1
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Algera RF, Tcyrulnikov S, Reyes GP. Mechanism-Based Regiocontrol in S NAr: A Case Study of Ortho-Selective Etherification with Chloromagnesium Alkoxides. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39358201 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Although nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is routinely employed as a practical alternative to transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling, the mechanistic basis for reactivity and regioselectivity remains underexplored and is an active area of research. This article reports a SNAr-based etherification of 2,4-difluoroarylcarboxamides as a model system and shows that the ortho/para regioselectivity spans >500:1 to 1:∼20 simply by varying the reaction conditions via high-throughput experimentation (HTE). An in-depth characterization of the ortho-selective lead conditions is presented, and these insights are used to build a reactivity model that self-consistently accounts for the regioselectivity and reaction scope. This article discusses synthetic implications of condition-dependent magnesium coordination and Schlenk equilibria and demonstrates that consideration of molecular-level stoichiometry and isomerism is an essential prerequisite for rationalizing reactivity and regioselectivity in SNAr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell F Algera
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Giselle P Reyes
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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2
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Hatano M, Kuwano K, Asukai R, Nagayoshi A, Hoshihara H, Hirata T, Umezawa M, Tsubaki S, Yoshikawa T, Sakata K. Zinc chloride-catalyzed Grignard addition reaction of aromatic nitriles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8569-8577. [PMID: 38846385 PMCID: PMC11151835 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the alkyl addition reaction of aromatic nitriles using Grignard reagents, ketones are formed after hydrolysis. However, this addition reaction is often slow compared to that using reactive organolithium(i) reagents. In this study, we improved the reaction by using zinc(ii)ates, which are generated in situ using Grignard reagents and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a catalyst. As a result, the corresponding ketones and amines were obtained via hydrolysis and reduction, respectively, in good yields under mild reaction conditions. Scale-up reactions are also demonstrated. Interestingly, using a catalytic amount of ZnCl2 was more effective than using a stoichiometric amount of zinc(ii)ates. Possible transition states are proposed on the basis of the active zinc(ii)ate species, and DFT calculations were carried out to elucidate a plausible reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hatano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Higashinada Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Kisara Kuwano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Higashinada Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Riho Asukai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Higashinada Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Ayako Nagayoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Higashinada Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Haruka Hoshihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Higashinada Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Hirata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Higashinada Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Miho Umezawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Sahori Tsubaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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3
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Helling C, Jones C. Schlenk-Type Equilibria of Grignard-Analogous Arylberyllium Complexes: Steric Effects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302222. [PMID: 37528538 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of complex Schlenk equilibria is a central property of synthetically invaluable Grignard reagents substantially affecting their reactivity and selectivity in chemical transformations. In this work, the steric effects of aryl substituents on the Schlenk-type equilibria of their lighter congeners, arylberyllium bromides, are systematically studied. Combination of diarylberyllium complexes Ar2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp; Tip=2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H3 , Tcpp=2,4,6-Cyp3 C6 H3 , Cyp=c-C5 H9 ), containing sterically demanding aryl groups, and BeBr2 (OEt2 )2 (2) affords the Grignard-analogous arylberyllium bromides ArBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp). In contrast, Mes2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Mes, Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H3 ) and 2 exist in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with MesBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Mes) and free OEt2 . Ph2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ph) reacts with 2 to afford dimeric [PhBeBr(OEt2 )]2 ([3Ph]2 ). Moreover, the influence of replacing the OEt2 donor by an N-heterocyclic carbene, IPr2 Me2 (IPr2 Me2 =C(iPrNCMe)2 ), on the redistribution reactions was investigated. The solution- and solid-state structures of the diarylberyllium and arylberyllium bromide complexes were comprehensively characterized using multinuclear (1 H, 9 Be, 13 C) NMR spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while DFT calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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4
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Buchner MR, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Berthold C, Bekiş DF, Ivlev SI. A Preference for Heterolepticity - Schlenk Type Equilibria in Organometallic Beryllium Systems. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302495. [PMID: 37575053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of homoleptic beryllium halide with diphenyl beryllium complexes leads to the clean formation of heteroleptic beryllium Grignard compounds [(L)1-2 BePhX]1-2 (X=Cl, Br, I; L=C-, N-, O-donor ligand). The influence of ligands and solvent on these compounds, their formation and exchange equilibria in solution were investigated, together with the factors determining the complex constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Deniz F Bekiş
