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Komarov K, Park W, Lee S, Huix-Rotllant M, Choi CH. Doubly Tuned Exchange-Correlation Functionals for Mixed-Reference Spin-Flip Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7671-7684. [PMID: 37844129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that significant accuracy improvements in MRSF-TDDFT can be achieved by introducing two different exchange-correlation (XC) functionals for the reference Kohn-Sham DFT and the response part of the calculations, respectively. Accordingly, two new XC functionals of doubly tuned Coulomb attenuated method-vertical excitation energy (DTCAM-VEE) and DTCAM-AEE were developed on the basis of the "adaptive exact exchange (AEE)" concept in the framework of the Coulomb-attenuating XC functionals. The values by DTCAM-VEE are in excellent agreement with those of Thiel's set [mean absolute errors (MAEs) and the interquartile range (IQR) values of 0.218 and 0.327 eV, respectively]. On the other hand, DTCAM-AEE faithfully reproduced the qualitative aspects of conical intersections (CIs) of trans-butadiene and thymine and the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations on thymine. The latter functional also remarkably exhibited the exact 1/R asymptotic behavior of the charge-transfer state of an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene dimer and the accurate potential energy surfaces (PESs) along the two torsional angles of retinal protonated Schiff base model with six double bonds (rPSB6). Overall, DTCAM-AEE generally performs well, as its MAE (0.237) and IQR (0.41 eV) are much improved as compared to BH&HLYP. The current idea can also be applied to other XC functionals as well as other variants of linear response theories, opening a new way of developing XC functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Komarov
- Center for Quantum Dynamics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Woojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | | | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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2
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Götze JP, Lokstein H. Excitation Energy Transfer between Higher Excited States of Photosynthetic Pigments: 1. Carotenoids Intercept and Remove B Band Excitations. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40005-40014. [PMID: 37929138 PMCID: PMC10620780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls) are known for fast, subpicosecond internal conversion (IC) from ultraviolet/blue-absorbing ("B" or "Soret" states) to the energetically lower, red light-absorbing Q states. Consequently, excitation energy transfer (EET) in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes involving the B states has so far not been considered. We present, for the first time, a theoretical framework for the existence of B-B EET in tightly coupled Chl aggregates such as photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes. We show that according to a Förster resonance energy transport (FRET) scheme, unmodulated B-B EET has an unexpectedly high range. Unsuppressed, it could pose an existential threat: the damage potential of blue light for photochemical reaction centers (RCs) is well-known. This insight reveals so far undescribed roles for carotenoids (Crts, this article) and Chl b (next article in this series) of possibly vital importance. Our model system is the photosynthetic antenna pigment-protein complex (CP29). Here, we show that the B → Q IC is assisted by the optically allowed Crt state (S2): The sequence is B → S2 (Crt, unrelaxed) → S2 (Crt, relaxed) → Q. This sequence has the advantage of preventing ∼39% of Chl-Chl B-B EET since the Crt S2 state is a highly efficient FRET acceptor. The B-B EET range and thus the likelihood of CP29 to forward potentially harmful B excitations toward the RC are thus reduced. In contrast to the B band of Chls, most Crt energy donation is energetically located near the Q band, which allows for 74/80% backdonation (from lutein/violaxanthin) to Chls. Neoxanthin, on the other hand, likely donates in the B band region of Chl b, with 76% efficiency. Crts thus act not only in their currently proposed photoprotective roles but also as a crucial building block for any system that could otherwise deliver harmful "blue" excitations to the RCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Götze
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Lokstein
- Department
of Chemical Physics and Optics, Charles
University, Ke Karlovu
3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Park W, Komarov K, Lee S, Choi CH. Mixed-Reference Spin-Flip Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Multireference Advantages with the Practicality of Linear Response Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8896-8908. [PMID: 37767969 PMCID: PMC10561896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The density functional theory (DFT) and linear response (LR) time-dependent (TD)-DFT are of the utmost importance for routine computations. However, the single reference formulation of DFT suffers in the description of open-shell singlet systems such as diradicals and bond-breaking. LR-TDDFT, on the other hand, finds difficulties in the modeling of conical intersections, doubly excited states, and core-level excitations. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that many of these limitations can be overcome by recently developed mixed-reference (MR) spin-flip (SF)-TDDFT, providing an alternative yet accurate route for such challenging situations. Empowered by the practicality of the LR formalism, it is anticipated that MRSF-TDDFT can become one of the major workhorses for general routine tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Konstantin Komarov
- Center
for Quantum Dynamics, Pohang University
