1
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Darjazi H, Falco M, Colò F, Balducci L, Piana G, Bella F, Meligrana G, Nobili F, Elia GA, Gerbaldi C. Electrolytes for Sodium Ion Batteries: The Current Transition from Liquid to Solid and Hybrid systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313572. [PMID: 38809501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have recently garnered significant interest in being employed alongside conventional lithium-ion batteries, particularly in applications where cost and sustainability are particularly relevant. The rapid progress in NIBs will undoubtedly expedite the commercialization process. In this regard, tailoring and designing electrolyte formulation is a top priority, as they profoundly influence the overall electrochemical performance and thermal, mechanical, and dimensional stability. Moreover, electrolytes play a critical role in determining the system's safety level and overall lifespan. This review delves into recent electrolyte advancements from liquid (organic and ionic liquid) to solid and quasi-solid electrolyte (dry, hybrid, and single ion conducting electrolyte) for NIBs, encompassing comprehensive strategies for electrolyte design across various materials, systems, and their functional applications. The objective is to offer strategic direction for the systematic production of safe electrolytes and to investigate the potential applications of these designs in real-world scenarios while thoroughly assessing the current obstacles and forthcoming prospects within this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Darjazi
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
| | - Marisa Falco
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
| | - Francesca Colò
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
| | - Leonardo Balducci
- School of Sciences and Technologies - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri ChIP, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Giulia Piana
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
| | - Federico Bella
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Meligrana
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
| | - Francesco Nobili
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
- School of Sciences and Technologies - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri ChIP, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Elia
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
| | - Claudio Gerbaldi
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze, 50121, Italy
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2
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Bamford JT, Jones SD, Schauser NS, Pedretti BJ, Gordon LW, Lynd NA, Clément RJ, Segalman RA. Improved Mechanical Strength without Sacrificing Li-Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:638-643. [PMID: 38709178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation batteries demand solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with rapid ion transport and robust mechanical properties. However, many SPEs with liquid-like Li+ transport mechanisms suffer a fundamental trade-off between conductivity and strength. Dynamic polymer networks can improve bulk mechanics with minimal impact to segmental relaxation or ionic conductivity. This study demonstrates a system where a single polymer-bound ligand simultaneously dissociates Li+ and forms long-lived Ni2+ networks. The polymer comprises an ethylene oxide backbone and imidazole (Im) ligands, blended with Li+ and Ni2+ salts. Ni2+-Im dynamic cross-links result in the formation of a rubbery plateau resulting in, consequently, storage modulus improvement by a factor of 133× with the introduction of Ni2+ at rNi = 0.08, from 0.014 to 1.907 MPa. Even with Ni2+ loading, the high Li+ conductivity of 3.7 × 10-6 S/cm is retained at 90 °C. This work demonstrates that decoupling of ion transport and bulk mechanics can be readily achieved by the addition of multivalent metal cations to polymers with chelating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Bamford
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Seamus D Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicole S Schauser
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Benjamin J Pedretti
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Leo W Gordon
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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3
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Lansab S, Schwan T, Moch K, Böhmer R. Shear rheology senses the electrical room-temperature conductivity optimum in highly Li doped dinitrile electrolytes. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084503. [PMID: 38411232 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaronitrile (GN) doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) at concentrations below and above the room-temperature conductivity optimum near 1M of Li salt is investigated using dielectric spectroscopy and shear rheology. The experiments are carried out from ambient down to the glass transition temperature Tg, which increases considerably as LiTFSI is admixed to GN. As the temperature is lowered, the conductivity optimum shifts to lower salt concentrations, while the power-law exponents connecting resistivity and molecular reorientation time remain smallest for the 1M composition. By contrast, the rheologically detected time constants, as well as those obtained using dielectric spectroscopy, increase monotonically with increasing Li salt concentration for all temperatures. It is demonstrated that the shear mechanical measurements are, nevertheless, sensitive to the 1M conductivity optimum, thus elucidating the interplay of the dinitrile matrix with the mobile species. The data for the Li doped GN and other nitrile solvents all follow about the same Walden line, in harmony with their highly conductive character. The composition dependent relation between the ionic and the reorientational dynamics is also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Lansab
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwan
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kevin Moch
