1
|
Yamazoe K, Higaki Y, Inutsuka Y, Miyawaki J, Takahara A, Harada Y. Critical In-Plane Density of Polyelectrolyte Brush for the Ordered Hydrogen-Bonded Structure of Incorporated Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3076-3081. [PMID: 35230121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A polymer electrolyte brush is a reasonable platform to confine water molecules within a nanoscopic area to study their role in the function of interacting media because of their adjustable nanospace and charge by changing the in-plane density and side chains of the brush. Here, we demonstrate how the in-plane spacing of cationic polymer brush chains, poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride] (PMTAC), affects the hydrogen bond configuration of incorporated water using soft X-ray emission spectroscopy. At the critical in-plane density σ = 0.30 chains/nm2 of PMTAC, tetrahedrally coordinated water molecules started to melt into distorted or broken hydrogen-bonded configurations. Considering the charge on the quaternary ammonium cations, the electric field required to form a tetrahedrally coordinated hydrogen-bonded configuration was estimated as ∼500 kV cm-1 and is effective up to ∼1 nm from the surface of the polymer chain. These findings are useful for designing specific interface properties and the resultant surface function of polyelectrolyte-based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamazoe
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inutsuka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jun Miyawaki
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hauschild D, Seitz L, Gharibzadeh S, Steininger R, Jiang N, Yang W, Paetzold UW, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Impact of n-Butylammonium Bromide on the Chemical and Electronic Structure of Double-Cation Perovskite Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53202-53210. [PMID: 34709800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D/3D perovskite heterostructures have emerged as a promising material composition to reduce nonradiative recombination in perovskite-based LEDs and solar cells. Such heterostructures can be created by a surface treatment with large organic cations, for example, n-butylammonium bromide (BABr). To understand the impact of the BABr surface treatment on the double-cation (Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.6Br0.4)3) (FA = formamidinium) perovskite thin film and further optimize the corresponding structures, an in-depth understanding of the chemical and electronic properties of the involved surfaces, interfaces, and bulk is required. Hence, we study the impact of the BABr treatment with a combination of surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and bulk-sensitive resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS). A quantitative analysis of the BABr-treated perovskite thin film shows a modified chemical perovskite surface environment of carbon, nitrogen, bromine, iodine, and lead, indicating that the treatment leads to a perovskite surface with a modified composition and bonding structure. With K-edge RIXS, the local environment at the nitrogen and carbon atoms is probed, allowing us to identify the presence of BABr in the perovskite bulk albeit with a modified bonding environment. This, in turn, identifies a "hidden parameter" for the optimization of the BABr treatment and overall performance of 2D/3D perovskite solar cell absorbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Linsey Seitz
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Saba Gharibzadeh
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ulrich Wilhelm Paetzold
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shimada T, Takenaka N, Watanabe E, Yamada Y, Cui YT, Harada Y, Okubo M, Yamada A. Soft X-ray Emission Studies on Hydrate-Melt Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11534-11539. [PMID: 34617749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly salt-concentrated aqueous solutions are a new class of electrolytes, which provide a wide potential window exceeding 3 V and, hence, realize possibly inexpensive, safe, and high-energy-density storage devices. Herein, we investigate the evolution of the coordination structure and electronic state depending on the salt concentration through soft X-ray emission spectroscopy and first-principles molecular dynamics calculations. Close to the concentration limit, categorized as a "hydrate melt," a long-range hydrogen-bond network of water molecules disappears with emerging localized electronic states that resemble those in the gas phase. Such localized electronic states are attributed not only to their geometrically isolated nature but also to their dominant electrostatic interaction with Li+ cations. Therefore, the electrical properties of water in the hydrate melt can be more gaslike than liquidlike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatau Shimada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Norio Takenaka
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Eriko Watanabe
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Yi-Tao Cui
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, 1-490-2, Kouto, Shingu-cho, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Masashi Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elbers M, Schmidt C, Sternemann C, Sahle CJ, Jahn S, Albers C, Sakrowski R, Gretarsson H, Sundermann M, Tolan M, Wilke M. Ion association in hydrothermal aqueous NaCl solutions: implications for the microscopic structure of supercritical water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14845-14856. [PMID: 34223594 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01490k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the microscopic structure of fluids and changes thereof with pressure and temperature is important for the understanding of chemistry and geochemical processes. In this work we investigate the influence of sodium chloride on the hydrogen-bond network in aqueous solution up to supercritical conditions. A combination of in situ X-ray Raman scattering and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations is used to probe the oxygen K-edge of the alkali halide aqueous solution in order to obtain unique information about the oxygen's local coordination around the ions, e.g. solvation-shell structure and the influence of ion pairing. The measured spectra exhibit systematic temperature dependent changes, which are entirely reproduced by calculations on the basis of structural snapshots obtained via ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis of the simulated trajectories allowed us to extract detailed structural information. This combined analysis reveals a net destabilizing effect of the dissolved ions which is reduced with rising temperature. The observed increased formation of contact ion pairs and occurrence of larger polyatomic clusters at higher temperatures can be identified as a driving force behind the increasing structural similarity between the salt solution and pure water at elevated temperatures and pressures with drawback on the role of hydrogen bonding in the hot fluid. We discuss our findings in view of recent results on hot NaOH and HCl aqueous fluids and emphasize the importance of ion pairing in the interpretation of the microscopic structure of water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Elbers