of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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Shostak S, Park W, Oh J, Kim J, Lee S, Nam H, Filatov M, Kim D, Choi CH. Ultrafast Excited State Aromatization in Dihydroazulene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1638-1648. [PMID: 36633597 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state aromatization dynamics in the photochemical ring opening of dihydroazulene (DHA) is investigated by nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations in connection with the mixed-reference spin-flip (MRSF)-TDDFT method. It is found that, in the main reaction channel, the ring opening occurs in the excited state in a sequence of steps with increasing aromaticity. The first stage lasting ca. 200 fs produces an 8π semiaromatic S1 minimum (S1, min) through an ultrafast damped bond length alternation (BLA) movement synchronized with a partial planarization of the cycloheptatriene ring. An additional ca. 200 fs are required to gain the vibrational energy needed to overcome a ring-opening transition state characterized by an enhanced Baird aromaticity. Unlike other BLA motions of ππ* state, it was shown that their damping is a characteristic feature of aromatic bond-equalization process. In addition, some minor channels of the reaction have also been discovered, where noticeably higher barriers of the S1 non/antiaromatic transition structures must be surmounted. These anti-Baird channels led to reformation of DHA or other closed-ring products. The observed competition between the Baird and anti-Baird channels suggests that the quantum yield of photochemical products can be controllable by tipping their balance. Hence, here we suggest including the concept of anti-Baird, which would expand the applicability of Baird rule to much broader situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shostak
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Woojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System (Graduate school) and Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hyeongwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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Accomasso D, Arslancan S, Cupellini L, Granucci G, Mennucci B. Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics of Carotenoids and the Role of the S X State. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6762-6769. [PMID: 35852936 PMCID: PMC9340805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments with multiple roles in photosynthesis. They act as accessory pigments by absorbing light where chlorophyll absorption is low, and they quench the excitation energy of neighboring chlorophylls under high-light conditions. The function of carotenoids depends on their polyene-like structure, which controls their excited-state properties. After light absorption to their bright S2 state, carotenoids rapidly decay to the optically dark S1 state. However, ultrafast spectroscopy experiments have shown the signatures of another dark state, termed SX. Here we shed light on the ultrafast photophysics of lutein, a xanthophyll carotenoid, by explicitly simulating its nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics in solution. Our simulations confirm the involvement of SX in the relaxation toward S1 and reveal that it is formed through a change in the nature of the S2 state driven by the decrease in the bond length alternation coordinate of the carotenoid conjugated chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Khokhlov D, Belov A. Low-Lying Excited States of Natural Carotenoids Viewed by Ab Initio Methods. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4376-4391. [PMID: 35767689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-lying excited states of carotenoids (the optically dark 2Ag- and bright 1Bu+) are deeply involved in energy transfer processes in photosynthetic antennas, such as light harvesting and non-photochemical quenching. Though any ab initio modeling of these phenomena has to rely on precise energies of the carotenoid electronic states, the accurate evaluation of these states remains a challenging problem due to their different natures. The paper aims to study the accuracy of the excitation energies of the low-lying excited states of certain open- and closed-chain carotenoids obtained by a state-of-the-art multireference approach for electronic structure calculation. Here, density matrix renormalization group SCF (DMRGSCF) and a perturbative approach based on driven similarity renormalization group second-order multireference perturbation theory (DSRG-MRPT2) were used to treat the static and dynamic correlation, respectively. Nuclear geometries of the electronic states were optimized with DFT-based approaches. It is demonstrated that spin-flip TD-DFT can replace multiconfigurational methods for the geometry optimization of the 2Ag- state but not for the calculation of the excitation energy. Adiabatic excitation energies to the 1Bu+ state were shown to be within a margin of 1000 cm-1 with an appropriate flow parameter value. Adiabatic excitation energies to the 2Ag- state for the open-chain carotenoids lie within a range of experimental values (taking into account the broad range of experimental estimates); for the closed-chain ones, the error does not exceed 2000 cm-1. Ab initio stationary (1Ag- → 1Bu+) and transient (2Ag- → 1Bu+) absorption spectra were modeled for violaxanthin and lycopene, and these spectra showed good agreement with the experimental ones both in terms of the vibronic structure and the transition energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Khokhlov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Belov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Götze JP, Anders F, Petry S, Felix Witte J, Lokstein H. Spectral Characterization of the Main Pigments in the Plant Photosynthetic Apparatus by Theory and Experiment. