1
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Jaiswal AK, Saha P, Jiang J, Suzuki K, Jasny A, Schmidt BM, Maeda S, Hecht S, Huang CYD. Accessing a Diverse Set of Functional Red-Light Photoswitches by Selective Copper-Catalyzed Indigo N-Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21367-21376. [PMID: 39058407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The ability to correlate the structure of a molecule with its properties is the key to the rational and accelerated design of new functional compounds and materials. Taking photoswitches as an example, the thermal stability of the metastable state is a crucial property that dictates their application in molecular systems. Indigos have recently emerged as an attractive motif for designing photoswitchable molecules due to their red-light addressability, which can be advantageous in biomedical and material applications. The lack of synthetic techniques to derivatize the abundant parent dye and a thorough understanding of the impact of structural factors on the photochemical and thermal properties hinder broad applications of this emerging photoswitch class. Herein, we report an efficient copper-catalyzed indigo N-arylation that enables the installation of a wide variety of aryl moieties carrying useful functional groups. The exclusive selectivity for monoarylation likely originates from a bimetallic cooperative mechanism through a binuclear copper-indigo intermediate. Functional N-aryl-N'-alkylindigos were prepared and shown to photoisomerize efficiently under red light. Moreover, this design allows for the modulation of thermal half-lives through N-aryl substituents, while the N'-alkyl groups enable the independent attachment of functional moieties without affecting the photochromic properties. A strong correlation between the structure of the N-aryl moiety and the thermal stability of the photogenerated Z-isomers was achieved by multivariate linear regression models obtained through a data-science workflow. This work thus builds an avenue leading to versatile red-light photoswitches and a general method for structure-property correlation that is expected to be broadly applicable to the design of photoresponsive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jaiswal
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Priya Saha
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kimichi Suzuki
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Anna Jasny
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Chung-Yang Dennis Huang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Yamazaki S, Banno K. Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer toward Conical Intersections in Indigo, Epindolidione, and Indirubin. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39052640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Indigo exhibits a high degree of photostability, experimentally supported by observations such as quenching of fluorescence and an exceptionally short excited-state lifetime. Epindolidione, a structural isomer of indigo, is highly fluorescent in contrast to indigo, while indirubin, another structural isomer, exhibits weak fluorescence similar to that of indigo. To elucidate the origin of the difference in photophysical and photochemical behavior, potential energy profiles of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in indigo, epindolidione, and indirubin are computationally studied by quantum chemical calculations using the TDDFT and extended MS-CASPT2 (XMS-CASPT2) methods. As a result, it is found that indigo and indirubin exhibit little energy barrier for the single proton transfer (SPT) in the S1(ππ*) state from the diketo to keto-enol form and low energy of the S1/S0 conical intersection (CI) in the latter form with a planar molecular structure. Epindolidione, on the other hand, exhibits much higher barriers for SPT and access to CI. These results suggest that the excited-state SPT and subsequent nonradiative deactivation via CI are more likely to occur in indigo and indirubin than in epindolidione, which is consistent with the experimental observations described above. For indigo and epindolidione, the deactivation channels via the second SPT from the keto-enol to dienol form are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamazaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kouta Banno
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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3
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Xu H, Chakraborty R, Adak AK, Das A, Yang B, Meier D, Riss A, Reichert J, Narasimhan S, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. On-Surface Isomerization of Indigo within 1D Coordination Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319162. [PMID: 38235942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Natural products are attractive components to tailor environmentally friendly advanced new materials. We present surface-confined metallosupramolecular engineering of coordination polymers using natural dyes as molecular building blocks: indigo and the related Tyrian purple. Both building blocks yield identical, well-defined coordination polymers composed of (1 dehydroindigo : 1 Fe) repeat units on two different silver single crystal surfaces. These polymers are characterized atomically by submolecular resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy, bond-resolving atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On Ag(100) and on Ag(111), the trans configuration of dehydroindigo results in N,O-chelation in the polymer chains. On the more inert Ag(111) surface, the molecules additionally undergo thermally induced isomerization from the trans to the cis configuration and afford N,N- plus O,O-chelation. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the coordination polymers of the cis-isomers on Ag(111) and of the trans-isomers on Ag(100) are energetically favoured. Our results demonstrate post-synthetic linker isomerization in interfacial metal-organic nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Xu
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ritam Chakraborty
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Adak
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
- Current address: The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arpan Das
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Biao Yang
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dennis Meier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Riss
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shobhana Narasimhan
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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4
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Sun P, Li Z, Zhang X, Liao Y, Liao S. Visible Light-Regulated Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones by Employing Indigo as a Photoacid Catalyst. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400054. [PMID: 38471494 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of visible light-regulated polymerizations for precision synthesis of polymers has drawn considerable attention in the past years. In this study, an ancient dye, indigo, is successfully identified as a new and efficient photoacid catalyst, which can readily promote the ring-opening polymerization of lactones under visible light irradiation in a well-controlled manner, affording the desired polyester products with predictable molecular weights and narrow dispersity. The enhanced acidity of indigos by excitation is crucial to the H-bonding activation of the lactone monomers. Chain extension and block copolymer synthesis are also demonstrated with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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5