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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5
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Brouillet EV, Brown SA, Kennedy AR, Rae A, Walton HP, Robertson SD. Atom-economic access to cationic magnesium complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13332-13338. [PMID: 37671570 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cationic alkaline-earth complexes attract interest for their enhanced Lewis acidity and reactivity compared with their neutral counterparts. Synthetic protocols to these complexes generally utilize expensive specialized reagents in reactions generating multiple by-products. We have studied a simple ligand transfer approach to these complexes using (NacNac)MgR and ER3 (NacNac = β-diketiminate anion; E = group 13 element; R = aryl/amido anion) which demonstrates high atom economy, opening up the ability to target these species in a more sustainable manner. The success of this methodology is dependent on the identity of the group 13 element with the heavier elements facilitating faster ligand exchange. Furthermore, while this reaction is successful with aromatic ligands such as phenyl and pyrrolyl, the secondary amide piperidide (pip) fails to transfer, which we attribute to the stronger 3-centre-4-electron dimerization interaction of Al2(pip)6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne V Brouillet
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Annabel Rae
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Heather P Walton
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Stuart D Robertson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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6
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Salmeia KA, Afaneh AT, Habash RR, Neels A. Trivinylphosphine Oxide: Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Reactivity Investigated Using Single-Crystal Analysis and Density Functional Theory. Molecules 2023; 28:6097. [PMID: 37630349 PMCID: PMC10459575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus chemicals are versatile and important in industry. Trivinylphosphine oxide (TVPO), for example, exhibited a promising precursor as a flame-retardant additive for industrial applications. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used to explore the kinetic and thermodynamic chemical processes underlying the nucleophilic addition reactions of TVPO in order to better understand their polymerization mechanisms. An experimental X-ray single-crystal study of TVPO supported this work's theory based on its computed findings. TVPO was prepared using POCl3 and VMB in a temperature-dependent reaction. TVPO, the thermodynamically favourable product, is preferentially produced at low temperatures. The endothermic anionic addition polymerization reaction between TVPO and VMB begins when the reaction temperature rises. An implicit solvation model simulated TVPO and piperazine reactions in water, whereas a hybrid model modelled VMB interactions in tetrahydrofuran. The simulations showed a pseudo-Michael addition reaction mechanism with a four-membered ring transition state. The Michael addition reaction is analogous to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifah A. Salmeia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
- Laboratory for Advanced Fibers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Akef T. Afaneh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Reem R. Habash
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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7
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de Giovanetti M, Hopen Eliasson SH, Castro AC, Eisenstein O, Cascella M. Morphological Plasticity of LiCl Clusters Interacting with Grignard Reagent in Tetrahydrofuran. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37471267 PMCID: PMC10401704 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions containing pure LiCl and LiCl with CH3MgCl, as model constituents of the turbo Grignard reagent. LiCl aggregates as Li4Cl4, which preferentially assumes compact cubane-like conformations. In particular, an open-edge pseudotetrahedral frame is promoted by solvent-assisted Li-Cl bond cleavage. Among the Grignard species involved in the Schlenk equilibrium, LiCl prefers to coordinate MgCl2 through μ2-Cl bridges. Using a 1:1 Li:Mg ratio, the plastic tetranuclear LiCl cluster decomposes to a highly solvated mixed LiCl·MgCl2 aggregate with prevalent Li-(μ2-Cl)2-Mg rings and linear LiCl entities. The MgCl2-assisted disaggregation of Li4Cl4 occurs through transient structures analogous to those detected for pure LiCl in THF, also corresponding to moieties observed in the solid state. This study identifies a synergistic role of LiCl for the determination of the compounds present in turbo Grignard solutions. LiCl shifts the Schlenk equilibrium promoting a higher concentration of dialkylmagnesium, while decomposing into smaller, more soluble, mixed Li:Mg:Cl clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella de Giovanetti
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sondre H Hopen Eliasson
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Abril C Castro
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Michele Cascella
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Flores-Bernal G, Vargas-Díaz ME, Jiménez-Vázquez HA, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Zepeda-Vallejo LG. Structural Features of Diacyldodecaheterocycles with Pseudo- C2-Symmetry: Promising Stereoinductors for Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Alcohols. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20611-20620. [PMID: 37332815 PMCID: PMC10268637 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-C2-symmetric dodecaheterocyclic structures, which possess two acyl/aroyl groups disposed on either a cis- or trans-relative configuration, were prepared from the naturally occurring (-)-(1R)-myrtenal. Addition of Grignard reagents (RMgX) to the diastereoisomeric mixture of these compounds unexpectedly showed that nucleophilic additions to the two prochiral carbonyl centers gave the same stereochemical result in both cis/trans diastereoisomers, making unnecessary the separation of this mixture. Noticeably, both carbonyl groups showed different reactivity because one of them is attached to an acetalic carbon and the other to a thioacetalic carbon. Furthermore, addition of RMgX to the carbonyl attached to the former carbon takes place through the re face, while addition to the second one proceeds through the si face, thus affording the corresponding carbinols in a highly diastereoselective process. This structural feature allowed the sequential hydrolysis of both carbinols, yielding separately (R)- and (S)-1,2-diols after reduction with NaBH4. The mechanism of the asymmetric Grignard addition was explained by density functional theory calculations. This approach contributes to the development of the divergent synthesis of structurally and/or configurationally different chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo