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Ellison JHJ, Grey CP. Engineering considerations for practical lithium-air electrolytes. Faraday Discuss 2024; 248:355-380. [PMID: 37807702 PMCID: PMC10823492 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-air batteries promise exceptional energy density while avoiding the use of transition metals in their cathodes, however, their practical adoption is currently held back by their short lifetimes. These short lifetimes are largely caused by electrolyte breakdown, but despite extensive searching, an electrolyte resistant to breakdown has yet to be found. This paper considers the requirements placed on an electrolyte for it to be considered usable in a practical cell. We go on to examine ways, through judicious cell design, of relaxing these requirements to allow for a broader range of compounds to be considered. We conclude by suggesting types of molecules that could be explored for future cells. With this work, we aim to broaden the scope of future searches for electrolytes and inform new cell design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H J Ellison
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Palumbo O, Paolone A, Philippi F, Rauber D, Welton T. Dynamics in Quaternary Ionic Liquids with Non-Flexible Anions: Insights from Mechanical Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11046. [PMID: 37446222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work investigates how mechanical properties and ion dynamics in ionic liquids (ILs) can be affected by ILs' design while considering possible relationships between different mechanical and transport properties. Specifically, we study mechanical properties of quaternary ionic liquids with rigid anions by means of Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA). We are able to relate the DMA results to the rheological and transport properties provided by viscosity, conductivity, and diffusion coefficient measurements. A good agreement is found in the temperature dependence of different variables described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann model. In particular, the mechanical spectra of all the measured liquids showed the occurrence of a relaxation, for which the analysis suggested its attribution to a diffusive process, which becomes evident when the ion dynamics are not affected by the fast structural reorganization of flexible anions on a local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriele Palumbo
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Paolone
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
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6
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Becker J, Zapp J, Morgenstern B, Kuttich B, Kraus T, Hempelmann R, Hunt P, Welton T, Kay CWM. Anion and ether group influence in protic guanidinium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6436-6453. [PMID: 36779955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05724g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are attractive liquid materials for many advanced applications. For targeted design, in-depth knowledge about their structure-property-relations is urgently needed. We prepared a set of novel protic ionic liquids (PILs) with a guanidinium cation with either an ether or alkyl side chain and different anions. While being a promising cation class, the available data is insufficient to guide design. We measured thermal and transport properties, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra as well as liquid and crystalline structures supported by ab initio computations and were able to obtain a detailed insight into the influence of the anion and the ether substitution on the physical and spectroscopic properties. For the PILs, hydrogen bonding is the main interaction between cation and anion and the H-bond strength is inversely related to the proton affinity of the constituting acid and correlated to the increase of 1H and 15N chemical shifts. Using anions from acids with lower proton affinity leads to proton localization on the cation as evident from NMR spectra and self-diffusion coefficients. In contrast, proton exchange was evident in ionic liquids with triflate and trifluoroacetate anions. Using imide-type anions and ether side groups decreases glass transitions as well as fragility, and accelerated dynamics significantly. In case of the ether guanidinium ionic liquids, the conformation of the side chain adopts a curled structure as the result of dispersion interactions, while the alkyl chains prefer a linear arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Julian Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Josef Zapp
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus B 2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Björn Kuttich
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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7
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Yao B, Paluch M, Wojnarowska Z. Effect of bulky anions on the liquid-liquid phase transition in phosphonium ionic liquids: Ambient and high-pressure dielectric studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3040. [PMID: 36810358 PMCID: PMC9944924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the first-order liquid-liquid phase transition (LLT) has been reported to exist in various systems (i.e., phosphorus, silicon, water, triphenyl phosphite, etc.), it is still one of the most challenging problems in the field of physical science. Recently, we found that this phenomenon occurs in the family of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium [P666,14]+ based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions (Wojnarowska et al in Nat Commun 13:1342, 2022). To understand the molecular structure-property relationships governing LLT, herein, we examine ion dynamics of two other quaternary phosphonium ILs containing long alkyl chains in cation and anion. We found that IL with the anion containing branched -O-(CH2)5-CH3 side chains does not reveal any signs of LLT, while IL with shorter alkyl chains in the anion brings a hidden LLT, i.e., it overlaps with the liquid-glass transition. Ambient pressure dielectric and viscosity measurements revealed a peculiar behavior of ion dynamics near Tg for IL with hidden LLT. Moreover, high-pressure studies have shown that IL with hidden LLT has relatively strong pressure sensitivity compared to the one without first-order phase transition. At the same time, the former exposes the inflection point indicating the concave-convex character of logτσ(P) dependences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Yao
