1
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Hariharan A, Bready CJ, Ajello JG, Black SH, Shields GC, Johnson CJ. Stability and Structure of Potentially Atmospherically Relevant Glycine Ammonium Bisulfate Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4268-4278. [PMID: 38752426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is the process by which trace atmospheric acids and bases cluster and grow into particles that ultimately impact climate. Sulfuric acid concentration drives NPF, but nitrogen-containing bases promote the formation of more stable clusters via salt bridge formation. Recent computational efforts have suggested that amino acids can enhance NPF, predicting that they can stabilize new particles via multiple protonation sites, but there has yet to be experimental validation of these predictions. We used mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy to study the structure and stability of cationic clusters composed of glycine, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. When collisionally activated, clusters were significantly more likely to eliminate ammonia or sulfuric acid than glycine, while quantum chemical calculations predicted lower binding free energies for ammonia but similar binding free energies for glycine and sulfuric acid. These calculations predicted several low-energy structures, so we compared experimental and computed vibrational spectra to attempt to validate the computationally predicted minimum energy structure. Unambiguous identification of the experimental structure by comparison to these calculations was made difficult by the complexity of the experimental spectra and the fact that the identity of the computed lowest-energy structure depended strongly on temperature. If their vapors are present, amino acids are likely to be enriched in new particles by displacing more weakly bound ammonia, similar to the behavior of other atmospheric amines. The carboxylic acid groups were found to preferentially interact with other carboxylic acids, suggesting incipient organic/inorganic phase separation even at these small sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapoorani Hariharan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Conor J Bready
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Jack G Ajello
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Samantha H Black
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - George C Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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2
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Wu H, Engsvang M, Knattrup Y, Kubečka J, Elm J. Improved Configurational Sampling Protocol for Large Atmospheric Molecular Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:45065-45077. [PMID: 38046341 PMCID: PMC10688134 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation process leading to the formation of new atmospheric particles plays a crucial role in aerosol research. Quantum chemical (QC) calculations can be used to model the early stages of aerosol formation, where atmospheric vapor molecules interact and form stable molecular clusters. However, QC calculations heavily depend on the chosen computational method, and when dealing with large systems, striking a balance between accuracy and computational cost becomes essential. We benchmarked the binding energies and structures and found the B97-3c method to be a good compromise between the accuracy and computational cost for studying large cluster systems. Further, we carefully assessed configurational sampling procedures for targeting large atmospheric molecular clusters containing up to 30 molecules (approximately 2 nm in diameter) and proposed a funneling approach with highly improved accuracy. We find that several parallel ABCluster explorations lead to better guesses for the cluster global energy minimum structures than one long exploration. This methodology allows us to bridge computational studies of molecular clusters, which typically reach only around 1 nm, with experimental studies that often measure particles larger than 2 nm. By employing this workflow, we searched for low-energy configurations of large sulfuric acid-ammonia and sulfuric acid-dimethylamine clusters. We find that the binding free energies of clusters containing dimethylamine are unequivocally more stable than those of the ammonia-containing clusters. Our improved configurational sampling protocol can in the future be applied to study the growth and dynamics of large clusters of arbitrary compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haide Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus
University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten Engsvang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus
University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yosef Knattrup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus
University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus
University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus
University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Kubečka J, Neefjes I, Besel V, Qiao F, Xie HB, Elm J. Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid-Multi-Base New Particle Formation Revealed through Quantum Chemistry Enhanced by Machine Learning. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2091-2103. [PMID: 36811954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The formation of molecular clusters and secondary aerosols in the atmosphere has a significant impact on the climate. Studies typically focus on the new particle formation (NPF) of sulfuric acid (SA) with a single base molecule (e.g., dimethylamine or ammonia). In this work, we examine the combinations and synergy of several bases. Specifically, we used computational quantum chemistry to perform configurational sampling (CS) of (SA)0-4(base)0-4 clusters with five different types of bases: ammonia (AM), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA). Overall, we studied 316 different clusters. We used a traditional multilevel funnelling sampling approach augmented by a machine-learning (ML) step. The ML made the CS of these clusters possible by significantly enhancing the speed and quality of the search for the lowest free energy configurations. Subsequently, the cluster thermodynamics properties were evaluated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. The calculated binding free energies were used to evaluate the cluster stabilities for population dynamics simulations. The resultant SA-driven NPF rates and synergies of the studied bases are presented to show that DMA and EDA act as nucleators (although EDA becomes weak in large clusters), TMA acts as a catalyzer, and AM/MA is often overshadowed by strong bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Ivo Neefjes
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00140, Finland
| | - Vitus Besel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00140, Finland
| | - Fukang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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Fárník M. Bridging Gaps between Clusters in Molecular-Beam Experiments and Aerosol Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:287-294. [PMID: 36598955 PMCID: PMC9841566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clusters in molecular beam experiments can mimic aerosol nanoclusters and provide molecular-level details for various processes relevant to atmospheric aerosol research. Aerosol nanoclusters, particles of sizes below 10 nm, are difficult to investigate in ambient atmosphere and thus represent a gap in our understanding of the new particle formation process. Recent field measurements and laboratory experiments are closing this gap; however, experiments with clusters in molecular beams are rarely involved. Yet, they can offer an unprecedented detailed insight into the processes including particles in this size range. In this Perspective, we discuss several up-to-date molecular beam experiments with clusters and demonstrate that the investigated clusters approach aerosol nanoclusters in terms of their complexity and chemistry. We examine remaining gaps between atmospheric aerosols and clusters in molecular beams and speculate about future experiments bridging these gaps.
