission with improved photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Here, we present a series of Bi3+/In3+ mixed-cationic Cs2Bi1-xInxAgCl6 HDP solid solutions that span the indirect to direct band-gap modification which exhibit tailorable optical properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate an indirect-direct band-gap crossover composition when x > 0.50. These HDP materials emit over the entire visible light spectrum, centered at 600 ± 30 nm with full-width at half maxima of ca. 200 nm upon ultraviolet light excitation and a maximum PLQY of 34 ± 4% for Cs2Bi0.085In0.915AgCl6. Short-range structural insight for these materials is crucial to unravel the unique atomic-level structural properties which are difficult to distinguish by diffraction-based techniques. Hence, we demonstrate the advantage of using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to deconvolute the local structural environments of these mixed-cationic HDPs. Using ultrahigh-field (21.14 T) NMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei (115In, 133Cs, and 209Bi), we show that there is a high degree of atomic-level B'(III)/B″(I) site ordering (i.e., no evidence of antisite defects). Furthermore, a combination of XRD, NMR, and DFT calculations was used to unravel the complete atomic-level random Bi3+/In3+ cationic mixing in Cs2Bi1-xInxAgCl6 HDPs. Briefly, this work provides an advance in understanding the photophysical properties that correlate long- to short-range structural elucidation of these newly developed solid-state white-light emitting HDP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhoy Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Guy M Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alkiviathes Meldrum
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Anton O Oliynyk
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York 10471, United States
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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36
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Solanki A, Tavakoli MM, Xu Q, Dintakurti SSH, Lim SS, Bagui A, Hanna JV, Kong J, Sum TC. Heavy Water Additive in Formamidinium: A Novel Approach to Enhance Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907864. [PMID: 32350935 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy water or deuterium oxide (D2 O) comprises deuterium, a hydrogen isotope twice the mass of hydrogen. Contrary to the disadvantages of deuterated perovskites, such as shorter recombination lifetimes and lower/invariant efficiencies, the serendipitous effect of D2 O as a beneficial solvent additive for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of triple-A cation (cesium (Cs)/methylammonium (MA)/formaminidium (FA)) perovskite solar cells from ≈19.2% (reference) to 20.8% (using 1 vol% D2 O) with higher stability is reported. Ultrafast optical spectroscopy confirms passivation of trap states, increased carrier recombination lifetimes, and enhanced charge carrier diffusion lengths in the deuterated samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy validate the N-H2 group as the preferential isotope exchange site. Furthermore, the NMR results reveal the induced alteration of the FA to MA ratio due to deuteration causes a widespread alteration to several dynamic processes that influence the photophysical properties. First-principles density functional theory calculations reveal a decrease in PbI6 phonon frequencies in the deuterated perovskite lattice. This stabilizes the PbI6 structures and weakens the electron-LO phonon (Fröhlich) coupling, yielding higher electron mobility. Importantly, these findings demonstrate that selective isotope exchange potentially opens new opportunities for tuning perovskite optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Solanki
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Department of Science, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, 382007, India
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Tavakoli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Qiang Xu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Sai S H Dintakurti
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Department of Physics, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Swee Sien Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Anirban Bagui
- Centre of Excellence for Green Energy and Sensors Systems, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - John V Hanna
- Department of Physics, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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37
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Aebli M, Piveteau L, Nazarenko O, Benin BM, Krieg F, Verel R, Kovalenko MV. Lead-Halide Scalar Couplings in 207Pb NMR of APbX 3 Perovskites (A = Cs, Methylammonium, Formamidinium; X = Cl, Br, I). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8229. [PMID: 32427897 PMCID: PMC7237655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure and dynamics of newcomer optoelectronic materials - lead halide perovskites APbX3 [A = Cs, methylammonium (CH3NH3+, MA), formamidinium (CH(NH2)2+, FA); X = Cl, Br, I] - has been a major research thrust. In this work, new insights could be gained by using 207Pb solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at variable temperatures between 100 and 300 K. The existence of scalar couplings 1JPb-Cl of ca. 400 Hz and 1JPb-Br of ca. 2.3 kHz could be confirmed for MAPbX3 and CsPbX3. Diverse and fast structure dynamics, including rotations of A-cations, harmonic and anharmonic vibrations of the lead-halide framework and ionic mobility, affect the resolution of the coupling pattern. 207Pb NMR can therefore be used to detect the structural disorder and phase transitions. Furthermore, by comparing bulk and nanocrystalline CsPbBr3 a greater structural disorder of the PbBr6-octahedra had been confirmed in a nanoscale counterpart, not readily captured by diffraction-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Aebli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), UPR 3079 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Olga Nazarenko
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan M Benin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Krieg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - René Verel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland.
