1
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Yang N, Shi N, Yao Z, Liu H, Guo W. Gallium-modified gelatin nanoparticles loaded with quercetin promote skin wound healing via the regulation of bacterial proliferation and macrophage polarization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1124944. [PMID: 36777248 PMCID: PMC9908762 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1124944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Wound healing is a complicated process involving multiple cell components and can help the re-establishment of the skin's barrier function. Previous studies have pointed out that bacterial infection and sustained inflammatory reactions are the main causes of the delay of wound closure and scar formation during wound healing. The effect of current approaches for scar-free wound repair still faces many challenges, and alternative therapeutic methods are urgently needed to be established. Methods: The basic characteristics of the new-designed nanoparticles were clarified through the characterization of the material. The biocompatibility of the nanoparticles, as well as its effect on fibroblast function, anti-bacterial capacity, inflammation suppressive role, and the underlying mechanism were further verified by a panel of biochemical assays in vitro. Ultimately, pre-clinical rat model was employed to testify its role in wound healing and scar formation in vivo. Results: Firstly, gallium-modified gelatin nanoparticles loaded with quercetin was successfully established, displaying good biocompatibility and facilitative effect on fibroblast function. In addition, the nanoparticles showed prominent anti-bacterial and inflammation-suppressive effects. What's more important, the nanoparticles could also induce the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype to exert its inflammatory inhibitory role through TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Ultimately, in vivo experiment showed that the nanoparticles could effectively promote wound repair and inhibit scar formation during the process of wound healing. Conclusion: Taken together, the new nanoparticles have good anti-bacterial and anti-scar formation effects and great potential in the field of skin wound repair, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Nianyuan Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhou Yao
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Hang Liu, ; Weinan Guo,
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Hang Liu, ; Weinan Guo,
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2
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Li Y, Cen Y, Fang Y, Tang S, Li S, Ren Y, Zhang H, Lu W, Xu J. Breaking the Iron Homeostasis: A "Trojan Horse" Self-Assembled Nanodrug Sensitizes Homologous Recombination Proficient Ovarian Cancer Cells to PARP Inhibition. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12786-12800. [PMID: 35920396 PMCID: PMC9413404 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are used in ovarian cancer treatment and have greatly improved the survival rates for homologous recombination repair (HRR)-deficient patients. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited in HRR-proficient ovarian cancer. Thus, sensitizing HRR-proficient ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors is important in clinical practice. Here, a nanodrug, olaparib-Ga, was designed using self-assembly of the PARP inhibitor olaparib into bovine serum albumin through gallic acid gallium(III) coordination via a convenient and green synthetic method. Compared with olaparib, olaparib-Ga featured an ultrasmall size of 7 nm and led to increased suppression of cell viability, induction of DNA damage, and enhanced cell apoptosis in the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 HRR-proficient ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Further experiments indicated that the olaparib-Ga nanodrug could suppress RRM2 expression, activate the Fe2+/ROS/MAPK pathway and HMOX1 signaling, inhibit the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and enhance the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 and BAX protein. This, in turn, led to increased cell apoptosis in HRR-proficient ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, olaparib-Ga effectively restrained SKOV3 and OVCAR3 tumor growth and exhibited negligible toxicity in vivo. In conclusion, we propose that olaparib-Ga can act as a promising nanodrug for the treatment of HRR-proficient ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixuan Cen
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifeng Fang
- Department
of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sangsang Tang
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sen Li
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Department
of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, ZhejiangChina
- Cancer
Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfen Xu
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Department
of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, ZhejiangChina
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3
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Kircheva N, Dobrev S, Nikolova V, Angelova S, Dudev T. Theoretical Insight into the Phosphate-Targeted Silver's Antibacterial Action: Differentiation between Gram (+) and Gram (-) Bacteria. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10089-10100. [PMID: 35724666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although silver is one of the first metals finding broad applications in everyday life, specific key points of the intimate mechanism of its bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity lack explanation. It is widely accepted that the antimicrobial potential of the silver cation depends on the composition and thickness of the bacterial external envelope: the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria is more prone to Ag+ attack than the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria. The major cellular components able to interact strongly with Ag+ (teichoic acids, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides) contain mono/diesterified phosphate moieties. By applying a reliable DFT/SMD methodology, we modeled the reactions between the aforementioned constituents in typical Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and hydrated Ag+ species, thus disclosing the factors that govern the process of metal-model ligand complexation. The conducted research indicates thermodynamically possible reactions in all cases but still a greater preference of the Ag+ toward the constituents in Gram-negative bacteria in comparison with their counterparts in Gram-positive bacteria. The observed tendencies shed light on the specific interactions of the silver cation with the modeled phosphate-containing units at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kircheva
