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Zhou HX, Kota D, Qin S, Prasad R. Fundamental Aspects of Phase-Separated Biomolecular Condensates. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8550-8595. [PMID: 38885177 PMCID: PMC11260227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates, formed through phase separation, are upending our understanding in much of molecular, cell, and developmental biology. There is an urgent need to elucidate the physicochemical foundations of the behaviors and properties of biomolecular condensates. Here we aim to fill this need by writing a comprehensive, critical, and accessible review on the fundamental aspects of phase-separated biomolecular condensates. We introduce the relevant theoretical background, present the theoretical basis for the computation and experimental measurement of condensate properties, and give mechanistic interpretations of condensate behaviors and properties in terms of interactions at the molecular and residue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Sanbo Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Prasad R, Su S, Lee D, Zhou HX. Amino Acid-Dependent Material Properties of Tetrapeptide Condensates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594233. [PMID: 38798623 PMCID: PMC11118382 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Condensates formed by intrinsically disordered proteins mediate a myriad of cellular processes and are linked to pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. Rules of how different types of amino acids (e.g., π-π pairs) dictate the physical properties of biomolecular condensates are emerging, but our understanding of the roles of different amino acids is far from complete. Here we studied condensates formed by tetrapeptides of the form XXssXX, where X is an amino acid and ss represents a disulfide bond along the backbone. Eight peptides form four types of condensates at different concentrations and pH values: droplets (X = F, L, M, P, V, A); amorphous dense liquids (X = L, M, P, V, A); amorphous aggregates (X = W), and gels (X = I, V, A). The peptides exhibit enormous differences in phase equilibrium and material properties, including a 368-fold range in the threshold concentration for phase separation and a 3856-fold range in viscosity. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations provide physical explanations of these results. The present work also reveals widespread critical behaviors, including critical slowing down manifested by the formation of amorphous dense liquids and critical scaling obeyed by fusion speed, with broad implications for condensate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Siyuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
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3
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Kota D, Prasad R, Zhou HX. Adenosine Triphosphate Mediates Phase Separation of Disordered Basic Proteins by Bridging Intermolecular Interaction Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1326-1336. [PMID: 38174879 PMCID: PMC10843746 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an abundant molecule with crucial cellular roles as the energy currency and a building block of nucleic acids and for protein phosphorylation. Here we show that ATP mediates the phase separation of basic intrinsically disordered proteins (bIDPs). In the resulting condensates, ATP is highly concentrated (apparent partition coefficients up to 7700) and serves as bridges between bIDP chains. These liquid-like droplets have some of the lowest interfacial tension (∼25 pN/μm) but high zero-shear viscosities (1-15 Pa s) due to the bridged protein networks, and yet their fusion has some of the highest speeds (∼1 μm/ms). The rapid fusion manifests extreme shear thinning, where the apparent viscosity is lower than zero-shear viscosity by over 100-fold, made possible by fast reformation of the ATP bridges. At still higher concentrations, ATP does not dissolve bIDP droplets but results in aggregates and fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
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4
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Kota D, Prasad R, Zhou HX. ATP Mediates Phase Separation of Disordered Basic Proteins by Bridging Intermolecular Interaction Networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.20.554035. [PMID: 37645809 PMCID: PMC10462115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.20.554035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ATP is an abundant molecule with crucial cellular roles as the energy currency and a building block of nucleic acids and for protein phosphorylation. Here we show that ATP mediates the phase separation of basic intrinsically disordered proteins (bIDPs). In the resulting condensates, ATP is highly concentrated (apparent partition coefficients at 200-5000) and serves as bridges between bIDP chains. These liquid-like droplets have some of the lowest interfacial tension (~25 pN/μm) but high zero-shear viscosities (1-15 Pa s) due to the bridged protein networks, and yet their fusion has some of the highest speeds (~1 μm/ms). The rapid fusion manifests extreme shear thinning, where the apparent viscosity is lower than zero-shear viscosity by over 100-fold, made possible by fast reformation of the ATP bridges. At still higher concentrations, ATP does not dissolve bIDP droplets but results in aggregates and fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