G. Flores-Bernal
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ma. Elena Vargas-Díaz
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo A. Jiménez-Vázquez
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Instituto de Química,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L. Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Zhou M, Tsien J, Dykstra R, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Merchant RR, Gutierrez O, Qin T. Alkyl sulfinates as cross-coupling partners for programmable and stereospecific installation of C(sp 3) bioisosteres. Nat Chem 2023; 15:550-559. [PMID: 36864142 PMCID: PMC10838399 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of cycloalkyl groups with quaternary carbons, in particular cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl trifluoromethyl groups, have emerged as promising bioisosteres in drug-like molecules. The modular installation of such bioisosteres remains challenging to synthetic chemists. Alkyl sulfinate reagents have been developed as radical precursors to prepare functionalized heterocycles with the desired alkyl bioisosteres. However, the innate (radical) reactivity of this transformation poses reactivity and regioselectivity challenges for the functionalization of any aromatic or heteroaromatic scaffold. Here we showcase the ability of alkyl sulfinates to engage in sulfurane-mediated C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling, thereby allowing for programmable and stereospecific installation of these alkyl bioisosteres. The ability of this method to simplify retrosynthetic analysis is exemplified by the improved synthesis of multiple medicinally relevant scaffolds. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations for the mechanism of this sulfur chemistry reveal a ligand-coupling trend under alkyl Grignard activation via the sulfurane intermediate, stabilized by solvation of tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Byron K Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.
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10
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Copper-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Boronic Acids: A Focus on B-to-Cu and Cu-to-Cu Transmetalations. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217517. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling and understanding the Cu-catalyzed homocoupling reaction is crucial to prompt the development of efficient Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The presence of a coordinating base (hydroxide and methoxide) enables the B-to-Cu(II) transmetalation from aryl boronic acid to CuIICl2 in methanol, through the formation of mixed Cu-(μ-OH)-B intermediates. A second B-to-Cu transmetalation to form bis-aryl Cu(II) complexes is disfavored. Instead, organocopper(II) dimers undergo a coupled transmetalation-electron transfer (TET) allowing the formation of bis-organocopper(III) complexes readily promoting reductive elimination. Based on this mechanism some guidelines are suggested to control the undesired formation of homocoupling product in Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
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11
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Rio J, Perrin L, Payard P. Structure–Reactivity Relationship of Organozinc and Organozincate Reagents: Key Elements towards Molecular Understanding. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rio
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Pierre‐Adrien Payard
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
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12
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Mulvey RE, Lynch JR, Kennedy AR, Barker J, Reid J. Crystallographic Characterisation of Organolithium and Organomagnesium Intermediates in Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones. Helv Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Mulvey
- University of Strathclyde Pure and Applied Chemistry 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Alan R. Kennedy
- University of Strathclyde Pure and Applied Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd Research and Technology UNITED KINGDOM
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13
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Kato D, Murase T, Talode J, Nagae H, Tsurugi H, Seki M, Mashima K. Diarylcuprates for Selective Syntheses of Multifunctionalized Ketones from Thioesters under Mild Conditions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200474. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kato
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Tomoya Murase
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Jalindar Talode
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Masahiko Seki
- Marketing Group Research & Development Division Tokuyama Corporation 300-4247 Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
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14
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Sunagatullina AS, Lutter FH, Knochel P. Preparation of Primary and Secondary Dialkylmagnesiums by a Radical I/Mg-Exchange Reaction Using sBu 2 Mg in Toluene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116625. [PMID: 35044040 PMCID: PMC9302629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of primary or secondary alkyl iodides with sBu2 Mg in toluene (25-40 °C, 2-4 h) provided dialkylmagnesiums that underwent various reactions with aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides or allylic bromides. 3-Substituted secondary cyclohexyl iodides led to all-cis-3-cyclohexylmagnesium reagents under these exchange conditions in a highly stereoconvergent manner. Enantiomerically enriched 3-silyloxy-substituted secondary alkyl iodides gave after an exchange reaction with sBu2 Mg stereodefined dialkylmagnesiums that after quenching with various electrophiles furnished various 1,3-stereodefined products including homo-aldol products (99 % dr and 98 % ee). Mechanistic studies confirmed a radical pathway for these new iodine/magnesium-exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Ferdinand H. Lutter
