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Banik S, Uchil A, Kalsang T, Chakrabarty S, Ali MA, Srisungsitthisunti P, Mahato KK, Surdo S, Mazumder N. The revolution of PDMS microfluidics in cellular biology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:465-483. [PMID: 35410564 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2034733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is revolutionizing the way research on cellular biology has been traditionally conducted. The ability to control the cell physicochemical environment by adjusting flow conditions, while performing cellular analysis at single-cell resolution and high-throughput, has made microfluidics the ideal choice to replace traditional in vitro models. However, such a revolution only truly started with the advent of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a microfluidic structural material and soft-lithography as a rapid manufacturing technology. Indeed, before the "PDMS age," microfluidic technologies were: costly, time-consuming and, more importantly, accessible only to specialized laboratories and users. The simplicity of molding PDMS in various shapes along with its inherent properties (transparency, biocompatibility, and gas permeability) has spread the applications of innovative microfluidic devices to diverse and important biological fields and clinical studies. This review highlights how PDMS-based microfluidic systems are innovating pre-clinical biological research on cells and organs. These devices were able to cultivate different cell lines, enhance the sensitivity and diagnostic effectiveness of numerous cell-based assays by maintaining consistent chemical gradients, utilizing and detecting the smallest number of analytes while being high-throughput. This review will also assist in identifying the pitfalls in current PDMS-based microfluidic systems to facilitate breakthroughs and advancements in healthcare research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyabrata Banik
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ashwini Uchil
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tenzin Kalsang
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pornsak Srisungsitthisunti
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krishna Kishore Mahato
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Salvatore Surdo
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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2
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Zhang K, Sun Q, Lin C, Li W. Wettability tunable surfaces: Naked-eye detection of Hg2+ based on contact angle variation and colorimetric change. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Xu K, Zhou R, Takei K, Hong M. Toward Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900925. [PMID: 31453071 PMCID: PMC6702763 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy provides a noninvasive and highly sensitive route for fingerprint and label-free detection of a wide range of molecules. Recently, flexible SERS has attracted increasingly tremendous research interest due to its unique advantages compared to rigid substrate-based SERS. Here, the latest advances in flexible substrate-based SERS diagnostic devices are investigated in-depth. First, the intriguing prospect of point-of-care diagnostics is briefly described, followed by an introduction to the cutting-edge SERS technique. Then, the focus is moved from conventional rigid substrate-based SERS to the emerging flexible SERS technique. The main part of this report highlights the recent three categories of flexible SERS substrates, including actively tunable SERS, swab-sampling strategy, and the in situ SERS detection approach. Furthermore, other promising means of flexible SERS are also introduced. The flexible SERS substrates with low-cost, batch-fabrication, and easy-to-operate characteristics can be integrated into portable Raman spectroscopes for point-of-care diagnostics, which are conceivable to penetrate global markets and households as next-generation wearable sensors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Department of Physics and ElectronicsOsaka Prefecture University SakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Aerospace EngineeringXiamen University422 Siming South Road, Siming DistrictXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and ElectronicsOsaka Prefecture University SakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Minghui Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
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4
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Zhao X, Wang T, Li Y, Huang L, Handschuh-Wang S. Polydimethylsiloxane/Nanodiamond Composite Sponge for Enhanced Mechanical or Wettability Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E948. [PMID: 31159378 PMCID: PMC6631953 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely utilized in material science, chemical engineering, and environmental science due to its excellent properties. By utilizing fillers, so-called composite materials can be obtained with enhanced mechanical, wettability, or thermal conductivity performance. Here, we present a simple, cost-effective approach to vary either the mechanical properties (Young's modulus) or surface wettability of bulk PDMS and PDMS sponges simply by adding nanodiamond filler with different surface terminations, either oxidized (oND) or hydrogenated (reduced, rND) nanodiamond. Minuscule amounts of oxidized nanodiamond particles as filler showed to benefit the compressive Young's modulus of composite sponges with up to a 52% increase in its value, while the wettability of composite sponges was unaffected. In contrast, adding reduced nanodiamond particles to PDMS yielded inclined water contact angles on the PDMS/nanodiamond composite sponges. Finally, we show that the PDMS/rND composites are readily utilized as an absorbent for oil/water separation problems. This signifies that the surface termination of the ND particle has a crucial effect on the performance of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yaoyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lei Huang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Poly (dimethylsiloxane) Membranes by Incorporating SiO 2 Microspheres Generated Silver Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050705. [PMID: 31064123 PMCID: PMC6566769 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nonspecific adsorption of proteins and bacteria on the surface of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) had been a serious concern in a wide range of applications, such as medical devices. In order to improve the anti-adhesive and antibacterial capability, bare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, ~15 nm) were generated in-situ on their surface without extra reducing and stabilizing agents. The main reason for this was that the SiO2 microspheres that are covalent bonded to the bulked PDMS could not only generate AgNPs spontaneously but also insure that no AgNPs were released to the environment. Meanwhile, the thiol-group-functionalized SiO2 microspheres self-assembled on the surface of PDMS by thiol-vinyl click reaction without any impact on their biomedical applications. After the modification of SiO2 microspheres with AgNPs, the surface of PDMS showed a smaller water contact angle than before, and the adhesion and growth of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis were effectively inhibited. When the monolayer of SiO2 microspheres with AgNPs was assembled completely on the surface of PDMS, they present improved bacterial resistance performance (living bacteria, 0%). This approach offers an antibacterial and anti-adhesive surface bearing small and well-defined quantities of in-situ generated AgNPs, and it is a novel, green, simple, and low-cost technique to generate AgNPs on soft biomedical substrates.