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Park W, Shen J, Lee S, Piecuch P, Filatov M, Choi CH. Internal Conversion between Bright (1 1Bu+) and Dark (2 1Ag-) States in s- trans-Butadiene and s- trans-Hexatriene. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9720-9729. [PMID: 34590847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Internal conversion (IC) between the two lowest singlet excited states, 11Bu+ and 21Ag-, of s-trans-butadiene and s-trans-hexatriene is investigated using a series of single- and multi- reference wave function and density functional theory (DFT) methodologies. Three independent types of the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOMCC) theory capable of providing an accurate and balanced description of one- as well as two-electron transitions, abbreviated as δ-CR-EOMCC(2,3), DIP-EOMCC(4h2p){No}, and DEA-EOMCC(4p2h){Nu} or DEA-EOMCC(3p1h,4p2h){Nu}, consistently predict that the 11Bu+/21Ag- crossing in both molecules occurs along the bond length alternation coordinate. However, the analogous 11Bu+ and 21Ag- potentials obtained with some multireference approaches, such as CASSCF and MRCIS(D), as well as with the linear-response formulation of time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), do not cross. Hence, caution needs to be exercised when studying the low-lying singlet excited states of polyenes with conventional multiconfigurational methods and TDDFT. The multistate many-body perturbation theory methods, such as XMCQDPT2, do correctly reproduce the curve crossing. Among the simplest and least expensive computational methodologies, the DFT approaches that incorporate the contributions of doubly excited configurations, abbreviated as MRSF (mixed reference spin-flip) TDDFT and SSR(4,4), accurately reproduce our best EOMCC results. This is highly promising for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations in larger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Piotr Piecuch
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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Khokhlov D, Belov A. Toward an Accurate Ab Initio Description of Low-Lying Singlet Excited States of Polyenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:4301-4315. [PMID: 34125516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The low-lying excited states of carotenoids play a crucial role in many important biophysical processes such as photosynthesis. Most of these excited states are strongly correlated, which makes them both challenging for a qualitative ab initio description and an engaging model system for trying out emerging multireference methods. Among these methods, driven similarity renormalization group (DSRG) and its perturbative version (DSRG-MRPT2) are especially attractive in terms of both accuracy and moderate numerical complexity. In this paper, we applied density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) followed by DSRG-MRPT2 for the calculation of vertical and adiabatic excitation energies into the 2Ag-, 1Bu-, and 1Bu+ electronic states of polyenes containing from 8 to 13 conjugating double bonds acting as a model for natural carotenoids. It was shown that the DSRG flow parameter should be adjusted to ensure both the energy convergence with respect to it and the agreement with the experimental data. With the increased flow parameter, the proposed combination of methods provides a reasonable agreement with the experiment. The deviations of the adiabatic excitation energies are less than 1000 cm-1 for the 2Ag- and less than 3000 cm-1 for the excited states of the Bu symmetry, which in terms of accuracy significantly outperforms the N-electron valence state perturbation theory. At the same time, DSRG-MRPT2 is shown to be robust with respect to variation of quality of the DMRG reference wave function such as the orbital optimization or the number of electronic states in the averaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Khokhlov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Belov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Khokhlov D, Belov A. Ab Initio Study of Low-Lying Excited States of Carotenoid-Derived Polyenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5790-5803. [PMID: 32573233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about excited states of carotenoids is essential for understanding photophysical processes underlying photosynthesis. However, due to the presence of a large number of optically dark states, experimental study of the excited-state manifold is limited to a significant extent. In this paper, we apply high-level ab initio quantum chemical methods to study the low-lying excited states of polyenes containing from 8 to 13 conjugated double bonds, which serve as a model for natural carotenoids. Vertical and adiabatic excitation energies from the ground 1Ag- state to the excited 2Ag-, 1Bu+, and 1Bu- states were evaluated by means of density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) with NEVPT2 perturbative correction. The energies of all excited states are highly sensitive to nuclear geometry, especially the 2Ag- state. Thus, the 2Ag- and 1Bu+ states interchange their relative positions upon geometry relaxation, while the vertical excitation energy to the 2Ag- state is rather high. At the same time, the 1Bu- state energy is shown to be higher than other studied excited states at any geometry. With relaxed geometries of the excited states, absorption and transient absorption spectra were calculated within the Franck-Condon approximation bridging the gap between experimental spectroscopic data and computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Khokhlov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Belov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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