| | - Maksym V Kovalenko
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093, Switzerland.
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Switzerland.
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38
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Kubicki DJ, Prochowicz D, Salager E, Rakhmatullin A, Grey CP, Emsley L, Stranks SD. Local Structure and Dynamics in Methylammonium, Formamidinium, and Cesium Tin(II) Mixed-Halide Perovskites from 119Sn Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7813-7826. [PMID: 32242661 PMCID: PMC7311059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Organic–inorganic
tin(II) halide perovskites have emerged
as promising alternatives to lead halide perovskites in optoelectronic
applications. While they suffer from considerably poorer performance
and stability in comparison to their lead analogues, their performance
improvements have so far largely been driven by trial and error efforts
due to a critical lack of methods to probe their atomic-level microstructure.
Here, we identify the challenges and devise a 119Sn solid-state
NMR protocol for the determination of the local structure of mixed-cation
and mixed-halide tin(II) halide perovskites as well as their degradation
products and related phases. We establish that the longitudinal relaxation
of 119Sn can span 6 orders of magnitude in this class of
compounds, which makes judicious choice of experimental NMR parameters
essential for the reliable detection of various phases. We show that
Cl/Br and I/Br mixed-halide perovskites form solid alloys in any ratio,
while only limited mixing is possible for I/Cl compositions. We elucidate
the degradation pathways of Cs-, MA-, and FA-based tin(II) halides
and show that degradation leads to highly disordered, qualitatively
similar products, regardless of the A-site cation and halide. We detect
the presence of metallic tin among the degradation products, which
we suggest could contribute to the previously reported high conductivities
in tin(II) halide perovskites. 119Sn NMR chemical shifts
are a sensitive probe of the halide coordination environment as well
as of the A-site cation composition. Finally, we use variable-temperature
multifield relaxation measurements to quantify ion dynamics in MASnBr3 and establish activation energies for motion and show that
this motion leads to spontaneous halide homogenization at room temperature
whenever two different pure-halide perovskites are put in physical
contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik J Kubicki
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics (CB3 0HE), University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, U.K.,Department of Chemistry (CB2 1EW), University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel Prochowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elodie Salager
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), UPR 3079 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans 45071, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR 3459 CNRS, 33 Rue Saint Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Aydar Rakhmatullin
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), UPR 3079 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans 45071, France
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry (CB2 1EW), University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics (CB3 0HE), University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CB3 0AS), University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, U.K
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39
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Chen Y, Smock SR, Flintgruber AH, Perras FA, Brutchey RL, Rossini AJ. Surface Termination of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Determined by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6117-6127. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chen
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sara R. Smock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | | | - Richard L. Brutchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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40
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Franssen WMJ, van Heumen CMM, Kentgens APM. Structural Investigations of MA 1-xDMA xPbI 3 Mixed-Cation Perovskites. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3730-3739. [PMID: 32118409 PMCID: PMC7252946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a number of variations to the hybrid perovskite structure have been suggested in order to improve on the properties of methylammonium lead iodide, the archetypical hybrid halide perovskite material. In particular, with respect to the chemical stability of the material, steps should be taken. We performed an in-depth analysis of the structure of MAPbI3 upon incorporation of dimethylammonium (DMA) in order to probe the integrity of the perovskite lattice in relation to changes in the organic cation. This material, with formula MA1-xDMAxPbI3, adopts a 3D perovskite structure for 0 < x < 0.2, while a nonperovskite yellow phase is formed for 0.72 < x < 1. In the perovskite phase, the methylammonium and dimethylammonium ions are distributed randomly throughout the lattice. For 0.05 < x < 0.2, the phase-transition temperature of the material is lowered when compared to that of pure MAPbI3 (x = 0). The material, although disordered, has apparent cubic symmetry at room temperature. This leads to a small increase in the band gap of the material of about 20 meV. Using 14N NMR relaxation experiments, the reorientation times of the MA and DMA cations in MA0.8DMA0.2PbI3 were established to be 1.6 and 2.6 ps, respectively, indicating that both ions are very mobile in this material, on par with the MA ions in MAPbI3. All of the produced MA1-xDMAxPbI3 materials were richer in DMA than the precursor solution from which they were crystallized, indicating that DMA incorporation is energetically favorable and suggesting a higher thermodynamic stability of these materials when compared to that of pure MAPbI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter M J Franssen