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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6
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Bready CJ, Fowler VR, Juechter LA, Kurfman LA, Mazaleski GE, Shields GC. The driving effects of common atmospheric molecules for formation of prenucleation clusters: the case of sulfuric acid, formic acid, nitric acid, ammonia, and dimethyl amine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1469-1486. [PMID: 36561556 PMCID: PMC9648633 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
How secondary aerosols form is critical as aerosols' impact on Earth's climate is one of the main sources of uncertainty for understanding global warming. The beginning stages for formation of prenucleation complexes, that lead to larger aerosols, are difficult to decipher experimentally. We present a computational chemistry study of the interactions between three different acid molecules and two different bases. By combining a comprehensive search routine covering many thousands of configurations at the semiempirical level with high level quantum chemical calculations of approximately 1000 clusters for every possible combination of clusters containing a sulfuric acid molecule, a formic acid molecule, a nitric acid molecule, an ammonia molecule, a dimethylamine molecule, and 0-5 water molecules, we have completed an exhaustive search of the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS//ωB97X-D/6-31++G** Gibbs free energy surface for this system. We find that the detailed geometries of each minimum free energy cluster are often more important than traditional acid or base strength. Addition of a water molecule to a dry cluster can enhance stabilization, and we find that the (SA)(NA)(A)(DMA)(W) cluster has special stability. Equilibrium calculations of SA, FA, NA, A, DMA, and water using our quantum chemical ΔG° values for cluster formation and realistic estimates of the concentrations of these monomers in the atmosphere reveals that nitric acid can drive early stages of particle formation just as efficiently as sulfuric acid. Our results lead us to believe that particle formation in the atmosphere results from the combination of many different molecules that are able to form highly stable complexes with acid molecules such as SA, NA, and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J. Bready
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Vance R. Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Leah A. Juechter
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Luke A. Kurfman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Grace E. Mazaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - George C. Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
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7
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Cai R, Yin R, Yan C, Yang D, Deng C, Dada L, Kangasluoma J, Kontkanen J, Halonen R, Ma Y, Zhang X, Paasonen P, Petäjä T, Kerminen VM, Liu Y, Bianchi F, Zheng J, Wang L, Hao J, Smith JN, Donahue NM, Kulmala M, Worsnop DR, Jiang J. The missing base molecules in atmospheric acid-base nucleation. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac137. [PMID: 36196118 PMCID: PMC9522409 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation of low-volatility gaseous precursors to new particles affects aerosol number concentration, cloud formation and hence the climate. The clustering of acid and base molecules is a major mechanism driving fast nucleation and initial growth of new particles in the atmosphere. However, the acid–base cluster composition, measured using state-of-the-art mass spectrometers, cannot explain the measured high formation rate of new particles. Here we present strong evidence for the existence of base molecules such as amines in the smallest atmospheric sulfuric acid clusters prior to their detection by mass spectrometers. We demonstrate that forming (H2SO4)1(amine)1 is the rate-limiting step in atmospheric H2SO4-amine nucleation and the uptake of (H2SO4)1(amine)1 is a major pathway for the initial growth of H2SO4 clusters. The proposed mechanism is very consistent with measured new particle formation in urban Beijing, in which dimethylamine is the key base for H2SO4 nucleation while other bases such as ammonia may contribute to the growth of larger clusters. Our findings further underline the fact that strong amines, even at low concentrations and when undetected in the smallest clusters, can be crucial to particle formation in the planetary boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlong Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , 100029 , China
| | - Dongsen Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , 210044 , China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Jenni Kontkanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Roope Halonen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University , 135 Yaguan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , China
| | - Yan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , 210044 , China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , 100029 , China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Jun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , 210044 , China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - James N Smith
- Chemistry Department, University of California , Irvine , CA 92697 , USA
