1
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Del Angel Cruz D, Ferreras KN, Harville T, Schoendorff G, Gordon MS. Analysis of bonding motifs in unusual molecules I: planar hexacoordinated carbon atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:21395-21406. [PMID: 39078376 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The bonding structures of CO3Li3+ and CS3Li3+ are studied by means of oriented quasi-atomic orbitals (QUAOs) to assess the possibility of these molecules being planar hexacoordinated carbon (phC) systems. CH3Li and CO32- are employed as reference molecules. It is found that the introduction of Li+ ions into the molecular environment of carbonate has a greater effect on the orbital structure of the O atoms than it does on the C atom. Partial charges computed from QUAO populations imply repulsion between the positively charged C and Li atoms in CO3Li3+. Upon the transition from CO3Li3+ to CS3Li3+, the analysis reveals that the substitution of O atoms by S atoms inverts the polarity of the carbon-chalcogen σ bond. This is linked to the difference in s- and p-fractions of the QUAOs of C and S, as element electronegativities do not explain the observed polarity of the CSσ bond. Partial charges indicate that the larger electron population on the C atom in CS3Li3+ makes C-Li attraction possible. Upon comparison with the C-Li bond in methyllithium, it is found that the C-Li covalent interactions in CO3Li3+ and CS3Li3+ have about 14% and 6% of the strength of the C-Li covalent interaction in CH3Li, respectively. Consequently, it is concluded that only CS3Li3+ may be considered to be a phC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Del Angel Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - Katherine N Ferreras
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - Taylor Harville
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, 57069, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
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2
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Nakamura T, Dangi BB, Wu L, Zhang Y, Schoendorff G, Gordon MS, Yang DS. Spin-orbit coupling of electrons on separate lanthanide atoms of Pr2O2 and its singly charged cation. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244303. [PMID: 38131482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it plays a critical role in the photophysics and catalysis of lanthanides, spin-orbit coupling of electrons on individual lanthanide atoms in small clusters is not well understood. The major objective of this work is to probe such coupling of the praseodymium (Pr) 4f and 6s electrons in Pr2O2 and Pr2O2+. The approach combines mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy and spin-orbit multiconfiguration second-order quasi-degenerate perturbation theory. The energies of six ionization transitions are precisely measured; the adiabatic ionization energy of the neutral cluster is 38 045 (5) cm-1. Most of the electronic states involved in these transitions are identified as spin-orbit coupled states consisting of two or more electron spins. The electron configurations of these states are 4f46s2 for the neutral cluster and 4f46s for the singly charged cation, both in planar rhombus-type structures. The spin-orbit splitting due to the coupling of the electrons on the separate Pr atoms is on the order of hundreds of wavenumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Beni B Dangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Lu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
- Propellants Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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3
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Zahariev F, Xu P, Westheimer BM, Webb S, Galvez Vallejo J, Tiwari A, Sundriyal V, Sosonkina M, Shen J, Schoendorff G, Schlinsog M, Sattasathuchana T, Ruedenberg K, Roskop LB, Rendell AP, Poole D, Piecuch P, Pham BQ, Mironov V, Mato J, Leonard S, Leang SS, Ivanic J, Hayes J, Harville T, Gururangan K, Guidez E, Gerasimov IS, Friedl C, Ferreras KN, Elliott G, Datta D, Cruz DDA, Carrington L, Bertoni C, Barca GMJ, Alkan M, Gordon MS. The General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (GAMESS): Novel Methods on Novel Architectures. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7031-7055. [PMID: 37793073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary focus of GAMESS over the last 5 years has been the development of new high-performance codes that are able to take effective and efficient advantage of the most advanced computer architectures, both CPU and accelerators. These efforts include employing density fitting and fragmentation methods to reduce the high scaling of well-correlated (e.g., coupled-cluster) methods as well as developing novel codes that can take optimal advantage of graphical processing units and other modern accelerators. Because accurate wave functions can be very complex, an important new functionality in GAMESS is the quasi-atomic orbital analysis, an unbiased approach to the understanding of covalent bonds embedded in the wave function. Best practices for the maintenance and distribution of GAMESS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Zahariev
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Bryce M Westheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Simon Webb
- VeraChem LLC, 12850 Middlebrook Road, Suite 205, Germantown, Maryland 20874-5244, United States
| | - Jorge Galvez Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
- Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ananta Tiwari
- EP Analytics, Inc., 9909 Mira Mesa Boulevard, Suite 230, San Diego, California 92131, United States
| | - Vaibhav Sundriyal
- Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Masha Sosonkina
- Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - George Schoendorff
- Propellants Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | - Megan Schlinsog
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Tosaporn Sattasathuchana
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Luke B Roskop
- Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, 2131 Lindau Lane #1000, Bloomington, Minnesota 55425, United States
| | | | - David Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Athens, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Piotr Piecuch
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Buu Q Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Joani Mato
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sam Leonard
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Sarom S Leang
- EP Analytics, Inc., 9909 Mira Mesa Boulevard, Suite 230, San Diego, California 92131, United States
| | - Joe Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jackson Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Taylor Harville
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Karthik Gururangan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Emilie Guidez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Igor S Gerasimov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Christian Friedl
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Katherine N Ferreras
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - George Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Dipayan Datta
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Daniel Del Angel Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Laura Carrington
- EP Analytics, Inc., 9909 Mira Mesa Boulevard, Suite 230, San Diego, California 92131, United States
| | - Colleen Bertoni
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Giuseppe M J Barca
- Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Melisa Alkan
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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4
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Galvez Vallejo JL, Tow GM, Maginn EJ, Pham BQ, Datta D, Gordon MS. Quantum Chemical Modeling of Propellant Degradation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1874-1882. [PMID: 36791340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