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Nobre DC, Delgado-Pinar E, Cunha C, Sérgio Seixas de Melo J. The role of the oxime group in the excited state deactivation processes of indirubin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7416-7423. [PMID: 38351859 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of an oxime group into indirubin (INR) derivatives, including INROx, MINROx, and 6-BrINROx, and its impact on the spectral and photophysical properties of INR was investigated using a combination of fast-transient absorption (fs-TA/fs-UC) and steady-state fluorescence techniques. The oxime group introduces structural modifications that promote a rapid keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium and enhance the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) process compared to its analogue, INR. In the oxime-indirubin derivatives investigated, the ESPT process is notably more efficient than what is observed in INR and indigo, occurring extremely fast (<1 ps) in all solvents, except for the viscous solvent glycerol. The more rapid deactivation mechanism precludes the formation of an intermediate species (syn-rotamer), as observed with INR. These findings are corroborated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The work demonstrates that introducing an oxime group to INR, whether in nature or in the laboratory, results in an enhancement of its photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danîela C Nobre
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Cunha
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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6
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Dos Santos DNS, Naskar N, Delgado-Pinar E, Reess K, Seixas de Melo JS, Rueck A. Bromine indirubin FLIM/PLIM sensors to measure oxygen in normoxic and hypoxic PDT conditions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103964. [PMID: 38218570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of phototoxicity during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is dependent on oxygen availability. For this reason, the development of sensors to measure oxygen and oxygen consumption is extremely important. APPROACH In this project we have used Fluorescence Lifetime imaging (FLIM) and Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging/ delayed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (PLIM/dFLIM) to investigate the ability of bromine indirubin derivatives as oxygen sensors. RESULTS The oxygen sensitivity of bromine indirubins was detected through PLIM/dFLIM. Moreover, we have observed, by measuring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) FLIM, that bromine indirubin has a significant impact on cellular metabolism by shifting the SCC-4 Cells metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study successfully achieves its goals and provides important insights into the use of indirubin as a potential oxygen consumption sensor with the capability to identify and differentiate between normoxic and hypoxic regions within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N S Dos Santos
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal.
| | - N Naskar
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Delgado-Pinar
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal; Molecular Science Institute, Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - K Reess
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - J S Seixas de Melo
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal
| | - A Rueck
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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7
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Duindam N, van Dongen M, Siegler MA, Wezenberg SJ. Monodirectional Photocycle Drives Proton Translocation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21020-21026. [PMID: 37712835 PMCID: PMC10540201 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of retinal is pivotal to ion translocation across the bacterial membrane and has served as an inspiration for the development of artificial molecular switches and machines. Light-driven synthetic systems in which a macrocyclic component transits along a nonsymmetric axle in a specific direction have been reported; however, unidirectional and repetitive translocation of protons has not been achieved. Herein, we describe a unique protonation-controlled isomerization behavior for hemi-indigo dyes bearing N-heterocycles, featuring intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Light-induced isomerization from the Z to E isomer is unlocked when protonated, while reverse E → Z photoisomerization occurs in the neutral state. As a consequence, associated protons are displaced in a preferred direction with respect to the photoswitchable scaffold. These results will prove to be critical in developing artificial systems in which concentration gradients can be effectively generated using (solar) light energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nol Duindam
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle van Dongen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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8
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Zhu H, Gong F, Ma P, Qian Y, He L, Chen L, Qin X, Xu L. Protein-activated and FRET enhanced excited-state intermolecular proton transfer fluorescent probes for high-resolution imaging of cilia and tunneling nanotubes in live cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 288:122142. [PMID: 36446173 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state intermolecular proton transfer (inter-ESPT) fluorescent probes responsive to specific bioactive molecules should be greatly promising for protein sensing, DNA mutation simulating and cellular process regulating. However, the inter-ESPT molecules are recessive ESPT fluorophores, which need the assistance of other molecules with both hydrogen-bond accepting and donating abilities to turn on the tautomeric fluorescence. Valid design strategies to create powerful inter-ESPT fluorescent probes are poorly developed, particularly for proteins as targets. We recently reported a unique supramolecular strategy to trigger the inter-ESPT process based on the probe-protein recognition by H-bonding and to image protein-based subcellular structures in live cells. Herein, we found that our inter-ESPT probes (inter-ESPT-01) bearing a 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine scaffold can anchor proteins and light up the "invisible" ESPT state, so as to image the proteins or the protein-based subcellular organelles. More importantly, the inter-ESPT emission of inter-ESPT-01 can be significantly enhanced by the FRET process between amino and imino tautomers, endowing the inter-ESPT-01 probes with super-bright tautomeric fluorescence. The expressed proteins Ecallantide and MarTX were selected as the models to light up the inter-ESPT fluorescence of the probes and revealed that the inter-ESPT process can be triggered by the specific probe-protein recognition events. In the use of the super-bright inter-ESPT fluorescence, not only the proteins, but also the protein-based cilia and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) can be specifically visualized in living cancer cells. Furthermore, such recognition-driven strategy allows us to construct a unique inter-ESPT probe to track and image specific endogenous proteins in live cells, highlighting the potential of inter-ESPT fluorogens as novel intelligent biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanming Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Fuchun Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China.