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA 15213 , USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA 15213 , USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , 00014 , Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica , MA , MA 01821 , USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
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8
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Fomete SKW, Johnson JS, Myllys N, Jen CN. Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Enhancement of Alkanolamines on Sulfuric Acid Nucleation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4057-4067. [PMID: 35729723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) are extensively used for CO2 capture and consumer products. Despite their prevalence in industrial applications, the fate of alkanolamines in the atmosphere remains relatively unknown. One likely reaction pathway for these chemicals in the atmosphere is new particle formation with sulfuric acid. Here, we present the first experimental results showing the formation of sulfuric acid dimers enhanced by MEA, DEA, and TEA from the measurement of molecular clusters. This study examines the nucleation reactions of MEA, DEA, and TEA with sulfuric acid in a clean, laminar flow reactor. The chemical compositions and concentrations of the freshly nucleated clusters were analyzed using a custom-built atmospheric pressure chemical ionization long time-of-flight mass spectrometer known as the Pittsburgh Cluster CIMS. Quantum chemical calculations and kinetic modeling of sulfuric acid-MEA/DEA/TEA clusters were also performed to determine relative cluster stabilities between these sulfuric acid-base systems. Experimental results indicate that MEA, DEA, and TEA at the part per trillion by volume (pptv) concentrations can enhance sulfuric acid dimer formation rates but to a lesser extent than dimethylamine (DMA). Thus, MEA, DEA, and TEA will potentially play an important role in new particle formation in industrial cities where these alkanolamines are emitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K W Fomete
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jack S Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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9
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Elm J. Clusteromics III: Acid Synergy in Sulfuric Acid-Methanesulfonic Acid-Base Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15206-15214. [PMID: 35572753 PMCID: PMC9089749 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base molecular clusters are an important stage in atmospheric new particle formation. While such clusters are most likely multicomponent in nature, there are very few reports on clusters consisting of multiple acid molecules and multiple base molecules. By applying state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods, we herein study electrically neutral (SA)1(MSA)1(base)0-2 clusters with base = ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA) and ethylenediamine (EDA). The cluster structures are obtained using a funneling approach employing the ABCluster program, semiempirical PM7 calculations and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations. The final binding free energies are calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory using the quasi-harmonic approximation. Based on the calculated cluster geometries and thermochemistry (at 298.15 K and 1 atm), we find that the mixed (SA)1(MSA)1(base)1-2 clusters more resemble the (SA)2(base)1-2 clusters compared to the (MSA)2(base)1-2 clusters. Hence, some of the steric hindrance and lack of hydrogen bond capacity previously observed in the (MSA)2(base)1-2 clusters is diminished in the corresponding (SA)1(MSA)1(base)1-2 clusters. Cluster kinetics simulations reveal that the presence of an MSA molecule in the clusters enhances the cluster formation potential by up to a factor of 20. We find that the SA-MSA-DMA clusters have the highest cluster formation potential, and thus, this system should be further extended to larger sizes in future studies.
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10
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Liu M, Myllys N, Han Y, Wang Z, Chen L, Liu W, Xu J. Microscopic Insights Into the Formation of Methanesulfonic Acid–Methylamine–Ammonia Particles Under Acid-Rich Conditions. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.875585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the microscopic mechanisms of new particle formation under acid-rich conditions is of significance in atmospheric science. Using quantum chemistry calculations, we investigated the microscopic formation mechanism of methanesulfonic acid (MSA)–methylamine (MA)–ammonia (NH3) clusters. We focused on the binary (MSA)2n-(MA)n and ternary (MSA)3n-(MA)n-(NH3)n, (n = 1–4) systems which contain more acid than base molecules. We found that the lowest-energy isomers in each system possess considerable thermodynamic and dynamic stabilities. In studied cluster structures, all bases are protonated, and they form stable ion pairs with MSA, which contribute to the charge transfer and the stability of clusters. MA and NH3 have a synergistic effect on NPF under acid-rich conditions, and the role of NH3 becomes more remarkable as cluster size increases. The excess of MSA molecules does not only enhance the stability of clusters, but provides potential sites for further growth.