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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15
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Tong W, Zhou G, Waldman JH. Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Transmetalation of Grignard with Manganese(II) Chloride by Raman Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Tong
- Merck & Co., Inc., RY818-B215, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - George Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., RY818-B215, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Jacob H. Waldman
- Merck & Co., Inc., RY818-B215, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
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16
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Pietrasiak E, Lee E. Grignard reagent formation via C-F bond activation: a centenary perspective. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2799-2813. [PMID: 35044387 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06753b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Examples of Grignard reagents obtained by C-F bond activation with magnesium have kept appearing in the literature over the last century. Due to the high bond dissociation energy of the C-F bond, a lot of effort has been invested in the preparation of highly active forms of magnesium for this purpose. Originally, magnesium activation was achieved by the application of additives, notably iodine. Later work focused on the generation of highly active magnesium powder by reduction of magnesium salts with alkali metals ("Rieke magnesium"). Modern approaches to the problem involve the application of Mg(I)-Mg(I) dimers and C-F bond activation performed by a transition metal catalyst followed by transmetallation with a magnesium salt. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of fluoro-Grignard reagent preparation approaches reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pietrasiak
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea. .,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
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17
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Eisenstein O. From the Felkin‐Anh Rule to the Grignard Reaction: an Almost Circular 50 Year Adventure in the World of Molecular Structures and Reaction Mechanisms with Computational Chemistry**. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Eisenstein
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34095 France Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
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18
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Sunagatullina AS, Lutter FH, Knochel P. Herstellung von primären und sekundären Dialkylmagnesiumverbindungen durch eine radikalische I/Mg‐Austauschreaktion mit
s
Bu
2
Mg in Toluol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
| | - Ferdinand H. Lutter
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
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19
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Fusi GM, Lim Z, Lindell SD, Gomez‐Bengoa E, Gordon MR, Gazzola S. 2‐ and 6‐Purinylmagnesium Halides in Dichloromethane: Scope and New Insights into the Solvent Influence on the C−Mg Bond. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M. Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Zelong Lim
- Bayer AG Crop Science Division Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Stephen D. Lindell
- Bayer AG Crop Science Division Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Enrique Gomez‐Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU 20012 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Malcolm R. Gordon
- Bayer AG Crop Science Division Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
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20
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Jones KE, Park B, Doering NA, Baik MH, Sarpong R. Rearrangements of the Chrysanthenol Core: Application to a Formal Synthesis of Xishacorene B. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20482-20490. [PMID: 34812038 PMCID: PMC9177077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reported here are substrate-dictated rearrangements of chrysanthenol derivatives prepared from verbenone to access complex bicyclic frameworks. These rearrangements set the stage for a 10-step formal synthesis of the natural product xishacorene B. Key steps include an anionic allenol oxy-Cope rearrangement and a Suárez directed C-H functionalization. The success of this work was guided by extensive computational calculations which provided invaluable insight into the reactivity of the chrysanthenol-derived systems, especially in the key oxy-Cope rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Nicolle A Doering
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Norjmaa G, Ujaque G, Lledós A. Beyond Continuum Solvent Models in Computational Homogeneous Catalysis. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn homogeneous catalysis solvent is an inherent part of the catalytic system. As such, it must be considered in the computational modeling. The most common approach to include solvent effects in quantum mechanical calculations is by means of continuum solvent models. When they are properly used, average solvent effects are efficiently captured, mainly those related with solvent polarity. However, neglecting atomistic description of solvent molecules has its limitations, and continuum solvent models all alone cannot be applied to whatever situation. In many cases, inclusion of explicit solvent molecules in the quantum mechanical description of the system is mandatory. The purpose of this article is to highlight through selected examples what are the reasons that urge to go beyond the continuum models to the employment of micro-solvated (cluster-continuum) of fully explicit solvent models, in this way setting the limits of continuum solvent models in computational homogeneous catalysis. These examples showcase that inclusion of solvent molecules in the calculation not only can improve the description of already known mechanisms but can yield new mechanistic views of a reaction. With the aim of systematizing the use of explicit solvent models, after discussing the success and limitations of continuum solvent models, issues related with solvent coordination and solvent dynamics, solvent effects in reactions involving small, charged species, as well as reactions in protic solvents and the role of solvent as reagent itself are successively considered.