| | - Pan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - You Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Lingzhi He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Lusen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Lujie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
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9
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Krell-Jørgensen M, Zulfikri H, Bonnevie MG, Bro FS, Dohn AO, Laraia L. Redshifted and thermally bistable one-way quantitative hemithioindigo-derived photoswitches enabled by isomer-specific excited state intramolecular proton transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:563-566. [PMID: 36537010 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report bistable indole-containing hemithioindigos (HTIs) with one-way quantitative photoswitching properties. Supported by state-averaged CASPT2/CASSCF calculations, we propose a mechanism for the observed one-way photoswitching that involves an isomer-specific excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). Additionally, we developed a thermally bistable oligomer-inspired bipyrrole-containing HTI, which displays large band separation and bidirectional near-quantitative photoisomerization in the near-infrared, bio-optical window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Krell-Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Habiburrahman Zulfikri
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Magnus Grage Bonnevie
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Simonsen Bro
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Asmus Ougaard Dohn
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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10
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Zhou M, Mathew S, de Bruin B. Thermal and (Thermo-Reversible) Photochemical Cycloisomerization of 1 H-2-Benzo[ c]oxocins: From Synthetic Applications to the Development of a New T-Type Molecular Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:645-657. [PMID: 36548378 PMCID: PMC9837851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel T-type molecular photoswitch based on the reversible cyclization of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromenes has been developed. The switching mechanism involves a light-triggered ring-contraction of 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to 4,6-fused O-heterocyclic dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromene ring systems, with reversion back to the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocin state accessible through heating. Both processes are unidirectional and proceed with good efficiency, with switching properties─including reversibility and half-life time─easily adjusted via structural functionalization. Our new molecular-switching platform exhibits independence from solvent polarity, originating from its neutral-charge switching mechanism, a property highly sought-after for biological applications. The photoinduced ring-contraction involves a [2+2] conjugated-diene cyclization that obeys the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In contrast, the reverse process initiates via a thermal ring-opening (T > 60 °C) to produce the original 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins, which is thermally forbidden according to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. The thermal ring-opening is likely to proceed via an ortho-quinodimethane (o-QDM) intermediate, and the corresponding switching mechanisms are supported by experimental observations and density functional theory calculations. Other transformations of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins were found upon altering reaction conditions: prolonged heating of the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins at a significantly elevated temperature (72 h at 120 °C), with the resulting dihydronaphthalenes formed via the o-QDM intermediate. These reactions also proceed with good chemoselectivities, providing new synthetic protocols for motifs found in several bioactive molecules, but are otherwise difficult to access.
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11
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Pinto CM, Pina J, Delgado-Pinar E, Seixas de Melo JS. Excited state deactivation mechanisms in Shikonin rationalized from its naphthoquinone parent structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20348-20356. [PMID: 35980224 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin, a naphthoquinone dye, is a molecule of colour of natural origin, whose peculiar properties have not yet been fully rationalized. Its core structure consists of a di-hydroxy-naphthoquinone with an additional non-aromatic hydroxy group. From a comprehensive study involving fast spectroscopic techniques (fs-TA and fs-UC) and TDDFT electronic structure calculations on shikonin (Shk) and its derivatives 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5HNQ), 5,8-diacetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DiAc), 5,8-dihidroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DHNQ) and acetylshikonin, AcShk, it is shown that intramolecular excited state proton transfer (ESIPT) is present and is determinant in the deactivation of the hydroxy containing molecules. This is mirrored by the dominance of the internal conversion deactivation channel. In Shk, the non-aromatic hydroxy group determines the preferred conformer in both the ground- and excited-state, as reflected in the doubling of the fluorescence quantum yield value of this molecule relative to DHNQ. From fs-UC, a kinetic isotopic effect of 1.7 was obtained for DHNQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Pina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O'Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near-IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205758. [PMID: 35524420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light offers unique opportunities for controlling the activity of materials and biosystems with high spatiotemporal resolution. Molecular photoswitches are chromophores that undergo reversible isomerization between different states upon irradiation with light, allowing a convenient means to control their influence over the system of interest. However, a significant limitation of classical photoswitches is the requirement to initiate the switching in one or both directions using deleterious UV light with poor tissue penetration. Red-shifted photoswitches are hence in high demand and have attracted keen recent research interest. In this Review, we highlight recent progress towards the development of visible- and NIR-activated photoswitches characterized by distinct photochromic reaction mechanisms. We hope to inspire further endeavors in this field, allowing the full potential of these tools in biotechnology and materials chemistry applications to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Michael O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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13