- grid.11866.380000 0001 2259 4135Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- grid.11866.380000 0001 2259 4135Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Z. Wojnarowska
- grid.11866.380000 0001 2259 4135Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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8
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Klapatiuk DO, Waugh SL, Mukadam AA, East ALL. Limited ionicity in poor protic ionic liquids: Association Gibbs energies. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:034507. [PMID: 36681640 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids (PILs), made from anhydrous mixtures of Bronsted acids HA and bases B (HA + B → BH+ + A-), occasionally suffer from limited ionicity. In cases of "poor" PILs (<10% ionicity, e.g., using carboxylic acids), past simulations have hinted that ion-pair association, more than incomplete proton transfer, is at fault. To improve upon the Fuoss equation for predicting the degree of ion pairing, new electrostatic equations (including induced dipoles) are presented, for ion-pair and other associations that occur in anhydrous amine/carboxylic acid mixtures. The equations present the association Gibbs energies ΔGA (and thus the association constants KA) as functions of three fundamental properties: the acid/base mixing ratio (n = xA/xB), the HA-to-B proton-transfer strength (ΔpKa,ε=78), and the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of the mixture (ε). Parameter values were obtained from fits to constant-dielectric quantum chemistry data (obtained and presented here). These ΔGA functions were then used to predict ΔGioniz values for the net ion-generating (autoionization) equilibrium in carboxylic acid/amine mixtures: 2B(HA)n⇄B(HA)n-dHB++A(HA)n+d-1 -, where n = xA/xB and d = degree of disproportionation. The agreement with experiment was excellent, demonstrating that these equations could have useful predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin O Klapatiuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Shawn L Waugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman A Mukadam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Allan L L East
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
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9
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Cho Y, Nagatsuka S, Murakami Y. Thermoelectrochemical Seebeck coefficient and viscosity of Co-complex electrolytes rationalized by the Einstein relation, Jones-Dole B coefficient, and quantum-chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21396-21405. [PMID: 36047310 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Seebeck coefficient (Se) and the viscosity of a redox electrolyte are the key characteristics of thermoelectrochemical cells that generate electric power from waste thermal energy. However, the recent upsurge of research in this field is seriously disconnected from the knowledge of solution chemistry explored in the previous century. Herein, we systematically investigate five redox couples of cobalt complexes containing different aromatic ligands and anions in γ-butyrolactone solvent to demonstrate how the Einstein relation of hydrodynamic theory and the Jones-Dole B coefficient obtained from viscosity measurements can be used to account for such electrolyte properties. In essence, we reveal that the outer-shell (solvent reorganization) and inner-shell (metal-ligand reorganization) contributions to the redox reaction entropy ΔSrc (∝Se) can be quantified by the analyses using the B-coefficients and quantum-chemical simulations, respectively, while the distinct regimes found in the viscosity and conductivity are well accounted for by the Einstein relation, despite its classical hydrodynamic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagatsuka
- Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
| | - Yoichi Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.,Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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10
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de Araujo Lima E Souza G, Di Pietro ME, Castiglione F, Marques Mezencio PH, Fazzio Martins Martinez P, Mariani A, Schütz HM, Passerini S, Middendorf M, Schönhoff M, Triolo A, Appetecchi GB, Mele A. Implications of Anion Structure on Physicochemical Properties of DBU-Based Protic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7006-7014. [PMID: 36039977 PMCID: PMC9483912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are potential candidates
as electrolyte
components in energy storage devices. When replacing flammable and
volatile organic solvents, PILs are expected to improve the safety
and performance of electrochemical devices. Considering their technical
application, a challenging task is the understanding of the key factors
governing their intermolecular interactions and physicochemical properties.
The present work intends to investigate the effects of the structural
features on the properties of a promising PIL based on the 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
(DBUH+) cation and the (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)(nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)imide
(IM14–) anion, the latter being a remarkably large
anion with an uneven distribution of the C–F pool between the
two sides of the sulfonylimide moieties. For comparison purposes,
the experimental investigations were extended to PILs composed of
the same DBU-based cation and the trifluoromethanesulfonate
(TFO–) or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
(TFSI–) anion. The combined use of multiple NMR
methods, thermal analyses, density, viscosity, and conductivity measurements
provides a deep characterization of the PILs, unveiling peculiar behaviors
in DBUH-IM14, which cannot be predicted solely on the basis of differences
between aqueous pKa values of the protonated
base and the acid (ΔpKa). Interestingly,
the thermal and electrochemical properties of DBUH-IM14 turn out to
be markedly governed by the size and asymmetric nature of the anion.