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22
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Woods EF, Berl AJ, Kantt LP, Eckdahl CT, Wasielewski MR, Haines BE, Kalow JA. Light Directs Monomer Coordination in Catalyst-Free Grignard Photopolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18755-18765. [PMID: 34699721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers can serve as active layers in flexible and lightweight electronics and are conventionally synthesized by transition-metal-mediated polycondensation at elevated temperatures. We recently reported a photopolymerization of electron-deficient heteroaryl Grignard monomers that enables the catalyst-free synthesis of n-type π-conjugated polymers. Herein, we describe an experimental and computational investigation into the mechanism of this photopolymerization. Spectroscopic studies performed in situ and after quenching reveal that the propagating chain is a radical anion with halide end groups. DFT calculations for model oligomers suggest a Mg-templated SRN1-type coupling, in which Grignard monomer coordination to the radical anion chain avoids the formation of free sp2 radicals and allows C-C bond formation with very low barriers. We find that light plays an unusual role in the reaction, photoexciting the radical anion chain to shift electron density to the termini and thus enabling productive monomer binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leanna P Kantt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher T Eckdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, 955 La Paz Rd, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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23
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Bartolo ND, Demkiw KM, Valentín EM, Hu CT, Arabi AA, Woerpel KA. Diastereoselective Additions of Allylmagnesium Reagents to α-Substituted Ketones When Stereochemical Models Cannot Be Used. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7203-7217. [PMID: 33978419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselectivities of reactions of allylmagnesium reagents with chiral ketones cannot be easily explained by stereochemical models. Competition experiments indicate that the complexation step is not reversible, so nucleophiles cannot access the widest range of possible encounter complexes and therefore cannot be analyzed easily using available models. Nevertheless, additions of allylmagnesium reagents to a ketone can still be stereoselective provided that the carbonyl group adopts a conformation that leads to one face being completely blocked from the approach of the allylmagnesium reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Bartolo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Krystyna M Demkiw
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Valentín
- St. Mary's College of California, 1928 St. Marys Road, Moraga, California 94575, United States
| | - Chunhua T Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Alya A Arabi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Centre for Computational Science, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - K A Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
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24
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Rinke P, Görls H, Kretschmer R. Calcium and Magnesium Bis(β-diketiminate) Complexes: Impact of the Alkylene Bridge on Schlenk-Type Rearrangements. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5310-5321. [PMID: 33667337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear heteroleptic alkaline-earth-metal complexes are interesting synthetic targets because the close proximity of two metals allows for cooperative effects. However, these complexes are also prone to undergoing Schlenk-type rearrangements, affording less-active homoleptic complexes. Here we present the metalation of bis(β-diketimine) ligands possessing flexible bridging groups, i.e., 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, and trans-1,2-cyclohexylene, using calcium and magnesium precursors. Four mononuclear homoleptic calcium complexes were obtained, highlighting the pronounced tendency of calcium to undergo Schlenk-like redistributions. In the case of magnesium, however, the bridging group plays a crucial role, yielding seven dinuclear heteroleptic complexes but also one mononuclear and one dinuclear homoleptic complexes. In addition, a trinuclear mixed heteroleptic-homoleptic magnesium complex, which is a rare example of an intermediate of the Schlenk equilibrium, was isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rinke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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25
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Evans KJ, Morton PA, Sangster C, Mansell SM. One-step synthesis of heteroleptic rare-earth amide complexes featuring fluorenyl-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Planas F, Kohlhepp SV, Huang G, Mendoza A, Himo F. Computational and Experimental Study of Turbo-Organomagnesium Amide Reagents: Cubane Aggregates as Reactive Intermediates in Pummerer Coupling. Chemistry 2021; 27:2767-2773. [PMID: 33044772 PMCID: PMC7898302 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic equilibria of organomagnesium reagents are known to be very complex, and the relative reactivity of their components is poorly understood. Herein, a combination of DFT calculations and kinetic experiments is employed to investigate the detailed reaction mechanism of the Pummerer coupling between sulfoxides and turbo-organomagnesium amides. Among the various aggregates studied, unprecedented heterometallic open cubane structures are demonstrated to yield favorable barriers through a concerted anion-anion coupling/ S-O cleavage step. Beyond a structural curiosity, these results introduce open cubane organometallics as key reactive intermediates in turbo-organomagnesium amide mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Planas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefanie V Kohlhepp