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Rankin A, McGarry S. A flexible pressure responsive device based on the interaction between silver nanoparticles and an aluminum reflector. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:015503. [PMID: 29095144 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa97bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unique and tunable optical properties of metal nanoparticles have attracted intense and sustained academic attention in recent years. In tandem with the demand for low-cost responsive materials, one particular topic of interest is the development of mechanically responsive device structures. This work describes the design, fabrication, and testing of a mechanically responsive plasmonic device structure that has been integrated onto a standard commercial plastic substrate. With a low actuation force and a visually perceivable color shift, this device would be attractive for applications requiring responsive features that can be activated by the human hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Rankin
- Carleton University, Department of Electronics, Ottawa, Canada
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Franke M, Slowik I, Mehner PJ, Paschew G, Voigt A, Fröb H, Leo K, Richter A. Electrically Tunable Dye Emission via Microcavity Integrated PDMS Gel Actuator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29193-29202. [PMID: 28783313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically tunable microcavities are essential elements for tunable laser sources indispensable for modern telecommunication and spectroscopy. However, most device concepts suffer from extensive lithography or etching for membrane processing. Here, we present an electrically and continuously tunable, multi-half-wavelength microcavity with a quality factor > 1000 as an easy-to-fabricate platform with potential use for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The microcavity has a Fabry-Pérot structure consisting of ultrasoft PDMS gel with a thickness of 14-15 μm and capped by a distributed Bragg reflector on the bottom end and a silver layer serving as top mirror and electrode. Additionally, we have embedded a pyrromethene dye into the PDMS matrix to prove efficient gain medium integration. By means of an integrated dielectric elastomer actuator, the microcavity thickness is varied 1.3 μm (9%) with a driving voltage of 70 V. The subsequent silver mirror deflection achieves a reversible 40 nm tuning of the cavity resonance wavelength. The tuning range is limited by the lateral bending of the electrodes for increasing voltages. This characteristic bending is confirmed by simulations with finite elements method. The dynamic behavior of the microcavity is characterized by capacitance measurements and modeled by viscoelastic theory. Our research provides in-depth examinations of electrically tunable, PDMS gel-based microcavities with the future goal of building simple, miniaturized, and cost-efficient laser sources with high tuning range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Franke
- Chair of Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems (IHM), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irma Slowik
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp J Mehner
- Chair of Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems (IHM), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgi Paschew
- Chair of Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems (IHM), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Voigt
- Chair of Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems (IHM), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Fröb
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Chair of Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems (IHM), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Schwartzkopf M, Hinz A, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Löhrer FC, Körstgens V, Müller-Buschbaum P, Faupel F, Roth SV. Role of Sputter Deposition Rate in Tailoring Nanogranular Gold Structures on Polymer Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5629-5637. [PMID: 28106380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The reproducible low-cost fabrication of functional polymer-metal interfaces via self-assembly is of crucial importance in organic electronics and organic photovoltaics. In particular, submonolayer and nanogranular systems expose highly interesting electrical, plasmonic, and catalytic properties. The exploitation of their great potential requires tailoring of the structure on the nanometer scale and below. To obtain full control over the complex nanostructural evolution at the polymer-metal interface, we monitor the evolution of the metallic layer morphology with in situ time-resolved grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering during sputter deposition. We identify the impact of different deposition rates on the growth regimes: the deposition rate affects primarily the nucleation process and the adsorption-mediated growth, whereas rather small effects on diffusion-mediated growth processes are observed. Only at higher rates are initial particle densities higher due to an increasing influence of random nucleation, and an earlier onset of thin film percolation occurs. The obtained results are discussed to identify optimized morphological parameters of the gold cluster ensemble relevant for various applications as a function of the effective layer thickness and deposition rate. Our study opens up new opportunities to improve the fabrication of tailored metal-polymer nanostructures for plasmonic-enhanced applications such as organic photovoltaics and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska C Löhrer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Moon HK, Kang S, Yoon HJ. Aziridine-functionalized polydimethylsiloxanes for tailorable polymeric scaffolds: aziridine as a clickable moiety for structural modification of materials. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The utility of aziridine as a clickable moiety for post-modification of polydimethylsiloxane is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