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11
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Park DH, Cho C, Kim H, Park RJ, Anderson B, Lee T, Huey GL, Wennberg PO, Weinheimer AJ, Yum SS, Long R, Kim SW. Boundary layer versus free tropospheric submicron particle formation: A case study from NASA DC-8 observations in the Asian continental outflow during the KORUS-AQ campaign. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2021; 264:1-11. [PMID: 36936135 PMCID: PMC10019524 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we contrasted major secondary inorganic species and processes responsible for submicron particle formation (SPF) events in the boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere (FT) over the Korean Peninsula during Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign (May-June, 2016) using aircraft observations. The number concentration of ultrafine particles with diameters between 3 nm and 10 nm (NCN3-10) during the entire KORUS-AQ period reached a peak (7,606 ± 12,003 cm -3) at below 1 km altitude, implying that the particle formation around the Korean Peninsula primarily occurred in the daytime BL. During the BL SPF case (7 May, 2016), the SPF over Seoul metropolitan area was more attributable to oxidation of NO2 rather than SO2-to-sulfate conversion. From the analysis of the relationship between nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and temperature or relative humidity (RH), NOR showed a positive correlation only with temperature. This suggests that homogeneous gas-phase reactions of NO2 with OH or O3 contributed to nitrate formation. From the relationship between NCN3-10 (> 10,000 cm-3) and the NOR (or sulfur oxidation ratio) at Olympic Park in Seoul during the entire KORUS-AQ period, it was regarded that the relative importance of nitrogen oxidation was grown as the NCN3-10 increased. During the FT SPF case (31 May, 2016) over the yellow sea, the SO2-to-sulfate conversion seemed to influence SPF highly. The sulfate/CO ratio had a positive correlation with both the temperature and RH, suggesting that aqueous-phase pathways as well as gas-phase reactions might be attributable to sulfate formation in the FT. In particular, FT SPF event on 31 May was possibly caused by the direct transport of SO2 precursors from the continent above the shallow marine boundary layer under favorable conditions for FT SPF events, such as decreased aerosol surface area and increased solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyeon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeyoon Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonmin Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Taehyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea
| | - Greg L. Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Seong Soo Yum
- Department of Atmosphere Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Russell Long
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Abstract
Synergistic effects between different bases can greatly enhance atmospheric sulfuric acid (SA)-base cluster formation. However, only the synergy between two base components has previously been investigated. Here, we extend this concept to three bases by studying large atmospherically relevant (SA)3(base)3 clusters, with the bases ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA) and ethylenediamine (EDA). Using density functional theory—ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p)—we calculate the cluster structures and vibrational frequencies. The thermochemical parameters are calculated at 29,815 K and 1 atm, using the quasi-harmonic approximation. The binding energies of the clusters are calculated using high level DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ. We find that the cluster stability in general depends on the basicity of the constituent bases, with some noteworthy additional guidelines: DMA enhances the cluster stability, TMA decreases the cluster stability and there is high synergy between DMA and EDA. Based on our calculations, we find it highly likely that three, or potentially more, different bases, are involved in the growth pathways of sulfuric acid-base clusters.
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13
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Yin R, Yan C, Cai R, Li X, Shen J, Lu Y, Schobesberger S, Fu Y, Deng C, Wang L, Liu Y, Zheng J, Xie H, Bianchi F, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Jiang J. Acid-Base Clusters during Atmospheric New Particle Formation in Urban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10994-11005. [PMID: 34338506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clustering is the initial step of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) that generates numerous secondary particles. Using two online mass spectrometers with and without a chemical ionization inlet, we characterized the neutral clusters and the naturally charged ion clusters during NPF periods in urban Beijing. In ion clusters, we observed pure sulfuric acid (SA) clusters, SA-amine clusters, SA-ammonia (NH3) clusters, and SA-amine-NH3 clusters. However, only SA clusters and SA-amine clusters were observed in the neutral form. Meanwhile, oxygenated organic molecule (OOM) clusters charged by a nitrate ion and a bisulfate ion were observed in ion clusters. Acid-base clusters correlate well with the occurrence of sub-3 nm particles, whereas OOM clusters do not. Moreover, with the increasing cluster size, amine fractions in ion acid-base clusters decrease, while NH3 fractions increase. This variation results from the reduced stability differences between SA-amine clusters and SA-NH3 clusters, which is supported by both quantum chemistry calculations and chamber experiments. The lower average number of dimethylamine (DMA) molecules in atmospheric ion clusters than the saturated value from controlled SA-DMA nucleation experiments suggests that there is insufficient DMA in urban Beijing to fully stabilize large SA clusters, and therefore, other basic molecules such as NH3 play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | - Yueyun Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongbin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Myllys N, Myers D, Chee S, Smith JN. Molecular properties affecting the hydration of acid-base clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13106-13114. [PMID: 