This observation highlights that the structural features of the precursors
are an important tool to tailor the PIL’s properties according
to the specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle de Araujo Lima E Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Mariani
- Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Piazza Roma, 22, 60121 Ancona, Italy.,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hanno Maria Schütz
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maleen Middendorf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alessandro Triolo
- Istituto Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Appetecchi
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Department for Sustainability (SSPT), Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Hofmann A, Rauber D, Wang TM, Hempelmann R, Kay CWM, Hanemann T. Novel Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Battery Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154729. [PMID: 35897904 PMCID: PMC9329924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we address the fundamental question of the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of phosphonium-based ionic liquids containing the counter-ions bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([TFSI]−) and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([FSI]−). To clarify these structure–property as well as structure–activity relationships, trimethyl-based alkyl- and ether-containing phosphonium ILs were systematically synthesized, and their properties, namely density, flow characteristics, alkali metal compatibility, oxidative stability, aluminum corrosivity as well as their use in Li-ion cells were examined comprehensively. The variable moiety on the phosphonium cation exhibited a chain length of four and five, respectively. The properties were discussed as a function of the side chain, counter-ion and salt addition ([Li][TFSI] or [Li][FSI]). High stability coupled with good flow characteristics were found for the phosphonium IL [P1114][TFSI] and the mixture [P1114][TFSI] + [Li][TFSI], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hofmann
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (T.-M.W.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-25920
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (D.R.); (R.H.); (C.W.M.K.)
| | - Tzu-Ming Wang
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (T.-M.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (D.R.); (R.H.); (C.W.M.K.)
| | - Christopher W. M. Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (D.R.); (R.H.); (C.W.M.K.)
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Bloomsbury Campus, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Thomas Hanemann
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (T.-M.W.); (T.H.)
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Watanabe H, Arai N, Jihae H, Kawana Y, Umebayashi Y. Ionic conduction within non-stoichiometric N-Methylimidazole-Acetic Acid Pseudo-Protic ionic liquid mixtures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Nürnberg P, Atik J, Borodin O, Winter M, Paillard E, Schönhoff M. Superionicity in Ionic-Liquid-Based Electrolytes Induced by Positive Ion-Ion Correlations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4657-4666. [PMID: 35232022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In ionic-liquid (IL)-based electrolytes, relevant for current energy storage applications, ion transport is limited by strong ion-ion correlations, generally yielding inverse Haven ratios (ionicities) of below 1. In particular, Li is transported in anionic clusters into the wrong direction of the electric field, requiring compensation by diffusive anion fluxes. Here, we present a concept to exploit ion-ion correlations in concentrated IL electrolytes beneficially by designing organic cations with a Li-coordinating chain. 1H NMR and Raman spectra show that IL cations with seven or more ether oxygens in the side chain induce Li coordination to organic cations. An unusual behavior of an inverse Haven ratio of >1 is found, suggesting an ionicity larger than that of an ideal electrolyte with uncorrelated ion motion. This superionic behavior is consistently demonstrated in both NMR transport/conductivity measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Key to this achievement is the formation of long-lived Li-IL cation complexes, which invert the Li drift direction, yielding positive Li+ ion mobilities for the first time in a single IL-solvent-based electrolyte. Onsager correlation coefficients are derived from MD simulations and demonstrate that the main contributions to the inverse Haven ratio, which induce superionicity, arise from enhanced Li-IL cation correlations and a sign inversion of Li-anion correlation coefficients. Thus, the novel concept of coordinating cations not only corrects the unfortunate anionic drift direction of Li in ILs but even exploits strong ion correlations in the concentrated electrolyte toward superionic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinchas Nürnberg
- University of Muenster, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jaschar Atik
- Helmholtz Institute Muenster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Battery Science Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Muenster, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Muenster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.,University of Muenster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elie Paillard
- Helmholtz Institute Muenster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Politecnico di Milano, Department of Energy, Via Lambruschini 4, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- University of Muenster, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Unraveling local structure of molten salt KF-KCl-KI via molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Bioucas FEB, Queirós CSGP, Lozano-Martín D, Ferreira MS, Paredes X, Santos ÂF, Santos FJV, Lopes MLM, Lampreia IMS, Lourenço MJV, de Castro CAN, Massonne K. [C2mim][CH3SO3]─A Suitable New Heat Transfer Fluid? Part 2: Thermophysical Properties of Its Mixtures with Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E. B. Bioucas
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla S. G. P. Queirós
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel Lozano-Martín
- Grupo de Termodinámica y Calibración (TERMOCAL), Research Institute on Bioeconomy, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - M. S. Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Xavier Paredes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ângela F. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando J. V. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel L. M. Lopes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. S. Lampreia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria José V. Lourenço