An ab initio quantum chemical approach for the modeling of propellant degradation is presented. Using state-of-the-art bonding analysis techniques and composite methods, a series of potential degradation reactions are devised for a sample hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) type solid fuel. By applying thermochemical procedures and isodesmic reactions, accurate thermochemical quantities are obtained using a modified G3 composite method based on the resolution of the identity. The calculated heats of formation for the different structures produced presents an ∼2 kcal/mol average error when compared against experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Galvez Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Garrett M Tow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Buu Q Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Dipayan Datta
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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5
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Zhang Y, Nakamura T, Wu L, Wenjin Cao W, Schoendorff G, Gordon MS, Yang DS. Electronic states and transitions of PrO and PrO+ probed by threshold ionization spectroscopy and spin-orbit multiconfiguration perturbation theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:114304. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise ionization energy of praseodymium oxide (PrO) seeded in supersonic molecular beams is measured with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. A total of 33 spin-orbit (SO) states of PrO and 23 SO states of PrO+ are predicted by second-order multiconfigurational quasi-degenerate perturbation (MCQDPT2) theory. Electronic transitions from four low-energy SO levels of the neutral molecule to the ground state of the singly charged cation are identified by combining the MATI spectroscopic measurements with the MCQDPT2 calculations. The precise ionization energy is used to reassess the ionization energies and the reaction enthalpies of the Pr + O → PrO+ + e- chemi-ionization reaction reported in the literature. An empirical formula that uses atomic electronic parameters is proposed to predict the ionization energies of lanthanide monooxides, and the empirical calculations match well with available precise experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Chemistry, University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Taiji Nakamura
- Gunma University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Japan
| | - Lu Wu
- University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - George Schoendorff
- Propellants Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Air Force Research Laboratory Aerospace Systems Directorate Edwards AFB, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, United States of America
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, United States of America
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6
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Abstract
According to Ruedenberg's classic treatise on the theory of chemical bonding [K. Ruedenberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 34, 326-376 (1962)], orbital contraction is an integral consequence of covalent bonding. While the concept is clear, its quantification by quantum chemical calculations is not straightforward, except for the simplest of molecules, such as H2 + and H2. This paper proposes a new, yet simple, approach to the problem, utilizing the modified atomic orbital (MAO) method of Ehrhardt and Ahlrichs [Theor. Chim. Acta 68, 231 (1985)]. Through the use of MAOs, which are an atom-centered minimal basis formed from the molecular and atomic density operators, the wave functions of the species of interest are re-expanded, allowing the computation of the kinetic energy (and any other expectation value) of free and bonded fragments. Thus, it is possible to quantify the intra- and interfragment changes in kinetic energy, i.e., the effects of contraction. Computations are reported for a number of diatomic molecules H2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2, CO, P2, and Cl2 and the polyatomics CH3-CH3, CH3-SiH3, CH3-OH, and C2H5-C2H5 (where the single bonds between the heavy atoms are studied) as well as dimers of He, Ne, Ar, and the archetypal ionic molecule NaCl. In all cases, it is found that the formation of a covalent bond is accompanied by an increase in the intra-fragment kinetic energy, an indication of orbital contraction and/or deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Bacskay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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7
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Harville T, Gordon MS. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Analysis. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) bonding analysis is used to study intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IMHB) in salicylic acid and an intermediate that is crucial to the synthesis of aspirin. The bonding analysis rigorously explores IMHB through directly accessing information that is intrinsic to the molecular wave function, thereby bypassing the need for intrinsically biased methods. The variables that effect the strength of IMHB are determined using kinetic bond orders (KBO), QUAO populations, and QUAO hybridizations. Important properties include both the interatomic distance between the hydrogen and oxygen participating in the IMHB and the hybridization on the oxygen. The bonding analysis further shows that each intramolecular hydrogen bond is a 4-electron 3-center bond. The bonding analysis is used to understand how aromatic reactivity changes due to the effect of functional groups on the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, United States of America
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8
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Wu L, Schoendorff G, Zhang Y, Roudjane M, Gordon MS, Yang DS. Excited states of lutetium oxide and its singly charged cation. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibronic spectra of lutetium oxide (LuO) seeded in supersonic molecule beams are investigated with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and second-order multiconfigurational quasi-degenerate perturbation (MCQDPT2) theory. Six states of LuO and four states of LuO+ are located by the MCQDPT2 calculations, and an a3Π(LuO+) ← C2Σ+ (LuΟ) transition is observed by the MATI measurement. The vibronic spectra show abnormal vibrational intervals for both the neural and cation excited states, and the abnormality is attributed to vibrational perturbations induced by interactions with neighboring states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
- Propellants Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Mourad Roudjane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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9
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Galvez Vallejo JL, Heredia JD, Gordon MS. Bonding analysis of water clusters using quasi-atomic orbitals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18734-18743. [PMID: 34612411 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) bonding analysis introduced by Ruedenberg and co-workers is used to develop an understanding of the hydrogen bonds in small water clusters, from the dimer through the hexamer (bag, boat, book, cyclic, prism and cage conformers). Using kinetic bond orders as a metric, it is demonstrated that as the number of waters in simple cyclic clusters increases, the hydrogen bonds strengthen, from the dimer through the cyclic hexamer. However, for the more complex hexamer isomers, the strength of the hydrogen bonds varies, depending on whether the cluster contains double acceptors and/or double donors. The QUAO analysis also reveals the three-center bonding nature of hydrogen bonds in water clusters.