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Sternemann
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Sahle
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Sandro Jahn
- Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Albers
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Robin Sakrowski
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Hlynur Gretarsson
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Sundermann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Metin Tolan
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Max Wilke
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watanabe R, Sakamoto T, Yamazoe K, Miyawaki J, Kato T, Harada Y. Ion Selectivity of Water Molecules in Subnanoporous Liquid-Crystalline Water-Treatment Membranes: A Structural Study of Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23461-23465. [PMID: 33073915 PMCID: PMC7756590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate hydrogen-bonded structures of water in self-organized subnanoporous water treatment membranes obtained using synchrotron-based high-resolution soft X-ray emission spectroscopy. The ion selectivity of these water treatment membranes is usually understood by the size compatibility of nanochannels in the membrane with the Stokes radius of hydrated ions, or by electrostatic interaction between charges inside the nanochannels and such ions. However, based on a comparison between the hydrogen-bonded structures of water molecules in the nanochannels of the water treatment membrane and those surrounding the ions, we propose a definite contribution of structural consistency among the associated hydrogen-bonded water molecules to the ion selectivity. Our observation delivers a novel concept to the design of water treatment membranes where water molecules in the nanochannel can be regarded as a part of the material that controls the ion selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba277-8561Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamazoe
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP)The University of Tokyo5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba277-8581Japan
| | - Jun Miyawaki
- Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba277-8561Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP)The University of Tokyo5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba277-8581Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba277-8561Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP)The University of Tokyo5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, KashiwaChiba277-8581Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watanabe R, Sakamoto T, Yamazoe K, Miyawaki J, Kato T, Harada Y. Ion Selectivity of Water Molecules in Subnanoporous Liquid‐Crystalline Water‐Treatment Membranes: A Structural Study of Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamazoe
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8581 Japan
| | - Jun Miyawaki
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8581 Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8581 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roy S, Patra A, Saha S, Palit DK, Mondal JA. Restructuring of Hydration Shell Water due to Solvent-Shared Ion Pairing (SSIP): A Case Study of Aqueous MgCl 2 and LaCl 3 Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8141-8148. [PMID: 32816482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydration of ions plays a crucial role in interionic interactions and associated processes in aqueous media, but selective probing of the hydration shell water is nontrivial. Here, we introduce Raman difference with simultaneous curve fitting (RD-SCF) analysis to extract the OH-stretch spectrum of hydration shell water, not only for the fully hydrated ions (Mg2+, La3+, and Cl-) but also for the ion pairs. RD-SCF analyses of diluted MgCl2 (0.18 M) and LaCl3 (0.12 M) solutions relative to aqueous NaCl of equivalent Cl- concentrations provide the OH-stretch spectra of water in the hydration shells of fully hydrated Mg2+ and La3+ cations relative to that of Na+. Integrated intensities of the hydration shell spectra of Mg2+ and La3+ ions increase linearly with the salt concentration (up to 2.0 M MgCl2 and 1.3 M LaCl3), which suggests no contact ion pair (CIP) formation in the MgCl2 and LaCl3 solutions. Nevertheless, the band shapes of the cation hydration shell spectra show a growing signature of Cl--associated water with the rising salt concentration, which is a manifestation of the formation of a solvent-shared ion pair (SSIP). The OH-stretch spectrum of the shared/intervening water in the SSIP, retrieved by second-round RD-SCF analysis (2RD-SCF), shows that the average H-bonding of the shared water is weaker than that of the hydration water of the fully hydrated cation (Mg2+ or La3+) but stronger than that of the anion (Cl-). The shared water displays an overall second-order dependence on the concentration of the interacting ions, unveiling 1:1 stoichiometry of the SSIP formed between Mg2+ and Cl- as well as La3+ and Cl-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Roy
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Animesh Patra
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Subhamoy Saha
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Dipak K Palit
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Jahur Alam Mondal
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400085, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schwaab G, Sebastiani F, Havenith M. Untersuchung von Ionenhydratation und Ionenpaarbildung mittels THz‐Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Martina Havenith