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy M M van Heumen
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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41
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Shi P, Ding Y, Ren Y, Shi X, Arain Z, Liu C, Liu X, Cai M, Cao G, Nazeeruddin MK, Dai S. Template-Assisted Formation of High-Quality α-Phase HC(NH 2) 2PbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901591. [PMID: 31728291 PMCID: PMC6839747 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium (FA) lead halide (α-FAPbI3) perovskites are promising materials for photovoltaic applications because of their excellent light harvesting capability (absorption edge 840 nm) and long carrier diffusion length. However, it is extremely difficult to prepare a pure α-FAPbI3 phase because of its easy transformation into a nondesirable δ-FAPbI3 phase. In the present study, a "perovskite" template (MAPbI3-FAI-PbI2-DMSO) structure is used to avoid and suppress the formation of δ-FAPbI3 phases. The perovskite structure is formed via postdeposition involving the treatment of colloidal MAI-PbI2-DMSO film with FAI before annealing. In situ X-ray diffraction in vacuum shows no detectable δ-FAPbI3 phase during the whole synthesis process when the sample is annealed from 100 to 180 °C. This method is found to reduce defects at grain boundaries and enhance the film quality as determined by means of photoluminescence mapping and Kelvin probe force microscopy. The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated by this method demonstrate a much-enhanced short-circuit current density ( J sc) of 24.99 mA cm-2 and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.24%, which is the highest efficiency reported for pure FAPbI3, with great stability under 800 h of thermal ageing and 500 h of light soaking in nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Yong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Yingke Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Zulqarnain Arain
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Xuepeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Molang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
| | - Guozhong Cao
- Institute of Materials Science & EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle98195USA
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Songyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy SourcesNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin‐Film Solar CellsBeijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean UtilizationNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China
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42
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Caliandro R, Altamura D, Belviso BD, Rizzo A, Masi S, Giannini C. Investigating temperature-induced structural changes of lead halide perovskites by in situ X-ray powder diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s160057671901166x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ X-ray diffraction experiments offer a unique opportunity to investigate structural dynamics at atomic resolution, by collecting several patterns in an appropriate time sequence (data matrix) while varying the applied stimulus (e.g. temperature changes). Individual measurements can be processed independently by refinement procedures that are based on prior knowledge of the average structure of each crystal phase present in the sample. If the refinement converges, parameters of the average structural model can be assessed and studied as a function of the stimulus variations. An alternative approach consists in applying a multivariate analysis to the data matrix as a whole. Methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and phase-sensitive detection perform fast, blind and model-independent calculations that can be used for on-site analysis to identify trends in data actually related to the applied stimulus. Both classical and multivariate approaches are here applied to the in situ X-ray diffraction pair distribution function (PDF) setup on two samples of the hybrid perovskite methylammonium (MA) lead iodide obtained by different synthetic routes, subjected to temperature variations. The PDF refinement allows assessing the occurrence of temperature-induced rotations of the PbI6 octahedra and variations in the relative amount of MAPbI3 and intermediate PbI2–MAI–DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) crystal phases. A change in the orientation of the methylammonium molecule with temperature is also characterized. Results of the multivariate analysis tools, which include a newly introduced space-dependent variant of PCA, are described, interpreted and validated against simulated data, and their specificity and relation to refinement results are highlighted. The interaction between nearby octahedra is identified as the driving force for the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition, and three fundamental trends in data having different temperature behaviours are unveiled: (i) irreversible weight-fraction variations of the MAPbI3 and PbI2–MAI–DMSO phases; (ii) reversible structural changes related to the MAPbI3 crystalline phase and its lattice distortion in the ab plane, having the same frequency as the temperature variations; (iii) reversible lattice distortion along the c axis, occurring at twice the frequency of the temperature changes.