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies ″Acad. J. Malinowski″, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Dobrev
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies ″Acad. J. Malinowski″, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valya Nikolova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University ″St. Kl. Ohridski″, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Angelova
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies ″Acad. J. Malinowski″, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University ″St. Kl. Ohridski″, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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4
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Dudev T, Cheshmedzhieva D, Dorkov P, Pantcheva I. A DFT/PCM Study on the Affinity of Salinomycin to Bind Monovalent Metal Cations. Molecules 2022; 27:532. [PMID: 35056843 PMCID: PMC8779476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The affinity of the polyether ionophore salinomycin to bind IA/IB metal ions was accessed using the Gibbs free energy of the competition reaction between SalNa (taken as a reference) and its rival ions: [M+-solution] + [SalNa] → [SalM] + [Na+-solution] (M = Li, K, Rb, Cs, Cu, Ag, Au). The DFT/PCM computations revealed that the ionic radius, charge density and accepting ability of the competing metal cations, as well as the dielectric properties of the solvent, have an influence upon the selectivity of salinomycin. The optimized structures of the monovalent metal complexes demonstrate the flexibility of the ionophore, allowing the coordination of one or two water ligands in SalM-W1 and SalM-W2, respectively. The metal cations are responsible for the inner coordination sphere geometry, with coordination numbers spread between 2 (Au+), 4 (Li+ and Cu+), 5/6 (Na+, K+, Ag+), 6/7 (Rb+) and 7/8 (Cs+). The metals' affinity to salinomycin in low-polarity media follows the order of Li+ > Cu+ > Na+ > K+ > Au+ > Ag+ > Rb+ > Cs+, whereas some derangement takes place in high-dielectric environment: Li+ ≥ Na+ > K+ > Cu+ > Au+ > Ag+ > Rb+ > Cs+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Diana Cheshmedzhieva
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Peter Dorkov
- Research & Development Department, Biovet Ltd., 4550 Peshtera, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivayla Pantcheva
- Laboratory of Biocoordination and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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5
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Ding Y, Cui K, Guo Z, Cui M, Chen Y. Manganese peroxidase mediated oxidation of sulfamethoxazole: Integrating the computational analysis to reveal the reaction kinetics, mechanistic insights, and oxidation pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125719. [PMID: 33774358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, manganese peroxidase (MnP) was applied to induce the in vitro oxidation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results indicated that 87.04% of the SMX was transformed and followed first-order kinetics (kobs=0.438 h-1) within 6 h when 40 U L-1 of MnP was added. The reaction kinetics were investigated under different conditions, including pH, MnP activity, and H2O2 concentration. The active species Mn3+ was responsible for the oxidation of SMX, and the Mn3+ production rate was monitored to reveal the interaction among MnP, Mn3+, and SMX. By integrating the characterizations analysis of the MnP/H2O2 system with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process dominated the catalytic circle of MnP and the transformation of Mn3+. Additionally, possible oxidation pathways of SMX were proposed based on single-electron transfer mechanism, which primarily included the S-N bond cleavage, the C-S bond cleavage, and one electron loss without bond breakage. It was then transformed to hydrolysis, N-H oxidation, self-coupling, and carboxylic acid coupling products. This study provides insights into the atomic-level mechanism of MnP and the transformation pathways of sulfamethoxazole, which lays a significant foundation for the potential of MnP in wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangping Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Minshu Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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6
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Kircheva N, Dobrev S, Yakimova B, Stoineva I, Angelova S. Molecular insights into the interaction of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and HEXXH motif. Biophys Chem 2021; 276:106626. [PMID: 34082361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals and functional foods garner a lot of attention as potential alternative therapies for treatment of (pre)hypertension. Food-derived proteins release large variety of bioactive peptides which are similar in structure to peptide sequences acting in the organism and therefore can modulate their physiological functions. Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) is a milk-derived tripeptide with assumed mild inhibitory activity against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Computational (DFT) methods are applied on simplified models of Zn2+-HEXXH binding motif without/with bound inhibitors in order to assess the ability of two pharmaceutical drugs (Captopril and Lisinopril) and Val-Pro-Pro to coordinate with Zn2+-HEXXH binding motif of ACE. Both drugs have significant affinity towards the active site, while the Val-Pro-Pro tripeptide has weaker affinity. The obtained results shed light on the thermodynamic aspects of the inhibitors coordination to the Zn2+-HEXXH binding motif of ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kircheva