34060578 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, water in all phases is ubiquitous and plays important roles in catalyzing atmospheric chemical reactions, participating in cluster formation and affecting the composition of aerosol particles. Direct measurements of water-containing clusters are limited because water is likely to evaporate before detection, and therefore, theoretical tools are needed to study hydration in the atmosphere. We have studied thermodynamics and population dynamics of the hydration of different atmospherically relevant base monomers as well as sulfuric acid-base pairs. The hydration ability of a base seems to follow in the order of gas-phase base strength whereas hydration ability of acid-base pairs, and thus clusters, is related to the number of hydrogen binding sites. Proton transfer reactions at water-air interfaces are important in many environmental and biological systems, but a deeper understanding of their mechanisms remain elusive. By studying thermodynamics of proton transfer reactions in clusters containing up to 20 water molecules and a base molecule, we found that that the ability of a base to accept a proton in a water cluster is related to the aqueous-phase basicity. We also studied the second deprotonation reaction of a sulfuric acid in hydrated acid-base clusters and found that sulfate formation is most favorable in the presence of dimethylamine. Molecular properties related to the proton transfer ability in water clusters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Deanna Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Sabrina Chee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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15
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Hyttinen N, Wolf M, Rissanen MP, Ehn M, Peräkylä O, Kurtén T, Prisle NL. Gas-to-Particle Partitioning of Cyclohexene- and α-Pinene-Derived Highly Oxygenated Dimers Evaluated Using COSMO therm. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3726-3738. [PMID: 33885310 PMCID: PMC8154597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Oxidized
organic compounds are expected to contribute to secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) if they have sufficiently low volatilities.
We estimated saturation vapor pressures and activity coefficients
(at infinite dilution in water and a model water-insoluble organic
phase) of cyclohexene- and α-pinene-derived accretion products,
“dimers”, using the COSMOtherm19 program.
We found that these two property estimates correlate with the number
of hydrogen bond-donating functional groups and oxygen atoms in the
compound. In contrast, when the number of H-bond donors is fixed,
no clear differences are seen either between functional group types
(e.g., OH or OOH as H-bond donors) or the formation mechanisms (e.g.,
gas-phase radical recombination vs liquid-phase closed-shell esterification).
For the cyclohexene-derived dimers studied here, COSMOtherm19 predicts lower vapor pressures than the SIMPOL.1 group-contribution
method in contrast to previous COSMOtherm estimates
using older parameterizations and nonsystematic conformer sampling.
The studied dimers can be classified as low, extremely low, or ultra-low-volatility
organic compounds based on their estimated saturation mass concentrations.
In the presence of aqueous and organic aerosol particles, all of the
studied dimers are likely to partition into the particle phase and
thereby contribute to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Hyttinen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matthieu Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti P Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Peräkylä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nønne L Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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16
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Elm J. Clusteromics I: Principles, Protocols, and Applications to Sulfuric Acid-Base Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7804-7814. [PMID: 33778292 PMCID: PMC7992168 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We recently coined the term clusteromics as a holistic approach for obtaining insight into the chemical complexity of atmospheric molecular cluster formation and at the same time providing the foundation for thermochemical databases that can be utilized for developing machine learning models. Here, we present the first paper in the series that applies state-of-the-art computational methods to study multicomponent (SA)0-2(base)0-2 clusters, with SA = sulfuric acid and base = [ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA)] with all combinations of the five bases. The initial cluster configurations are obtained using the ABCluster program and the number of relevant configurations are reduced based on PM7 and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations. Thermochemical parameters are calculated based on the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) cluster structures and vibrational frequencies using the quasi-harmonic approximation. The single-point energies are refined with a high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculation. Using the calculated thermochemical data, we perform kinetics simulations to evaluate the potential of these small (SA)0-2(base)0-2 clusters to grow into larger cluster sizes. In all cases we find that having more than one type of base molecule present in the cluster will increase the potential for forming larger clusters primarily due to the increased available vapor concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and