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Budzák Š, Jovaišaitė J, Huang C, Baronas P, Tulaitė K, Juršėnas S, Jacquemin D, Hecht S. Mechanistic Insights into the Photoisomerization of
N,N′
‐Disubstituted Indigos. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200496. [PMID: 35235237 PMCID: PMC9311193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N,N′‐disubstituted indigos are photoswitchable molecules that have recently caught the attention due to their addressability by red‐light. When alkyl and aryl groups are utilized as the N‐substituents, the thermal half‐lives of Z isomers can be tuned independently while maintaining the advantageous red‐shifted absorption spectra. To utilize these molecules in real‐world applications, it is of immense importance to understand how their molecular structures as well as the environment influence their switching properties. To this end, we probed their photoisomerization mechanism by carrying out photophysical and computational studies in solvents of different polarities. The fluorescence and transient absorption experiments suggest for more polar excited and transition states, which explains the bathochromic shifts of absorption spectra and shorter thermal half‐lives. On the other hand, the quantum chemical calculations reveal that in contrast to N‐carbonyl groups, N‐alkyl and N‐aryl substituents are not strongly conjugated with the indigo chromophore and can thus serve as a tool for tuning the thermal stability of Z isomers. Both approaches are combined to provide in‐depth understandings of how indigos undergo photoswitching as well as how they are influenced by N‐substituent and the chemical surroundings. These mechanistic insights will serve as guiding principles for designing molecules eyeing broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Budzák
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Matej Bel University Tajovkého 40 97401 Banska Bystrica Slovakia
| | - Justina Jovaišaitė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology Vilnius University Saulėtekis av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Chung‐Yang Huang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Paulius Baronas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology Vilnius University Saulėtekis av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Kamilė Tulaitė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology Vilnius University Saulėtekis av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology Vilnius University Saulėtekis av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM Lab, UMR 6230 Université de Nantes, CNRS 44000 Nantes France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
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14
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O’Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near‐IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem Shanghai CHINA
| | - Wenhui Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem CHINA
| | | | - Jinghong Dai
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem CHINA
| | - Junji Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem Shanghai CHINA
| | - He Tian
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai! CHINA
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15
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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16
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Kanda J, Egami N, Sasamori T, Imayoshi A, Hosoya T, Tsubaki K. Synthesis of Bridged Indigos and Their Thermoisomerization and Photoisomerization Behaviors. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17620-17628. [PMID: 34818023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bridged indigos were synthesized by bridging the two nitrogen atoms in the indigo structure with a carbon chain, and their properties were carefully examined. These bridged indigos have intrinsic planar chirality, and the enantiomers were separated using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. When the chiral bridged indigos were subjected to thermo- and photoisomerization, the corresponding (Z)-indigo was not observed at all, and racemization was observed. This phenomenon is caused by the low activation energy of inversion due to the 1.5 bond order of the double bond of the indigo skeleton and the large energy difference between the ground states of (E)-indigo and (Z)-indigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kanda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Egami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tenodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Ayumi Imayoshi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Hosoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tsubaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin H. Lechner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Róbert Izsák
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
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18
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Pinheiro D, Pineiro M, Seixas de Melo JS. Tryptanthrin derivatives as efficient singlet oxygen sensitizers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:645-658. [PMID: 34735707 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated tryptanthrin and aminotryptanthrin were synthesized from indigo or isatin precursors. Dibromo- and tetrabromo-tryptanthrin were obtained from indigo dyes following green chemistry procedures, through microwave-assisted synthesis in mild oxidation conditions. Spectral and photophysical properties of the compounds, including quantitative determination of all the different deactivation pathways of S1 and T1, were obtained in different solvents and temperatures. The triplet state (T1) has a dominant role on the photophysical properties of these compounds, which is further enhanced by the halogens at the fused-phenyl rings. Substitution with an amino group, 2-aminotryptanthrin (TRYP-NH2), leads a dominance of the radiative decay channel. Moreover, with the sole exception of TRYP-NH2, S1 ~ ~ > T1 intersystem crossing constitutes the dominant route, with internal conversion playing a minor role in the deactivation of S1 in all the studied derivatives. In agreement with tryptanthrin, emission of the triplet state of tryptanthrin derivatives (with exception of TRYP-NH2), was observed together with an enhancement of the singlet oxygen sensitization quantum yield: from 70% in tryptanthrin to 92% in the iodine derivative. This strongly contrasts with indigo and its derivatives, where singlet oxygen sensitization is found inefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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20