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Fu Y, Bernasconi L, Liu P. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the S N1/S N2 Mechanistic Continuum in Glycosylation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1577-1589. [PMID: 33439656 PMCID: PMC8162065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a computational approach to evaluate the reaction mechanisms of glycosylation using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations in explicit solvent. The reaction pathways are simulated via free energy calculations based on metadynamics and trajectory simulations using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. We applied this approach to investigate the mechanisms of the glycosylation of glucosyl α-trichloroacetimidate with three acceptors (EtOH, i-PrOH, and t-BuOH) in three solvents (ACN, DCM, and MTBE). The reactants and the solvents are treated explicitly using density functional theory. We show that the profile of the free energy surface, the synchronicity of the transition state structure, and the time gap between leaving group dissociation and nucleophile association can be used as three complementary indicators to describe the glycosylation mechanism within the SN1/SN2 continuum for a given reaction. This approach provides a reliable means to rationalize and predict reaction mechanisms and to estimate lifetimes of oxocarbenium intermediates and their dependence on the glycosyl donor, acceptor, and solvent environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Leonardo Bernasconi
- Center for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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28
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Weng R, Lu X, Ji N, Fukuoka A, Shrotri A, Li X, Zhang R, Zhang M, Xiong J, Yu Z. Taming the butterfly effect: modulating catalyst nanostructures for better selectivity control of the catalytic hydrogenation of biomass-derived furan platform chemicals. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This minireview highlights versatile routes for catalyst nanostructure modulation for better hydrogenation selectivity control of typical biomass-derived furan platform chemicals to tame the butterfly effect on the catalytic selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengui Weng
- Indoor Environment Engineering Research Center of Fujian Province, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Lu
- School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, P.R. China
| | - Na Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Abhijit Shrotri
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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29
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Bajo S, Alférez MG, Alcaide MM, López‐Serrano J, Campos J. Metal-only Lewis Pairs of Rhodium with s, p and d-Block Metals. Chemistry 2020; 26:16833-16845. [PMID: 32722855 PMCID: PMC7756578 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal-only Lewis pairs (MOLPs) in which the two metal fragments are solely connected by a dative M→M bond represent privileged architectures to acquire fundamental understanding of bimetallic bonding. This has important implications in many catalytic processes or supramolecular systems that rely on synergistic effects between two metals. However, a systematic experimental/computational approach on a well-defined class of compounds is lacking. Here we report a family of MOLPs constructed around the RhI precursor [(η5 -C5 Me5 )Rh(PMe3 )2 ] (1) with a series of s, p and d-block metals, mostly from the main group elements, and investigate their bonding by computational means. Among the new MOLPs, we have structurally characterized those formed by dative bonding between 1 and MgMeBr, AlMe3 , GeCl2 , SnCl2 , ZnMe2 and Zn(C6 F5 )2, as well as spectroscopically identified the ones resulting from coordination to MBArF (M=Na, Li; BArF - =[B(C6 H2 -3,5-(CF3 )2 )4 ]- ) and CuCl. Some of these compounds represent unique examples of bimetallic structures, such as the first unambiguous cases of Rh→Mg dative bonding or base-free rhodium bound germylene and stannylene species. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, including 103 Rh NMR, is used to probe the formation of Rh→M bonds. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of those provides clear trends. As anticipated, greater bond covalency is found for the more electronegative acids, whereas ionic character dominates for the least electronegative nuclei, though some degree of electron sharing is identified in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bajo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)University of SevillaAvenida Américo Vespucio 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - Macarena G. Alférez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)University of SevillaAvenida Américo Vespucio 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - María M. Alcaide
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)University of SevillaAvenida Américo Vespucio 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - Joaquín López‐Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)University of SevillaAvenida Américo Vespucio 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - Jesús Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)University of SevillaAvenida Américo Vespucio 4941092SevillaSpain
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30