iClimate, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Elm J. Toward a Holistic Understanding of the Formation and Growth of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters: A Quantum Machine Learning Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:895-902. [PMID: 33378191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of atmospheric molecular clusters is an important stage in forming new particles in the atmosphere. Despite being a highly focused research area, the exact chemical species involved in the initial steps in new particle formation remain elusive. In this Perspective the main challenges and recent progression in the field are outlined with a special emphasis on the chemical complexity of the puzzle and prospect of modeling larger clusters. In general, there is a high demand for accurate and more complete quantum chemical data sets that can be applied in cluster distribution dynamics models and coupled to atmospheric chemical transport models. A view on how the community could reach this goal by applying data-driven machine learning approaches for more efficient exploration of cluster configurations is presented. A path toward larger clusters and direct molecular dynamics simulations of cluster formation and growth using machine learning models is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Kreinbihl JJ, Frederiks NC, Johnson CJ. Hydration motifs of ammonium bisulfate clusters show complex temperature dependence. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014304. [PMID: 33412869 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of water in the formation of particles from atmospheric trace gases is not well understood, in large part due to difficulties in detecting its presence under atmospheric conditions and the variety of possible structures that must be screened computationally. Here, we use infrared spectroscopy and variable-temperature ion trap mass spectrometry to investigate the structural motifs adopted by water bound to ammonium bisulfate clusters and their temperature dependence. For clusters featuring only acid-base linkages, water adopts a bridging arrangement spanning an adjacent ammonium and bisulfate. For larger clusters, water can also insert into a bisulfate-bisulfate hydrogen bond, yielding hydration isomers with very similar binding energies. The population of these isomers shows a complex temperature evolution, as an apparent third isomer appears with a temperature dependence that is difficult to explain using simple thermodynamic arguments. These observations suggest that the thermodynamics of water binding to atmospheric clusters such as these may not be straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Nicoline C Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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19
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Keshavarz F, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H, Kangasluoma J. Seed-Adsorbate Interactions as the Key of Heterogeneous Butanol and Diethylene Glycol Nucleation on Ammonium Bisulfate and Tetramethylammonium Bromide. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10527-10539. [PMID: 33267578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Condensation particle counter (CPC) instruments are commonly used to detect atmospheric nanoparticles. They operate on the basis of condensing an organic working fluid on the nanoparticle seeds to grow the particles to a detectable size, and at the size of few nanometers, their efficiency depends on how well the working fluid interacts with the seeds under the measurement conditions. This study models the first steps of heterogeneous nucleation of two working fluids commonly used in CPCs (diethylene glycol (DEG) and n-butanol) onto two positively charged seeds, ammonium bisulfate and tetramethylammonium bromide. The nucleation process is modeled on a molecular level using a combination of systematic configurational sampling and density functional theory (DFT). We take into account the conformational flexibility of DEG and n-butanol and determine the key factors that can improve the efficiency of nanoparticle measurements by CPCs. The results show that hydrogen bonding between the seed and the working fluid molecules is central to the adsorption of the first DEG/n-butanol molecules onto the seeds. However, intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the adsorbed molecules can also enhance the nucleation process for the weakly adsorbing vapor molecules. Accordingly, the heterogeneous nucleation probability is higher for working fluid-nanoparticle combinations with a higher potential for hydrogen bonding; in this case, DEG and ammonium bisulfate. Moreover, conformational analysis and methodology evaluations indicate that the consideration of adsorbate conformers and step-wise addition of the vapor molecules to the seeds is not essential for qualitative modeling of heterogeneous nucleation systems, at least for systems where the adsorbate and seed chemical properties are clearly different. This is the first molecular-level modeling study reporting detailed chemical reasons for experimentally observed seed and working fluid preferences in CPCs and reproducing the experimental observations. Our presented approach can be likely used for predicting preferences in similar nucleating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshavarz
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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20
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Kreinbihl JJ, Frederiks NC, Waller SE, Yang Y, Johnson CJ. Establishing the structural motifs present in small ammonium and aminium bisulfate clusters of relevance to atmospheric new particle formation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:034307. [PMID: 32716191 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation is the process by which atmospheric trace gases, typically acids and bases, cluster and grow into potentially climatically relevant particles. Here, we evaluate the structures and structural motifs present in small cationic ammonium and aminium bisulfate clusters that have been studied both experimentally and computationally as seeds for new particles. For several previously studied clusters, multiple different minimum-energy structures have been predicted. Vibrational spectra of mass-selected clusters and quantum chemical calculations allow us to assign the minimum-energy structure for the smallest cationic cluster of two ammonium ions and one bisulfate ion to a CS-symmetry structure that is persistent under amine substitution. We derive phenomenological vibrational frequency scaling factors for key bisulfate vibrations to aid in the comparison of experimental and computed spectra of larger clusters. Finally, we identify a previously unassigned spectral marker for intermolecular bisulfate-bisulfate hydrogen bonds and show that it is present in a class of structures that are all lower in energy than any previously reported structure. Tracking this marker suggests that this motif is prominent in larger clusters as well as ∼180 nm ammonium bisulfate particles. Taken together, these results establish a set of structural motifs responsible for binding of gases at the surface of growing clusters that fully explain the spectrum of large particles and provide benchmarks for efforts to improve structure predictions, which are critical for the accurate theoretical treatment of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Nicoline C Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Sarah E Waller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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21