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11
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Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV. Investigating Polymer-Metal Interfaces by Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering from Gradients to Real-Time Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E239. [PMID: 28335367 PMCID: PMC5302712 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the polymer-metal interface is crucial for advanced material design. Vacuum deposition methods for metal layer coating are widely used in industry and research. They allow for installing a variety of nanostructures, often making use of the selective interaction of the metal atoms with the underlying polymer thin film. The polymer thin film may eventually be nanostructured, too, in order to create a hierarchy in length scales. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering is an advanced method to characterize and investigate polymer-metal interfaces. Being non-destructive and yielding statistically relevant results, it allows for deducing the detailed polymer-metal interaction. We review the use of grazing incidence X-ray scattering to elucidate the polymer-metal interface, making use of the modern synchrotron radiation facilities, allowing for very local studies via in situ (so-called "stop-sputter") experiments as well as studies observing the nanostructured metal nanoparticle layer growth in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Roth SV. A deep look into the spray coating process in real-time-the crucial role of x-rays. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403003. [PMID: 27537198 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring functional thin films and coating by rapid solvent-based processes is the basis for the fabrication of large scale high-end applications in nanotechnology. Due to solvent loss of the solution or dispersion inherent in the installation of functional thin films and multilayers the spraying and drying processes are strongly governed by non-equilibrium kinetics, often passing through transient states, until the final structure is installed. Therefore, the challenge is to observe the structural build-up during these coating processes in a spatially and time-resolved manner on multiple time and length scales, from the nanostructure to macroscopic length scales. During installation, the interaction of solid-fluid interfaces and between the different layers, the flow and evaporation themselves determine the structure of the coating. Advanced x-ray scattering methods open a powerful pathway for observing the involved processes in situ, from the spray to the coating, and allow for gaining deep insight in the nanostructuring processes. This review first provides an overview over these rapidly evolving methods, with main focus on functional coatings, organic photovoltaics and organic electronics. Secondly the role and decisive advantage of x-rays is outlined. Thirdly, focusing on spray deposition as a rapidly emerging method, recent advances in investigations of spray deposition of functional materials and devices via advanced x-ray scattering methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany. Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Chiadò A, Novara C, Lamberti A, Geobaldo F, Giorgis F, Rivolo P. Immobilization of Oligonucleotides on Metal-Dielectric Nanostructures for miRNA Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9554-9563. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Chiadò
- Department
of Applied Science
and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Novara
- Department
of Applied Science
and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Lamberti
- Department
of Applied Science
and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Geobaldo
- Department
of Applied Science
and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giorgis
- Department
of Applied Science
and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Rivolo
- Department
of Applied Science
and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy
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Yu S, Sun Y, Ni Y, Zhang X, Zhou H. Controlled Formation of Surface Patterns in Metal Films Deposited on Elasticity-Gradient PDMS Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5706-14. [PMID: 26859513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlled surface patterns are useful in a wide range of applications including flexible electronics, elastomeric optics, fluidic channels, surface engineering, measurement technique, biological templates, stamps, and sensors. In this work, we report on the controlled formation of surface patterns in metal films deposited on elasticity-gradient polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Because of the temperature gradient during the curing process, the PDMS substrate in each sample successively changes from a purely liquid state at one side to a purely elastic state at the opposite side. It is found that surface folds appear in the liquid or viscous PDMS region while wrinkles form in the elastic region. In the transition region from the liquid to elastic PDMS, a nested pattern (i.e., the coexisting of folds and wrinkles) can be observed. The folding wave is triggered by the intrinsic stress during the film deposition and its wavelength is independent of the film thickness. The wrinkling wave is induced by the thermal compression after deposition and its wavelength is proportional to the film thickness. The report in this work could promote better understanding of the effect of substrate elasticity on the surface patterns and fabrication of such patterns (folds and wrinkles) by tuning the substrate property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjiang Yu
- Department of Physics, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Sun
- Department of Physics, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Physics, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Physics, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
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