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Ghosh A, Kota D, Zhou HX. Determining Thermodynamic and Material Properties of Biomolecular Condensates by Confocal Microscopy and Optical Tweezers. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2563:237-260. [PMID: 36227477 PMCID: PMC9577454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2663-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While the roles of biomolecular condensates in health and disease are being intensely studied, it is equally important that their physical properties are characterized in order to achieve mechanistic understanding. Here we share some of the protocols developed in our lab for measuring thermodynamic and materials properties of condensates. These include a simple method for determining the droplet-phase concentrations of condensate components on a confocal microscope, and a method for determining the viscoelasticity of condensates by optical tweezers. These protocols are either generally applicable to biomolecular condensates or are unique for their characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archishman Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kota D, Zhou HX. Macromolecular Regulation of the Material Properties of Biomolecular Condensates. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5285-5290. [PMID: 35674796 PMCID: PMC9729394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates inside cells contain dozens to hundreds of macromolecular components and are surrounded by many others. Our computational studies predicted that macromolecular regulators have matching effects on the phase equilibrium and interfacial tension of condensates. Here we validate this prediction experimentally and characterize the effects of macromolecular regulators on other material properties, including viscoelasticity and fusion speed. Local melting due to the heating of a laser beam and turbidity assay both show that Ficoll70 raises the melting temperature of condensates formed by polylysine:heparin mixtures, whereas optical-tweezer measurements reveal parallel increases in interfacial tension. Additional optical-tweezer experiments report elevations in viscosity and shear relaxation time but also fusion speed by Ficoll70. The fusion speed is higher than predicted by modeling the condensates as purely viscous, demonstrating viscoelasticity and shear thinning. These results illustrate the ample opportunities for macromolecular regulators to tune material properties for proper functions of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United State
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United State
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United State
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7
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Antifeeva IA, Fonin AV, Fefilova AS, Stepanenko OV, Povarova OI, Silonov SA, Kuznetsova IM, Uversky VN, Turoverov KK. Liquid-liquid phase separation as an organizing principle of intracellular space: overview of the evolution of the cell compartmentalization concept. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:251. [PMID: 35445278 PMCID: PMC11073196 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At the turn of the twenty-first century, fundamental changes took place in the understanding of the structure and function of proteins and then in the appreciation of the intracellular space organization. A rather mechanistic model of the organization of living matter, where the function of proteins is determined by their rigid globular structure, and the intracellular processes occur in rigidly determined compartments, was replaced by an idea that highly dynamic and multifunctional "soft matter" lies at the heart of all living things. According this "new view", the most important role in the spatio-temporal organization of the intracellular space is played by liquid-liquid phase transitions of biopolymers. These self-organizing cellular compartments are open dynamic systems existing at the edge of chaos. They are characterized by the exceptional structural and compositional dynamics, and their multicomponent nature and polyfunctionality provide means for the finely tuned regulation of various intracellular processes. Changes in the external conditions can cause a disruption of the biogenesis of these cellular bodies leading to the irreversible aggregation of their constituent proteins, followed by the transition to a gel-like state and the emergence of amyloid fibrils. This work represents a historical overview of changes in our understanding of the intracellular space compartmentalization. It also reflects methodological breakthroughs that led to a change in paradigms in this area of science and discusses modern ideas about the organization of the intracellular space. It is emphasized here that the membrane-less organelles have to combine a certain resistance to the changes in their environment and, at the same time, show high sensitivity to the external signals, which ensures the normal functioning of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia A Antifeeva
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Anna S Fefilova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olesya V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Sergey A Silonov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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8
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Surface tension and super-stoichiometric surface enrichment in two-component biomolecular condensates. iScience 2022; 25:103852. [PMID: 35198903 PMCID: PMC8851291 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells can achieve internal organization by exploiting liquid-liquid phase separation to form biomolecular condensates. Here we focus on the surface properties of condensates composed of two multivalent associative polymers held together by one-to-one “sticker” bonds. Using coarse-grained molecular-dynamics simulations, we study the influence of component stoichiometry on condensate surface properties. We find that unequal stoichiometry results in enrichment of the majority species at the interface and a sharp reduction of surface tension. To relate these two effects, we show that the reduction in surface tension scales linearly with the excess concentration of free binding sites at the interface. Our results imply that each excess free site contributes an approximately fixed additional energy and entropy to the interface, with the latter dominating such that enrichment of free majority sites lowers the surface tension. Our work provides insight into novel physical mechanisms by which cells can regulate condensate surface properties. Stoichiometry controls the surface tension of two-component biomolecular condensates Unequal stoichiometry leads to enrichment of the majority species at the interface Enrichment of the free majority binding sites increases the interfacial entropy Surface tension is drastically reduced at unequal stoichiometry
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Keating CD, Pappu RV. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: A Widespread and Versatile Way to Organize Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12399-12400. [PMID: 34788996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biolgical Systems Engineering Campus, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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10