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43
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Franssen WMJ, Kentgens APM. Solid-state NMR of hybrid halide perovskites. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 100:36-44. [PMID: 30927717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of perovskite based solar cells have increased the demand for in-depth characterisation of the perovskite structures and the dynamics of their various constituents in relation to the potential impact on the photovoltaic performance. NMR can play an important role in this respect; NMR has been used to study the incorporation of different ionic species, characterize their internal dynamics and diffusion, and monitor the chemical stability of these technologically relevant materials, including upcoming lower dimensional perovskite materials. Furthermore, the flexibility of NMR allows the study of the materials under relevant conditions e.g. under illumination. Here we present an overview of the recent literature on NMR of (hybrid) halide perovskites, focusing on the insights that NMR can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter M J Franssen
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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44
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Maheshwari S, Fridriksson MB, Seal S, Meyer J, Grozema FC. The Relation between Rotational Dynamics of the Organic Cation and Phase Transitions in Hybrid Halide Perovskites. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:14652-14661. [PMID: 31258830 PMCID: PMC6591771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rotational dynamics of an organic cation in hybrid halide perovskites is intricately linked to the phase transitions that are known to occur in these materials; however, the exact relation is not clear. We have performed detailed model studies on methylammonium lead iodide and formamidinium lead iodide to unravel the relation between rotational dynamics and phase behavior. We show that the occurrence of the phase transitions is due to a subtle interplay between dipole-dipole interactions between the organic cations, specific (hydrogen bonding) interactions between the organic cation and the lead iodide lattice, and deformation of the lead iodide lattice in reaction to the reduced rotational motion of the organic cations. This combination of factors results in phase transitions at specific temperatures, leading to the formation of large organized domains of dipoles. The latter can have significant effects on the electronic structure of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Maheshwari
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5045, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus B. Fridriksson
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5045, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sayan Seal
- Gorlaeus
Laberatories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Gorlaeus
Laberatories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C. Grozema
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5045, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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45
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Varadwaj PR, Varadwaj A, Marques HM, Yamashita K. Significance of hydrogen bonding and other noncovalent interactions in determining octahedral tilting in the CH 3NH 3PbI 3 hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cell semiconductor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:50. [PMID: 30631082 PMCID: PMC6328624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CH3NH3PbI3 (methylammonium lead triiodide) perovskite semiconductor system has been viewed as a blockbuster research material during the last five years. Because of its complicated architecture, several of its technological, physical and geometrical issues have been examined many times. Yet this has not assisted in overcoming a number of problems in the field nor in enabling the material to be marketed. For instance, these studies have not clarified the nature and type of hydrogen bonding and other noncovalent interactions involved; the origin of hysteresis; the actual role of the methylammonium cation; the nature of polarity associated with the tetragonal geometry; the unusual origin of various frontier orbital contributions to the conduction band minimum; the underlying phenomena of spin-orbit coupling that causes significant bandgap reduction; and the nature of direct-to-indirect bandgap transition features. Arising from many recent reports, it is now a common belief that the I···H–N interaction formed between the inorganic framework and the ammonium group of CH3NH3+ is the only hydrogen bonded interaction responsible for all temperature-dependent geometrical polymorphs of the system, including the most stable one that persists at low-temperatures, and the