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Ikeda K, Yoo D, Nishikawa R, Kawamoto T, Mori T. Charge injected proton transfer in indigo derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21972-21980. [PMID: 34569569 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In analogy with excited-state proton transfer, proton transfer is significantly facilitated in cationic and anionic molecules of indigo derivatives generated in field-effect transistors. We have prepared extended and truncated indigo derivatives and investigated their ambipolar transistor properties. Since the proton transfer reduces the energy gap from 2.2 to 0.4 eV, the proton transferred states are stabilized in the charge injected cationic and anionic states; the energy increase is as small as 0.5 eV, which is half of that in the neutral state. The intermolecular proton transfer enlarges the equilibrium N-H distance typically by 0.03 Å, and improves the donor and acceptor abilities by 0.2-0.4 eV, though the reorganization energy is practically unchanged. In addition, the transfer integrals along the hydrogen bonds are as large as one third of the columnar transfers, to facilitate the two-dimensional carrier conduction. The influence of proton transfer is most significant in indigo and truncated indigo derivatives, though isoindigo and quinacridone exhibit similar properties. Accordingly, indigo derivatives show much better donor and acceptor abilities than those expected from isolated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Ikeda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Dongho Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Ryu Nishikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Kawamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
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21
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Pinheiro D, Pineiro M, de Melo JSS. Sulfonated tryptanthrin anolyte increases performance in pH neutral aqueous redox flow batteries. Commun Chem 2021; 4:89. [PMID: 36697575 PMCID: PMC9814137 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold great promise as low-cost, environmentally friendly and safe alternative energy storage media. Here we present aqueous organometallic and all-organic active materials for RFBs with a water-soluble active material, sulfonated tryptanthrin (TRYP-SO3H), working at a neutral pH and showing long-term stability. Electrochemical measurements show that TRYP-SO3H displays reversible peaks at neutral pH values, allowing its use as an anolyte combined with potassium ferrocyanide or 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt monohydrate as catholytes. Single cell tests show reproducible charge-discharge cycles for both catholytes, with significantly improved results for the aqueous all-organic RFB reaching high cell voltage (0.94 V) and high energy efficiencies, stabilized during at least 50 working cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinheiro
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Pinheiro D, Galvão AM, Pineiro M, de Melo JSS. Red-Purple Photochromic Indigos from Green Chemistry: Mono- tBOC or Di- tBOC N-Substituted Indigos Displaying Excited State Proton Transfer or Photoisomerization. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4108-4119. [PMID: 33851847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In indigo, excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is known to be associated with the molecular mechanism responsible for highly efficient radiationless deactivation. When this route is blocked (partially or totally), new deactivation routes become available. Using new green chemistry procedures, with favorable green chemistry metrics, monosubstitution and disubstitution of N group(s) in indigo, by tert-butoxy carbonyl groups, N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indigo (NtBOCInd) and N,N'-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indigo (N,N'tBOCInd), respectively, were synthetically accomplished. The compounds display red to purple colors depending on the solvent and substitution. Different excited-state deactivation pathways were observed and found to be structure- and solvent-dependent. Trans-cis photoisomerization was found to be absent with NtBOCInd and present with N,N'tBOCInd in nonpolar solvents. Time-resolved fluorescence experiments revealed single-exponential decays for the two compounds which, linked to time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) studies, show that with NtBOCInd ESPT is extremely fast and barrierless-predicted to be 1 kJ mol-1 in methylcyclohexane and 5 kJ mol-1 in dimethylsulfoxide-, which contrasts with ∼11 kJ mol-1 experimentally obtained for indigo. An alternative ESPT, competitive with the N-H···O═C intramolecular pathway, involving dimer units is also probed by TDDFT and found to be consistent with the experimentally observed time-resolved data. N,N'tBOCInd, where ESPT is precluded, shows solvent-dependent trans-cis/cis-trans photoisomerization and is surprisingly found to be more stable in the nonemissive cis conformation, whose deactivation to S0 is found to be solvent-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinheiro
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adelino M Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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McCosker PM, Butler NM, Shakoori A, Volland MK, Perry MJ, Mullen JW, Willis AC, Clark T, Bremner JB, Guldi DM, Keller PA. The Cascade Reactions of Indigo with Propargyl Substrates for Heterocyclic and Photophysical Diversity. Chemistry 2021; 27:3708-3721. [PMID: 32885487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of structurally diverse heterocycles for chemical space exploration was achieved via the cascade reactions of indigo with propargylic electrophiles. New pyrazinodiindolodione, naphthyridinedione, azepinodiindolone, oxazinoindolone and pyrrolodione products were prepared in one pot reactions by varying the leaving group (-Cl, -Br, -OMs, -OTs) or propargyl terminal functionality (-H, -Me, -Ph, -Ar). Mechanistic and density functional theory studies revealed that the unsaturated propargyl moiety can behave as an electrophile when aromatic terminal substitutions are made, and therefore competes with leaving group substitution for new outcomes. Selected products from the cascade reactions were investigated for their absorption and fluorescence properties, including transient absorption spectroscopy. This revealed polarity dependent excited state relaxation pathways, fluorescence, and triplet formation, thus highlighting these reactions as a means to access diverse functional materials rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McCosker
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Butler
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Alireza Shakoori
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Michel K Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Perry
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse W Mullen