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schwaab G, Sebastiani F, Havenith M. Ion Hydration and Ion Pairing as Probed by THz Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:3000-3013. [PMID: 30022575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ion hydration is of pivotal importance for many fundamental processes. Various spectroscopic methods are used to study the retardation of the hydration bond dynamics in the vicinity of anions and cations. Here we introduce THz-FTIR spectroscopy as a powerful method to answer the open questions. We show through dissection of THz spectra that we can pinpoint characteristic absorption features that can be attributed to the rattling modes of strongly hydrating ions within their hydration cages as well as vibrationally induced charge fluctuations in the case of weakly hydrating ions. Further analysis yields information on anion-cation cooperativity, the size of the dynamic hydration shell, as well as the lifetimes of these collective ion-hydration water modes and their connecting thermal bath states. Our study provides evidence for a non-additive behavior, thus questioning the simplified Hofmeister model. THz spectroscopy enables ion pairing to be observed and quantified at a high salt concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martina Havenith
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu J, Sallis S, Qiao R, Li Q, Zhuo Z, Dai K, Guo Z, Yang W. Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. J Vis Exp 2018:57415. [PMID: 29733322 PMCID: PMC6100655 DOI: 10.3791/57415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy storage has become more and more a limiting factor of today's sustainable energy applications, including electric vehicles and green electric grid based on volatile solar and wind sources. The pressing demand of developing high-performance electrochemical energy storage solutions, i.e., batteries, relies on both fundamental understanding and practical developments from both the academy and industry. The formidable challenge of developing successful battery technology stems from the different requirements for different energy-storage applications. Energy density, power, stability, safety, and cost parameters all have to be balanced in batteries to meet the requirements of different applications. Therefore, multiple battery technologies based on different materials and mechanisms need to be developed and optimized. Incisive tools that could directly probe the chemical reactions in various battery materials are becoming critical to advance the field beyond its conventional trial-and-error approach. Here, we present detailed protocols for soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS), soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (sXES), and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments, which are inherently elemental-sensitive probes of the transition-metal 3d and anion 2p states in battery compounds. We provide the details on the experimental techniques and demonstrations revealing the key chemical states in battery materials through these soft X-ray spectroscopy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University; Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
| | - Shawn Sallis
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Binghamton University
| | - Ruimin Qiao
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
| | - Qinghao Li
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; School of Physics, National Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University
| | - Zengqing Zhuo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
| | - Kehua Dai
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Meyer F, Blum M, Benkert A, Hauschild D, Jeyachandran YL, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L. Site-specific electronic structure of imidazole and imidazolium in aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of aqueous imidazole and imidazolium solutions are studied in an atom- and site-specific fashion using soft X-ray spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagasaka M, Yuzawa H, Kosugi N. Interaction between Water and Alkali Metal Ions and Its Temperature Dependence Revealed by Oxygen K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10957-10964. [PMID: 29131955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between water molecules and alkali metal ions in aqueous salt solutions has been studied by the oxygen K-edge soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in transmission mode. In the measurement of several alkali halide aqueous solutions with different alkali chlorides (Li, Na, and K) and different sodium halides (Cl, Br, and I), the pre-edge component arising from the hydration water molecules shows a blue shift in peak energy as strongly depending on cations but not on anions. In the temperature dependent measurement, the pre-edge component arising from water molecules beyond the first hydration shell shows the same behavior as that of pure liquid water. On the other hand, the pre-edge component arising from water molecules in the first hydration shell of Li+ ions is not evidently dependent on the temperature, indicating that the hydration water molecules are more strongly bound with Li+ ions than the other water molecules. These experimental results are supported by the results of radial distribution functions of the first hydration shell and their temperature dependence, evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Nagasaka
- Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yin Z, Inhester L, Thekku Veedu S, Quevedo W, Pietzsch A, Wernet P, Groenhof G, Föhlisch A, Grubmüller H, Techert S. Cationic and Anionic Impact on the Electronic Structure of Liquid Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3759-3764. [PMID: 28742347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydration shells around ions are crucial for many fundamental biological and chemical processes. Their local physicochemical properties are quite different from those of bulk water and hard to probe experimentally. We address this problem by combining soft X-ray spectroscopy using a liquid jet and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations together with ab initio electronic structure calculations to elucidate the water-ion interaction in a MgCl2 solution at the molecular level. Our results reveal that salt ions mainly affect the electronic properties of water molecules in close vicinity and that the oxygen K-edge X-ray emission spectrum of water molecules in the first solvation shell differs significantly from that of bulk water. Ion-specific effects are identified by fingerprint features in the water X-ray emission spectra. While Mg2+ ions cause a bathochromic shift of the water lone pair orbital, the 3p orbital of the Cl- ions causes an additional peak in the water emission spectrum at around 528 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sreevidya Thekku Veedu
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmut Grubmüller
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li RZ, Zeng Z, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zhao X, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Hydration of potassium iodide dimer studied by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4967168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Zhong Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|