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Intramolecular Alkene Hydroamination with Hybrid Catalysts Consisting of a Metal Salt and a Neutral Organic Base. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Obi AD, Walley JE, Frey NC, Wong YO, Dickie DA, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. Tris(carbene) Stabilization of Monomeric Magnesium Cations: A Neutral, Nontethered Ligand Approach. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathan C. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Yuen Onn Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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32
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Içten E, Maloney AJ, Beaver MG, Zhu X, Shen DE, Robinson JA, Parsons AT, Allian A, Huggins S, Hart R, Rolandi P, Walker SD, Braatz RD. A Virtual Plant for Integrated Continuous Manufacturing of a Carfilzomib Drug Substance Intermediate, Part 2: Enone Synthesis via a Barbier-Type Grignard Process. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elçin Içten
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew J. Maloney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew G. Beaver
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhu
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dongying E. Shen
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jo Anna Robinson
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew T. Parsons
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ayman Allian
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Seth Huggins
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Roger Hart
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Pablo Rolandi
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shawn D. Walker
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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33
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Curtis ER, Hannigan MD, Vitek AK, Zimmerman PM. Quantum Chemical Investigation of Dimerization in the Schlenk Equilibrium of Thiophene Grignard Reagents. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1480-1488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R. Curtis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hannigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Peltzer RM, Gauss J, Eisenstein O, Cascella M. The Grignard Reaction – Unraveling a Chemical Puzzle. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2984-2994. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mathias Peltzer
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
| | - Michele Cascella
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
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35
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Pollit AA, Ye S, Seferos DS. Elucidating the Role of Catalyst Steric and Electronic Effects in Controlling the Synthesis of π-Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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36
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Shen L, Zhao Y, Dai D, Yang YW, Wu B, Yang XJ. Stabilization of Grignard reagents by a pillar[5]arene host – Schlenk equilibria and Grignard reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1381-1384. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Grignard reagents with linear alkyl chains are encapsulated and stabilized by pillar[5]arene while preserving their reactivity in Grignard reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- China
| | - Dihua Dai
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC)
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC)
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- China
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37
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38
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Gutsev LG, Gutsev GL, Moore Tibbetts K, Jena P. Homocoupling and Heterocoupling of Grignard Perfluorobenzene Reagents via Aryne Intermediates: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9693-9700. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gennady L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertus
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
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40
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Aupic C, Abdou Mohamed A, Figliola C, Nava P, Tuccio B, Chouraqui G, Parrain JL, Chuzel O. Highly diastereoselective preparation of chiral NHC-boranes stereogenic at the boron atom. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6524-6530. [PMID: 31341605 PMCID: PMC6611065 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereogenic main group elements are clearly generating interest in the enantioselective catalysis field. Surprisingly, while chiral organoboron reagents are very useful in stereoselective transformations, few scaffolds stereogenic at boron and configurationally stable have been reported to date. Herein, we describe an original library of chiral NHC-boranes, stereogenic at the boron atom, that has been prepared in only a few steps and in good yields (up to 93%). Key steps involve a chlorination/arylation sequence in the presence of simple Grignard reagents from bicyclic NHC-boranes. The high and unprecedented diastereoselectivity observed during the second step (up to 99 : 1 dr) has been rationalized through a plausible SRN1 mechanism thanks to EPR observations and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Aupic
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
| | - Amel Abdou Mohamed
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
| | - Carlotta Figliola
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
| | | | - Gaëlle Chouraqui
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
| | - Olivier Chuzel
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France .