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony C Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - John B Bremner
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul A Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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24
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Pinheiro D, Pineiro M, Galvão AM, Seixas de Melo JS. Deep in blue with green chemistry: influence of solvent and chain length on the behaviour of N- and N,N′- alkyl indigo derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:303-313. [PMID: 34163598 PMCID: PMC8178810 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using green chemistry procedures the synthesis of N-alkyl (NCnInd) and N,N′-dialkyl (N,N′CnInd) indigo derivatives, with n = 1–3, 6, 8, 12 and 18, was undertaken, leading to compounds with blueish to greenish colors in solution. The effect of the alkyl chain length on the spectral (including color) and photophysical properties of the compounds was explored. This was done with solvents of different viscosities and polarities (dielectric constants). From time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond-transient absorption (fs-TA) for the NCnInd derivatives with n = 1 and 2, the decays are, in methylcyclohexane (MCH) and n-dodecane, single-exponential, while in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF) they are bi-exponential. The excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is ultrafast (<1 ps) for NC1,2Ind in MCH and n-dodecane, supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, thus showing that both the chain length and solvent influence the ESPT process. For N,N′CnInd, from time-resolved experiments, and with the exception of the shortest member of the series, N,N′C1Ind, two conformers are found to be present in the excited state. Using green chemistry procedures the synthesis of N- and N,N′-alkyl indigo derivatives was undertaken and the effect of the alkyl chain length on the spectral (including color) and photophysical properties of the compounds explored.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinheiro
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico (IST)
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
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Franchi D, Calamante M, Coppola C, Mordini A, Reginato G, Sinicropi A, Zani L. Synthesis and Characterization of New Organic Dyes Containing the Indigo Core. Molecules 2020; 25:E3377. [PMID: 32722406 PMCID: PMC7435895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of symmetrical organic dyes containing an indigo central core decorated with different electron donor groups have been prepared, starting from Tyrian Purple and using the Pd-catalyzed Stille-Migita coupling process. The effect of substituents on the spectroscopic properties of the dyes has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. In general, all dyes presented intense light absorption bands, both in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum, conferring them a bright green color in solution. Using the same approach, an asymmetrically substituted D-A-π-A green dye, bearing a triarylamine electron donor and the cyanoacrylate acceptor/anchoring group, has been synthesized for the first time and fully characterized, confirming that spectroscopic and electrochemical properties are consistent with a possible application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.)
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, KTH, Teknikringen 30, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Calamante
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.)
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Carmen Coppola
- R2ES Lab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- CSGI, Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mordini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.)
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Gianna Reginato
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
- R2ES Lab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- CSGI, Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zani
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
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de Miguel G, Garzón-Ruiz A, Navarro A, García-Frutos EM. Synthesis and photophysical studies of an indigo derivative: N-octyl-7,7′-diazaindigo. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42014-42020. [PMID: 35516727 PMCID: PMC9057857 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a novel indigo derivative, N-octyl-7,7′-diazaindigo, being the first time that diazaindigos have been studied as photophysically-active chemical entities. Reduction of the neutral “keto-form” to the so-called “leuco-form” changes the global spectroscopic and photophysical behaviors. Both species have been investigated by different photophysical studies, such as analysis of absorption and emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) and lifetimes. Finally, to appraise in depth the deactivation of the excited state of the keto form, femtosecond transient absorption (TA) experiments and Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time Dependent (TD)-DFT calculations were performed. In an organic aprotic solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide), TA experiments showed a fast deactivation channel (τ1 = 2.9 ps), which was ascribed to solvent reorganization, and a longer decay component (τ2 = 86 ps) associated with an internal conversion (IC) process to the ground-state, in opposition to the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) mechanism that takes place in the indigo molecules but in protic solvents. A comparative study was also carried out on the parent molecule, 7,7′-diazaindigo, corroborating the previous conclusions obtained for the alkyl derivative. In agreement with experimental observations, DFT and TD-DFT calculations revealed that the deactivation of the S1 state of the keto form takes place through an internal conversion process. We report the synthesis, characterization, photophysical properties, and theoretical calculations of a novel indigo derivative, N-octyl-7,7′-diazaindigo.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Miguel
- Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics
- University of Cordoba
- Córdoba
- Spain
| | - Andrés Garzón-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- E02071 Albacete
- Spain
| | - Amparo Navarro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences
- Universidad de Jaén
- E23071 Jaén
- Spain
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27