significance of all other noncovalent interactions has been overlooked. This study focussed only on the low temperature orthorhombic polymorph of CH3NH3PbI3 and CD3ND3PbI3, where D refers deuterium. Together with QTAIM, DORI and RDG based charge density analyses, the results of density functional theory calculations with PBE with and without van der Waals corrections demonstrate that the prevailing view of hydrogen bonding in CH3NH3PbI3 is misleading as it does not alone determine the a−b+a− tilting pattern of the PbI64− octahedra. This study suggests that it is not only the I···H/D–N, but also the I···H/D–C hydrogen/deuterium bonding and other noncovalent interactions (viz. tetrel-, pnictogen- and lump-hole bonding interactions) that are ubiquitous in the orthorhombic CH3NH3PbI3/CD3ND3PbI3 perovskite geometry. Their interplay determines the overall geometry of the polymorph, and are therefore responsible in part for the emergence of the functional optical properties of this material. This study also suggests that these interactions should not be regarded as the sole determinants of octahedral tilting since lattice dynamics is known to play a critical role as well, a common feature in many inorganic perovskites both in the presence and the absence of the encaged cation, as in CsPbI3/WO3 perovskites, for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan. .,CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan. .,The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8560, Japan.
| | - Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan.,CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8560, Japan
| | - Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan.,CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
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46
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Karmakar A, Dodd MS, Zhang X, Oakley MS, Klobukowski M, Michaelis VK. Mechanochemical synthesis of 0D and 3D cesium lead mixed halide perovskites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5079-5082. [PMID: 30969291 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09622h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simplified mechanochemical synthesis approach for Cs-containing mixed halide perovskite materials of lower and higher dimensionality (0D and 3D, respectively) is presented with stoichiometric control from their halide salts, CsX and PbX2 (X = Cl, Br, I). Excellent optical bandgap tunability through halide substitution is supported by property measurements and changes to the materials' structure. Complementary NMR and XRD methods, along with support from DFT calculations, reveal highly crystalline 0D and 3D solid solutions with a complex arrangement of [PbX6-xXx']4- pseudooctahedra caused by halide distribution about the Pb centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhoy Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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47
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Gallop NP, Selig O, Giubertoni G, Bakker HJ, Rezus YLA, Frost JM, Jansen TLC, Lovrincic R, Bakulin AA. Rotational Cation Dynamics in Metal Halide Perovskites: Effect on Phonons and Material Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5987-5997. [PMID: 30260646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of organic cations in metal halide hybrid perovskites (MHPs) have been investigated using numerous experimental and computational techniques because of their suspected effects on the properties of MHPs. In this Perspective, we summarize and reconcile key findings and present new data to synthesize a unified understanding of the dynamics of the cations. We conclude that theory and experiment collectively paint a relatively complete picture of rotational dynamics within MHPs. This picture is then used to discuss the consequences of structural dynamics for electron-phonon interactions and their effect on material properties by providing a brief account of key studies that correlate cation dynamics with the dynamics of the inorganic sublattice and overall device properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Gallop
- Ultrafast Optoelectronics Group, Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Oleg Selig
- AMOLF , Science Park 104 , 1098 XG Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Huib J Bakker
- AMOLF , Science Park 104 , 1098 XG Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Yves L A Rezus
- AMOLF , Science Park 104 , 1098 XG Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Physics , Kings College London , London WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Thomas L C Jansen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Lovrincic
- InnovationLab Heidelberg and TU Braunschweig , Speyerer Str. 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Artem A Bakulin
- Ultrafast Optoelectronics Group, Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
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48