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Keating CD, Pappu RV. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: A Widespread and Versatile Way to Organize Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10994-10995. [PMID: 34788997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biolgical Systems Engineering Campus, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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11
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Zhou HX. Shape recovery of deformed biomolecular droplets: Dependence on condensate viscoelasticity. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:145102. [PMID: 34654286 PMCID: PMC8514253 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical study on the shape dynamics of phase-separated biomolecular droplets is presented, highlighting the importance of condensate viscoelasticity. Previous studies on shape dynamics have modeled biomolecular condensates as purely viscous, but recent data have shown them to be viscoelastic. Here, we present an exact analytical solution for the shape recovery dynamics of deformed biomolecular droplets. The shape recovery of viscous droplets has an exponential time dependence, with the time constant given by the "viscocapillary" ratio, i.e., viscosity over interfacial tension. In contrast, the shape recovery dynamics of viscoelastic droplets is multi-exponential, with shear relaxation yielding additional time constants. During shape recovery, viscoelastic droplets exhibit shear thickening (increase in apparent viscosity) at fast shear relaxation rates but shear thinning (decrease in apparent viscosity) at slow shear relaxation rates. These results highlight the importance of viscoelasticity and expand our understanding of how material properties affect condensate dynamics in general, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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12
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Ghosh A, Kota D, Zhou HX. Shear relaxation governs fusion dynamics of biomolecular condensates. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5995. [PMID: 34645832 PMCID: PMC8514506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-separated biomolecular condensates must respond agilely to biochemical and environmental cues in performing their wide-ranging cellular functions, but our understanding of condensate dynamics is lagging. Ample evidence now indicates biomolecular condensates as viscoelastic fluids, where shear stress relaxes at a finite rate, not instantaneously as in viscous liquids. Yet the fusion dynamics of condensate droplets has only been modeled based on viscous liquids, with fusion time given by the viscocapillary ratio (viscosity over interfacial tension). Here we used optically trapped polystyrene beads to measure the viscous and elastic moduli and the interfacial tensions of four types of droplets. Our results challenge the viscocapillary model, and reveal that the relaxation of shear stress governs fusion dynamics. These findings likely have implications for other dynamic processes such as multiphase organization, assembly and disassembly, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archishman Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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Zhou HX. Viscoelasticity of biomolecular condensates conforms to the Jeffreys model. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:041103. [PMID: 33514117 PMCID: PMC7847312 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates, largely by virtue of their material properties, are revolutionizing biology, and yet, the physical understanding of these properties is lagging. Here, I show that the viscoelasticity of condensates can be captured by a simple model, comprising a component where shear relaxation is an exponential function (with time constant τ1) and a component with nearly instantaneous shear relaxation (time constant τ0 → 0). Modulation of intermolecular interactions, e.g., by adding salt, can disparately affect the two components such that the τ1 component may dominate at low salt, whereas the τ0 component may dominate at high salt. Condensates have a tendency to fuse, with the dynamics accelerated by interfacial tension and impeded by viscosity. For fast-fusion condensates, shear relaxation on the τ1 timescale may become rate-limiting such that the fusion speed is no longer in direction proportion to the interfacial tension. These insights help narrow the gap in understanding between the biology and physics of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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14
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Jawerth L, Fischer-Friedrich E, Saha S, Wang J, Franzmann T, Zhang X, Sachweh J, Ruer M, Ijavi M, Saha S, Mahamid J, Hyman AA, Jülicher F. Protein condensates as aging Maxwell fluids. Science 2020; 370:1317-1323. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Jawerth
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotec, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Suropriya Saha
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jie Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Titus Franzmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Biotec, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Sachweh
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martine Ruer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdiye Ijavi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shambaditya Saha
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Mahamid
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony A. Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Jawerth LM, Ijavi M, Ruer M, Saha S, Jahnel M, Hyman AA, Jülicher F, Fischer-Friedrich E. Erratum: Salt-Dependent Rheology and Surface Tension of Protein Condensates Using Optical Traps [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 258101 (2018)]. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:229901. [PMID: 33315465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.229901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.258101.
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