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Nassar SJM, Sirbu D, Harriman A. Photocatalysed decolouration of indigo in solution via in situ generation of an organic hydroperoxide. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2875-2883. [PMID: 31720669 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Indigo, an emblematic violet dye used for thousands of years to colour fabric, is resistant to fading on exposure to sunlight. Prior work has indicated that indigo is reactive towards both hydroperoxyl radicals and superoxide anions in solution. In order to promote photobleaching of indigo, we have utilised a BOPHY-based (BOPHY = aryl fused symmetrical pyrrole-BF2 complex) chromophore known to form both superoxide ions and a stable alkyl hydroperoxide under illumination in aerated solution. Selective irradiation of the photocatalyst causes relatively fast fading of indigo, with the rate increasing gently with increasing concentration of indigo. Molecular oxygen and light are essential for effective bleaching. One molecule of photocatalyst can bleach more than 40 molecules of indigo. An active component of the photocatalyst is a butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) residue which itself quenches the triplet excited state of indigo. This provides an ancillary mechanism for effecting photofading of indigo but, because the triplet is formed in very low yield, this route is less practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulafa Jamal M Nassar
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Dumitru Sirbu
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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28
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Fang C, Durbeej B. Calculation of Free-Energy Barriers with TD-DFT: A Case Study on Excited-State Proton Transfer in Indigo. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8485-8495. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Fang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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29
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He X, Yang F, Li S, He X, Yu A, Chen J, Xu J, Wang J. Ultrafast Excited-State Intermolecular Proton Transfer in Indigo Oligomer. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6463-6471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Anchi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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30
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Rohman MA, Sutradhar D, Bangal PR, Chandra AK, Mitra S. Excited State Decay Dynamics in 3‐Formyl‐4‐hydroxy Benzoic Acid: Understanding the Global Picture of an ESIPT‐Driven Multiple‐Emissive Species. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostofa Ataur Rohman
- Centre for Advanced StudiesDepartment of ChemistryNorth-Eastern Hill University Shillong – 793022 India
| | - Dipankar Sutradhar
- Centre for Advanced StudiesDepartment of ChemistryNorth-Eastern Hill University Shillong – 793022 India
| | - Prakriti Ranjan Bangal
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
| | - Asit K. Chandra
- Centre for Advanced StudiesDepartment of ChemistryNorth-Eastern Hill University Shillong – 793022 India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre for Advanced StudiesDepartment of ChemistryNorth-Eastern Hill University Shillong – 793022 India
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31
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Pianowski ZL. Recent Implementations of Molecular Photoswitches into Smart Materials and Biological Systems. Chemistry 2019; 25:5128-5144. [PMID: 30614091 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Light is a nearly ideal stimulus for molecular systems. It delivers information encoded in the form of wavelengths and their intensities with high precision in space and time. Light is a mild trigger that does not permanently contaminate targeted samples. Its energy can be reversibly transformed into molecular motion, polarity, or flexibility changes. This leads to sophisticated functions at the supramolecular and macroscopic levels, from light-triggered nanomaterials to photocontrol over biological systems. New methods and molecular adapters of light are reported almost daily. Recently reported applications of photoresponsive systems, particularly azobenzenes, spiropyrans, diarylethenes, and indigoids, for smart materials and photocontrol of biological setups are described herein with the aim to demonstrate that the 21st century has become the Age of Enlightenment-"Le siècle des Lumières"-in molecular sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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32
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Costa C, Farinhas J, Avó J, Morgado J, Galvão AM, Charas A. Structural dependence of the optical properties of narrow band gap thiophene–thiadiazoloquinoxaline derivatives and their application in organic photovoltaic cells. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The structural causes for NIR absorption bands on new [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline derivatives were determined on the basis of DFT calculations and organic photovoltaic cells incorporating the new compounds were fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Costa
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural
| | - Joana Farinhas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - João Avó
- CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- University of Lisbon
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Jorge Morgado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ana Charas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
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33
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Costa C, Farinhas J, Velho MFG, Avó J, Matos M, Galvão AM, Charas A. Band-gap tunable thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline derivatives as non-fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaic cells processed from low toxic ethanol/anisole mixtures. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New non-fullerene acceptors were combined with a new polythiophene donor and processed from solvent mixtures of low toxicity in organic photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Costa
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural
| | - Joana Farinhas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | | | - João Avó
- CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- University of Lisbon
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Manuel Matos
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia, Química
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ana Charas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
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34
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Ribeiro N, Galvão AM, Gomes CSB, Ramos H, Pinheiro R, Saraiva L, Ntungwe E, Isca V, Rijo P, Cavaco I, Ramilo-Gomes F, Guedes RC, Pessoa JC, Correia I. Naphthoylhydrazones: coordination to metal ions and biological screening. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
VIVO, CuII and ZnII complexes from three new naphthoylhydrazones were screened towards their ability to bind albumin and their cytotoxicity.