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Franssen WMJ, Bruijnaers BJ, Portengen VHL, Kentgens APM. Dimethylammonium Incorporation in Lead Acetate Based MAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:3107-3115. [PMID: 30221826 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, several different pathways have been suggested for producing perovskite thin films for solar cell applications. While the merit of these methods with respect to the solar cell efficiency have been shown, the actual composition of the resulting thin films is often not investigated. Here, we show that methylammonium lead iodide films produced using lead acetate as a lead source can have up to 15 % dimethylammonium incorporated into their crystal structure, even though this ion is often consider to be too large for incorporation. The origin of this ion lies in the precursor solution, where it is formed in a reaction that is facilitated by the basic character of the acetate ions. We further show that these dimethylammonium ions are incorporated in a random fashion throughout the crystal structure, owing to the lack of observable ordered domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter M J Franssen
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Solid State NMR, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bardo J Bruijnaers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Molecular, Materials and Nanosystems, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Victor H L Portengen
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Solid State NMR, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Solid State NMR, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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49
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Cordero F, Craciun F, Trequattrini F, Imperatori P, Paoletti AM, Pennesi G. Competition between Polar and Antiferrodistortive Modes and Correlated Dynamics of the Methylammonium Molecules in MAPbI 3 from Anelastic and Dielectric Measurements. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4401-4406. [PMID: 30027742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the exceptional photovoltaic properties of the metallorganic perovskites are still debated and include a ferroelectric (FE) state from the ordering of the electric dipoles of the organic molecules. We present the first anelastic (complex Young's modulus) and new dielectric measurements on CH3NH3PbI3, which provide new insight into the reorientation dynamics of the organic molecules and the reason why they do not form a FE state. The permittivity is fitted within the tetragonal phase with an expression that includes the coupling between FE and octahedral tilt modes, indicating that the coupling is competitive and prevents FE ordering. The onset of the orthorhombic phase is accompanied by sharp stiffening, analogous to the drop of permittivity, due to the hindered molecular dynamics. On further cooling, an intense anelastic relaxation process without a dielectric counterpart suggests the reorientation of clusters of molecules with strong antiferroelectric correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cordero
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR) , Area della Ricerca di Roma - Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , I-00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Floriana Craciun
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR) , Area della Ricerca di Roma - Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , I-00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Francesco Trequattrini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR) , Area della Ricerca di Roma - Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , I-00133 Roma , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma "La Sapienza" , p.le A. Moro 2 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Patrizia Imperatori
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria, Km 29.300 , I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Paoletti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria, Km 29.300 , I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma , Italy
| | - Giovanna Pennesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria, Km 29.300 , I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma , Italy
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50
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Senocrate A, Moudrakovski I, Maier J. Short-range ion dynamics in methylammonium lead iodide by multinuclear solid state NMR and 127I NQR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20043-20055. [PMID: 30022194 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the short-range ion dynamics in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3, the archetypal halide perovskite) by means of solid-state NMR (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N and 207Pb) and Nuclear Quadrupolar Resonance (127I NQR), in combination with molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on the rotational motion of the methylammonium (MA) cation, and on the interaction between MA and the inorganic lattice, since these processes are linked to electronic carrier lifetimes, optical and electronic properties and even structural stability of this promising solar cell material. We show that the motion of the MA cation can be described by a bi-axial rotation, with similar interactions of CH3 and NH3+ groups with the inorganic framework. This motion becomes nearly isotropic above the cubic phase transition, dominating the spin-lattice relaxation of 1H, 13C and 15N through spin-rotational interactions. In addition, we observe strong cross-relaxation between 207Pb and 127I, which fully controls spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation in 207Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Senocrate
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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