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies "Acad. J. Malinowski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Dobrev
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies "Acad. J. Malinowski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boryana Yakimova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Stoineva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Angelova
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies "Acad. J. Malinowski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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7
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Crumbliss AL, Banerjee S. A perspective essay on the use of Ga 3+ as a proxy for Fe 3+ in bioinorganic model studies and its successful use for therapeutic purposes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111411. [PMID: 33853006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of Ga3+ as a structural mimic for Fe3+ in model bioinorganic investigations is usually based on a common assumption that Ga3+ and Fe3+ should form bioligand complexes of similar stabilities due to their similar charge/radius ratio (z/r). However, the literature survey presented here is contrary to this notion, showing that under laboratory conditions often Ga3+ forms weaker bioligand complexes than Fe3+in aqueous medium. We hypothesize that this is because Ga3+ is more aquaphilic than Fe3+ as suggested by their relative heats of hydration (ΔHhyd). The successful use of Ga3+ as a therapeutic agent is also briefly reviewed, showing this success often stems from the redox inertness as well as different pharmacokinetics of Ga3+ than Fe3+, but similar metabolic pathways as Fe3+ in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin L Crumbliss
- Duke University Department of Chemistry, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA.
| | - Sambuddha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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8
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Kircheva N, Dobrev S, Nikolova V, Angelova S, Dudev T. Zinc and Its Critical Role in Retinitis pigmentosa: Insights from DFT/SMD Calculations. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17347-17355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kircheva
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Dobrev
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valya Nikolova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Angelova
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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9
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Kircheva N, Dudev T. Competition between abiogenic and biogenic metal cations in biological systems: Mechanisms of gallium's anticancer and antibacterial effect. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 214:111309. [PMID: 33212396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal cations are key players in a plethora of essential biological processes. Over the course of evolution specific biological functions have been bestowed upon two dozen of (biogenic) metal species, some of the most frequently found being sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. On the other hand, there is a group of less studied abiogenic metals like lithium, strontium and gallium that possess not known functions in living organisms, but, by mimicking the native ions and/or competing with them for binding to key metalloenzymes, may exert beneficial effect on humans in particular medical conditions. This review summarizes and critically examines the mechanisms of gallium's therapeutic action in anticancer and antibacterial therapies by exploiting the tools of molecular modeling and experimental biochemistry. These approaches allow for identifying key factors for Ga3+ beneficial effect such as the electrostatic interactions with the protein ligands, substrates or bacterial siderophores, intramolecular hydrogen bond formation, and pH and dielectric properties of the medium. Several intriguing questions concerning the gallium competition with the native ferric ion have found their answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kircheva
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies "Acad. J. Malinowski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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10
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Kircheva N, Dudev T. Gallium as an Antibacterial Agent: A DFT/SMD Study of the Ga3+/Fe3+ Competition for Binding Bacterial Siderophores. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6242-6254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kircheva
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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11
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Dudev T, Cheshmedzhieva D, Dimitrova R, Dorkov P, Pantcheva I. Factors governing the competition between group IA and IB cations for monensin A: a DFT/PCM study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5734-5741. [PMID: 35497416 PMCID: PMC9049293 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09784h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The results obtained suggest that the metal selectivity of monensin can be modulated by changing the solvents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Spectroscopy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Diana Cheshmedzhieva
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Spectroscopy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Radoslava Dimitrova
- Laboratory of Biocoordination and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Peter Dorkov
- Biovet Ltd
- Research & Development Department
- Peshtera
- Bulgaria
| | - Ivayla Pantcheva
- Laboratory of Biocoordination and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
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12
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Medina-Franco JL, Cruz-Lemus Y, Percastre-Cruz Y. Chemoinformatic Resources for Organometallic Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2020.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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