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10
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Barca GMJ, Bertoni C, Carrington L, Datta D, De Silva N, Deustua JE, Fedorov DG, Gour JR, Gunina AO, Guidez E, Harville T, Irle S, Ivanic J, Kowalski K, Leang SS, Li H, Li W, Lutz JJ, Magoulas I, Mato J, Mironov V, Nakata H, Pham BQ, Piecuch P, Poole D, Pruitt SR, Rendell AP, Roskop LB, Ruedenberg K, Sattasathuchana T, Schmidt MW, Shen J, Slipchenko L, Sosonkina M, Sundriyal V, Tiwari A, Galvez Vallejo JL, Westheimer B, Włoch M, Xu P, Zahariev F, Gordon MS. Recent developments in the general atomic and molecular electronic structure system. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:154102. [PMID: 32321259 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A discussion of many of the recently implemented features of GAMESS (General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System) and LibCChem (the C++ CPU/GPU library associated with GAMESS) is presented. These features include fragmentation methods such as the fragment molecular orbital, effective fragment potential and effective fragment molecular orbital methods, hybrid MPI/OpenMP approaches to Hartree-Fock, and resolution of the identity second order perturbation theory. Many new coupled cluster theory methods have been implemented in GAMESS, as have multiple levels of density functional/tight binding theory. The role of accelerators, especially graphical processing units, is discussed in the context of the new features of LibCChem, as it is the associated problem of power consumption as the power of computers increases dramatically. The process by which a complex program suite such as GAMESS is maintained and developed is considered. Future developments are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M J Barca
- Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colleen Bertoni
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Laura Carrington
- EP Analytics, 12121 Scripps Summit Dr. Ste. 130, San Diego, California 92131, USA
| | - Dipayan Datta
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Nuwan De Silva
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, USA
| | - J Emiliano Deustua
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Jeffrey R Gour
- Microsoft, 15590 NE 31st St., Redmond, Washington 98052, USA
| | - Anastasia O Gunina
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Emilie Guidez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Taylor Harville
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Stephan Irle
- Computational Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Joe Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Physical Sciences Division, Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, K8-91, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Sarom S Leang
- EP Analytics, 12121 Scripps Summit Dr. Ste. 130, San Diego, California 92131, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jesse J Lutz
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Ilias Magoulas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Joani Mato
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Hiroya Nakata
- Kyocera Corporation, Research Institute for Advanced Materials and Devices, 3-5-3 Hikaridai Seika-cho, Souraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
| | - Buu Q Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Piotr Piecuch
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - David Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Spencer R Pruitt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Alistair P Rendell
- Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke B Roskop
- Cray Inc., a Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company, 2131 Lindau Ln #1000, Bloomington, Minnesota 55425, USA
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Lyudmila Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Masha Sosonkina
- Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sundriyal
- Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Ananta Tiwari
- EP Analytics, 12121 Scripps Summit Dr. Ste. 130, San Diego, California 92131, USA
| | - Jorge L Galvez Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Bryce Westheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Marta Włoch
- 530 Charlesina Dr., Rochester, Michigan 48306, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Federico Zahariev
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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11
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Schoendorff G, Schmidt MW, Ruedenberg K, Gordon MS. Quasi-Atomic Bond Analyses in the Sixth Period: II. Bond Analyses of Cerium Oxides. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5249-5256. [PMID: 31199636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of the 4f orbitals in bonding is examined for the molecules cerium monoxide and cerium dioxide that have cerium formally in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, respectively. It is shown that the 4f orbitals are used primarily for polarization of the 5d orbitals when cerium is in the lower oxidation state, while the 4f orbitals play a significant role in chemical bonding via 5d/4f hybridization when cerium is in the +4 oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Schoendorff
- Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Bradley University , Peoria , Illinois 61625 , United States
| | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011-3111 , United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011-3111 , United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011-3111 , United States
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