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Rasmussen FR, Kubečka J, Besel V, Vehkamäki H, Mikkelsen KV, Bilde M, Elm J. Hydration of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters III: Procedure for Efficient Free Energy Surface Exploration of Large Hydrated Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5253-5261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vitus Besel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetesparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Zhang J, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Nguyen MT. NWPEsSe: An Adaptive-Learning Global Optimization Algorithm for Nanosized Cluster Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3947-3958. [PMID: 32364725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global optimization constitutes an important and fundamental problem in theoretical studies in many chemical fields, such as catalysis, materials, or separations problems. In this paper, a novel algorithm has been developed for the global optimization of large systems including neat and ligated clusters in the gas phase and supported clusters in periodic boundary conditions. The method is based on an updated artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm method, that allows for adaptive-learning during the search process. The new algorithm is tested against four classes of systems of diverse chemical nature: gas phase Au55, ligated Au82+, Au8 supported on graphene oxide and defected rutile, and a large cluster assembly [Co6Te8(PEt3)6][C60]n, with sizes ranging between 1 and 3 nm and containing up to 1300 atoms. Reliable global minima (GMs) are obtained for all cases, either confirming published data or reporting new lower energy structures. The algorithm and interface to other codes in the form of an independent program, Northwest Potential Energy Search Engine (NWPEsSe), is freely available, and it provides a powerful and efficient approach for global optimization of nanosized cluster systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Roger Rousseau
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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23
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Gale AG, Odbadrakh TT, Ball BT, Shields GC. Water-Mediated Peptide Bond Formation in the Gas Phase: A Model Prebiotic Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4150-4159. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel G. Gale
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Tuguldur T. Odbadrakh
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Benjamin T. Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - George C. Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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24
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Schmitz G, Elm J. Assessment of the DLPNO Binding Energies of Strongly Noncovalent Bonded Atmospheric Molecular Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7601-7612. [PMID: 32280904 PMCID: PMC7144154 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the performance of DLPNO-CCSD(T0), DLPNO-MP2, and density functional theory methods in calculating the binding energies of a representative test set of 45 atmospheric acid-acid, acid-base, and acid-water dimer clusters. The performance of the approximate methods is compared to high level explicitly correlated CCSD(F12*)(T)/complete basis set (CBS) reference calculations. Out of the tested density functionals, ωB97X-D3(BJ) shows the best performance with a mean deviation of 0.09 kcal/mol and a maximum deviation of 0.83 kcal/mol. The RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory severely overpredicts the cluster binding energies with a mean deviation of -1.31 kcal/mol and a maximum deviation up to -3.00 kcal/mol. Hence, RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z should not be utilized for studying atmospheric molecular clusters. The DLPNO variants are tested both with and without the inclusion of explicit correlation (F12) in the wavefunction, with different pair natural orbital (PNO) settings (loosePNO, normalPNO, and tightPNO) and using both double and triple zeta basis sets. The performance of the DLPNO-MP2 methods is found to be independent of PNO settings and yield low mean deviations of -0.84 kcal/mol or below. However, DLPNO-MP2 requires explicitly correlated wavefunctions to yield maximum deviations below 1.40 kcal/mol. For obtaining high accuracy, with maximum deviation below ∼1.0 kcal/mol, either DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ (normalPNO) calculations or DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 (normalPNO) calculations are required. The most accurate level of theory is found to be DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 using a tightPNO criterion which yields a mean deviation of 0.10 kcal/mol, with a maximum deviation of 0.20 kcal/mol, compared to the CCSD(F12*)(T)/CBS reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schmitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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25