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35
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Amdursky N, Głowacki ED, Meredith P. Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802221. [PMID: 30334284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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36
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Ribeiro N, Di Paolo RE, Galvão AM, Marques F, Costa Pessoa J, Correia I. Photophysical properties and biological evaluation of a Zinc(II)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole Schiff base complex. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:317-327. [PMID: 29957410 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new ZnL2 complex containing two molecules of a tridentate Schiff base derived from 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole (HL) is synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of HL and ZnL2 are disclosed and supported by CAMB3LYP DFT/TDDFT calculations. It is shown that there is keto-tautomer stabilization upon excitation with an energetically accessible triplet state in HL, not present in ZnL2, this explaining the differences found in the emissions of the compounds. The intrinsic fluorescence of ZnL2 is used as probe for a detailed study of its binding to human serum albumin. The protein-complex association is thermodynamically favourable and it is shown by fluorescence quenching and time-resolved analysis that the fluorescence quenching involves a mixed mechanism with prevalence of static quenching, which corroborates adduct formation at site I, close to the Trp214 residue. The ability of ZnL2 to bind DNA was also evaluated, as well as its cytotoxic activity against MCF7 (breast), PC3 (prostate) cancer cells and hamster V79 fibroblasts. ZnL2 is a moderate DNA intercalator (Kapp = 3.9 × 104 M-1) and depicts a quite low IC50 value at 48 h against MCF7 cells (IC50 = 530 nM), but much higher for PC3 and V79 cells. The relevance of a more careful speciation evaluation of ZnL2 and other potential metal-based drugs in incubation media used in in vitro tests is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roberto E Di Paolo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adelino M Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - João Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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38
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Abstract
Indigoid photoswitches comprise a class of chromophores that are derived from the parent and well-known indigo dye. Different from most photoswitches their core structures absorb in the visible region of the spectrum in both isomeric states even without substitutions, which makes them especially interesting for applications not tolerant of high-energy UV light. Also different from most current photoswitching systems, they provide highly rigid structures that undergo large yet precisely controllable geometry changes upon photoisomerization. The favorable combination of pronounced photochromism, fast and efficient photoreactions, and high thermal bistability have led to a strongly increased interest in indigoid photoswitches over the last years. As a result, intriguing applications of these chromophores as reversible triggering units in supramolecular and biological chemistry, the field of molecular machines, or smart molecules have been put forward. In this Account current developments in the synthesis, mechanistic understanding of light responsiveness, advantageous properties as phototools, and new applications of indigoid photoswitches are summarized with the focus on hemithioindigo, hemiindigo, and indigo as key examples. Many methods for the synthesis of hemithioindigos are known, but derivatives with a fourth substituent at the double bond could not easily be prepared because of the resulting increased steric hindrance in the products. Recent efforts in our laboratory have provided two different methods to prepare these highly promising photoswitches in very efficient ways. One method is especially designed for the introduction of sterically hindered ketones while the second one allows rapid structural diversification in only three high-yielding synthetic steps. Given the lesser prominence of indigoid photoswitches, mechanistic understanding of their excited state behavior and therefore rational design opportunities for photophysical properties are also much less developed compared to, for example, azobenzenes or stilbenes. By testing different substitution patterns, we were able to produce strongly beneficial property combinations in hemithioindigo, hemiindigo, or indigo photoswitches, for example, red-light responsiveness together with very high thermal bistability of the switching states. This is of particular importance for photopharmacological and biological applications of these switches to reduce the damage from high-energy light and to enable deep penetration of the light into tissues. An additional ground state twisting in hemithioindigo allowed us to control the type of light-induced bond rotation simply by the polarity of the solvent. With the aid of time-resolved spectroscopy and quantum yield measurements, we could show that in apolar cyclohexane exclusive double bond rotation takes place while in polar DMSO sole single bond rotation is observed. Such precise control over geometrical changes is of great interest for the construction of future sophisticated molecular machinery. In this field, we have introduced hemithioindigo photoswitches as novel core structure for molecular motors providing very fast directional motions upon irradiation with visible light. The mechanism of the directional rotation adheres to a four-step process, which could directly be observed in situ with a slower second-generation motor. Further applications of indigoid photoswitches were made in our laboratory in the realms of photocontrolled folding and host-guest chemistry as well as in molecular digital information processing showcasing the great versatility and enormous future promise of indigoid photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Petermayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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39
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Huber LA, Mayer P, Dube H. Photoisomerization of Mono-Arylated Indigo and Water-Induced Acceleration of Thermal cis
-to-trans
Isomerization. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig A. Huber
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM; D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM; D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM; D-81377 Munich Germany
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40
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Huang CY, Bonasera A, Hristov L, Garmshausen Y, Schmidt BM, Jacquemin D, Hecht S. N,N′-Disubstituted Indigos as Readily Available Red-Light Photoswitches with Tunable Thermal Half-Lives. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15205-15211. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yang Huang
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lachezar Hristov
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Garmshausen
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire
CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la
Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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He X, Yu P, Zhao J, Wang J. Efficient Vibrational Energy Transfer through Covalent Bond in Indigo Carmine Revealed by Nonlinear IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9411-9421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Pengyun Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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