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41
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Harvey JN, Himo F, Maseras F, Perrin L. Scope and Challenge of Computational Methods for Studying Mechanism and Reactivity in Homogeneous Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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42
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Nune SK, Lao DB, Bowden ME, Schaef HT, Vemuri RS, Motkuri RK, McGrail BP. Investigation of reactive intermediates during the synthesis of di-n-butylmagnesium. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Mendes JA, Merino P, Soler T, Salustiano EJ, Costa PRR, Yus M, Foubelo F, Buarque CD. Enantioselective Synthesis, DFT Calculations, and Preliminary Antineoplastic Activity of Dibenzo 1-Azaspiro[4.5]decanes on Drug-Resistant Leukemias. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2219-2233. [PMID: 30652863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The addition of 2-bromobenzylmagnesium bromide to chiral N- tert-butanesulfinyl imines derived from tetralone-type ketones proceeds with high levels of diastereocontrol. The resulting sulfinamide derivatives were transformed into dibenzoazaspiro compounds after a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation. DFT calculations have been performed to rationalize the stereochemical course of the reaction. Similar results have been obtained considering either diethyl ether or toluene as a solvent, in both cases in an excellent agreement with experimental findings. NCI topological calculations have also been used to evidence crucial noncovalent interactions. In addition, the azaspiro compounds reduced the viability of chronic myeloid leukemia cells in the micromolar range. Notably, both the halogen-substituted ( R)- and ( S)-8g and -8h as well as ( R)-8j were at least two times more effective on a multidrug-resistant derivative than on the parental cell line, exerting a collateral sensitivity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane A Mendes
- Department of Chemistry , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Puc-Rio , CEP 22435-900 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI) , Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Ciencias , Campus San Francisco , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Tatiana Soler
- Servicios Técnicos de Investigación , Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - Eduardo J Salustiano
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Health Science Center , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ , CEP 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Paulo R R Costa
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Nucleus of Research of Natural Products, Health Science Center , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ , CEP 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Miguel Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain.,Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) , Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - Camilla D Buarque
- Department of Chemistry , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Puc-Rio , CEP 22435-900 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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44
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Eisenstein O. Concluding remarks for “Mechanistic Processes in Organometallic Chemistry”: the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:489-495. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Faraday Discussions meeting on Mechanistic Processes in Organometallic Chemistry was a brilliant occasion to assemble chemists from diverse sub-disciplines to discuss the progress and limitations of the study of reaction mechanisms using organometallic systems for stoichiometric or catalytic reactions.
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45
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Kielty P, Smith DA, Cannon P, Carty MP, Kennedy M, McArdle P, Singer RJ, Aldabbagh F. Selective Methylmagnesium Chloride Mediated Acetylations of Isosorbide: A Route to Powerful Nitric Oxide Donor Furoxans. Org Lett 2018; 20:3025-3029. [PMID: 29697986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isosorbide was functionalized with furoxan for the first time to give adducts that release nitric oxide up to 7.5 times faster than the commercial vasodilator, isosorbide-5-mononitrate (Is5N). The synthesis was facilitated by MeMgCl-mediated selective acetylation of isosorbide or selective deacetylation of isosorbide-2,5-diacetate, which was rationalized in terms of a more stable 5-alkoxide magnesium salt using DFT. Isosorbide-furoxans are safer to handle than Is5N due to greater thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kielty
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Dennis A Smith
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Peter Cannon
- Avara Pharmaceutical Services, Shannon Industrial Estate , Shannon , Co. Clare , V14 FX09 , Ireland
| | - Michael P Carty
- Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Michael Kennedy
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Richard J Singer
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry , Kingston University , Penrhyn Road , Kingston upon Thames , KT1 2EE , U.K
| | - Fawaz Aldabbagh
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
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46
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Computational Study of the Cu-Free Allylic Alkylation Mechanism with Grignard Reagents: Role of the NHC Ligand. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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del Pozo J, Pérez-Iglesias M, Álvarez R, Lledós A, Casares JA, Espinet P. Speciation of ZnMe2, ZnMeCl, and ZnCl2 in Tetrahydrofuran (THF), and Its Influence on Mechanism Calculations of Catalytic Processes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan del Pozo
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Iglesias
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Juan A. Casares
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pablo Espinet
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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