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Li H, Ning A, Zhong J, Zhang H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zeng XC, He H. Influence of atmospheric conditions on sulfuric acid-dimethylamine-ammonia-based new particle formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125554. [PMID: 31874321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A recent quantitative measurement of rates of new particle formation (NPF) in urban Shanghai showed that the high rates of NPF can be largely attributed to the sulfuric acid (SA)-dimethylamine (DMA) nucleation due to relatively high DMA concentration in urban atmosphere (Yao et al., Science. 2018, 361, 278). In certain atmospheric conditions, the release of DMA is accompanied with the emission of high concentration of ammonia. As a result, the ammonia (A) may participate in SA-DMA-based NPF. However, the main sources of DMA and A can be different, thereby leading to different mechanism for the SA-DMA-A-based nucleation under different atmospheric conditions. Near industrial sources with relatively high DMA concentration of 108 molecules cm-3, the contribution of binary SA-DMA nucleation to cluster formation is 61% at 278 K, representing a dominant pathway for NPF. However, in the region not too close to major source of DMA emission, e.g., near agriculture farmland, the routes involving ternary SA-DMA-A nucleation make a 64% contribution at 278 K with DMA concentration of 107 molecules cm-3, showing that A has marked impact on the cluster formation. Under such a condition, we predict that coexisting DMA and A could be detected in the process of NPF. Moreover, at winter temperatures or at higher altitudes, our calculations suggest that the clustering of initial clusters likely involve ternary SA-DMA-A clusters rather than binary SA-DMA clusters. These new insights may be helpful to analyze and predict atmospheric-condition-dependent NFP in either urban or rural regions and/or in different season of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6316, USA
| | - Haijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Beiyuan Campus, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Perraud V, Xu J, Gerber RB, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Integrated experimental and theoretical approach to probe the synergistic effect of ammonia in methanesulfonic acid reactions with small alkylamines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:305-328. [PMID: 31904037 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While new particle formation events have been observed worldwide, our fundamental understanding of the precursors remains uncertain. It has been previously shown that small alkylamines and ammonia (NH3) are key actors in sub-3 nm particle formation through reactions with acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methanesulfonic acid (CH3S(O)(O)OH, MSA), and that water also plays a role. Because NH3 and amines co-exist in air, we carried out combined experimental and theoretical studies examining the influence of the addition of NH3 on particle formation from the reactions of MSA with methylamine (MA) and trimethylamine (TMA). Experiments were performed in a 1 m flow reactor at 1 atm and 296 K. Measurements using an ultrafine condensation particle counter (CPC) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) show that new particle formation was systematically enhanced upon simultaneous addition of NH3 to the MSA + amine binary system, with the magnitude depending on the amine investigated. For the MSA + TMA reaction system, the addition of NH3 at ppb concentrations produced a much greater effect (i.e. order of magnitude more particles) than the addition of ∼12 000 ppm water (corresponding to ∼45-50% relative humidity). The effect of NH3 on the MSA + MA system, which is already very efficient in forming particles on its own, was present but modest. Calculations of energies, partial charges and structures of small cluster models of the multi-component particles likewise suggest synergistic effects due to NH3 in the presence of MSA and amine. The local minimum structures and the interactions involved suggest mechanisms for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. and Institute of Chemistry, The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Biswas S, Kwon H, Barsanti KC, Myllys N, Smith JN, Wong BM. Ab initio metadynamics calculations of dimethylamine for probing pKb variations in bulk vs. surface environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26265-26277. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03832f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Free energy landscape obtained from ab initio metadynamics calculations for dimethylamine protonation at the air–water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohag Biswas
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Hyuna Kwon
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Kelley C. Barsanti
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California-Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
| | - James N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California-Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program
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28
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Enhancing Potential of Trimethylamine Oxide on Atmospheric Particle Formation. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of an oxidation product of trimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, in atmospheric particle formation is studied using quantum chemical methods and cluster formation simulations. Molecular-level cluster formation mechanisms are resolved, and theoretical results on particle formation are confirmed with mass spectrometer measurements. Trimethylamine oxide is capable of forming only one hydrogen bond with sulfuric acid, but unlike amines, trimethylamine oxide can form stable clusters via ion–dipole interactions. That is because of its zwitterionic structure, which causes a high dipole moment. Cluster growth occurs close to the acid:base ratio of 1:1, which is the same as for other monoprotic bases. Enhancement potential of trimethylamine oxide in particle formation is much higher than that of dimethylamine, but lower compared to guanidine. Therefore, at relatively low concentrations and high temperatures, guanidine and trimethylamine oxide may dominate particle formation events over amines.
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Chee S, Myllys N, Barsanti KC, Wong BM, Smith JN. An Experimental and Modeling Study of Nanoparticle Formation and Growth from Dimethylamine and Nitric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5640-5648. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | | | | | - James N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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