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. Nieto de Castro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Rapaić M, Panić J, Teofilović B, Grujić-Letić N, Gadžurić S, Vraneš M. Synthesis and evolution of physicochemical properties of new pharmaceutically active ionic liquids – tetracainium salicylate and tetracainium ibuprofenate. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26800-26807. [PMID: 36320838 PMCID: PMC9491082 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04711j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracainium salicylate and tetracainium ibuprofenate were synthesized as active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids (API-ILs). These ILs represent a combination of a drug for local anaesthesia (tetracaine) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid and ibuprofen). After IL synthesis, spectroscopic investigations were performed using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to confirm their structures. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis determined the obtained thermal behaviour of the ionic liquids. Experimental density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity measurements were performed in a wide temperature range to understand the interactions occurring in the obtained pharmaceutically active ionic liquids. All experimental values were well-fitted by the empirical equations. According to the theoretical calculations, weaker interactions of tetracaine with ibuprofenate than with salicylate are found, ascribed to the decreasing molecular symmetry, weakened hydrogen bonding, and increasing steric hindrance of ibuprofenate's alkyl chain. Evolution of physicochemical parameters such as thermal stability, density, viscosity and electrical conductivity at various temperatures for two pharmaceutically active ionic liquids – tetracainium salicylate and tetracainium ibuprofenate.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Rapaić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Jovana Panić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Branislava Teofilović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Nevena Grujić-Letić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Gadžurić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Milan Vraneš
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
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17
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Pitawela N, Shaw SK. Imidazolium Triflate Ionic Liquids' Capacitance-Potential Relationships and Transport Properties Affected by Cation Chain Lengths. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:117-130. [PMID: 36785553 PMCID: PMC9885949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report the effects of five imidazolium cations with varying alkyl chain lengths to study the effects of cation size on capacitance versus voltage behavior. The cations include ethyl-, butyl-, hexyl-, octyl-, and decyl-3-methylimidazolium, all paired with a triflate anion. We analyze the capacitance with respect to the cation alkyl chain length qualitatively and quantitatively by analyzing changes in the capacitance-potential curvature shape and magnitude across several standard scanning protocols and electrochemical techniques. Further, three transport properties (viscosity, diffusion coefficient, and electrical conductivity) are experimentally determined and integrated into the outcomes. Ultimately, we find higher viscosities, lower diffusion coefficients, and lower electrical conductivities when the alkyl chain length is increased. Also, capacitance values increase with cation size, except 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium, which does not follow an otherwise linear trend. This capacitive increase is most pronounced when sweeping the potential in the cathodic direction. These findings challenge the conventional hypothesis that increasing the length of the alkyl chain of imidazolium cations diminishes the capacitance and ionic liquid performance in charge storage.
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18
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Low-cost temperature transition mixtures (TTM) based on ethylene glycol/potassium hydroxide as reversible CO2 sorbents. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Kuttich B, Becker J, Kraus T, Hunt P, Welton T, Hempelmann R, Kay CWM. Curled cation structures accelerate the dynamics of ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21042-21064. [PMID: 34522943 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are modern liquid materials with potential and actual implementation in many advanced technologies. They combine many favourable and modifiable properties but have a major inherent drawback compared to molecular liquids - slower dynamics. In previous studies we found that the dynamics of ionic liquids are significantly accelerated by the introduction of multiple ether side chains into the cations. However, the origin of the improved transport properties, whether as a result of the altered cation conformation or due to the absence of nanostructuring within the liquid as a result of the higher polarity of the ether chains, remained to be clarified. Therefore, we prepared two novel sets of methylammonium based ionic liquids; one set with three ether substituents and another set with three butyl side chains, in order to compare their dynamic properties and liquid structures. Using a range of anions, we show that the dynamics of the ether-substituted cations are systematically and distinctly accelerated. Liquefaction temperatures are lowered and fragilities increased, while at the same time cation-anion distances are slightly larger for the alkylated samples. Furthermore, pronounced liquid nanostructures were not observed. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the origin of the altered properties of the ether substituted ionic liquids is primarily due to a curled ether chain conformation, in contrast to the alkylated cations where the alkyl chains retain a linear conformation. Thus, the observed structure-property relations can be explained by changes in the geometric shape of the cations, rather than by the absence of a liquid nanostructure. Application of quantum chemical calculations to a simplified model system revealed that intramolecular hydrogen-bonding is responsible for approximately half of the stabilisation of the curled ether-cations, whereas the other half stems from non-specific long-range interactions. These findings give more detailed insights into the structure-property relations of ionic liquids and will guide the development of ionic liquids that do not suffer from slow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Björn Kuttich
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julian Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tobias Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany. .,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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20
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Structure-Property Relation of Trimethyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids for Battery Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are attractive and safe electrolytes for diverse electrochemical applications such as advanced rechargeable batteries with high energy densities. Their properties that are beneficial for energy storage and conversion include negligible vapor-pressure, intrinsic conductivity as well as high stability. To explore the suitability of a series of ionic liquids with small ammonium cations for potential battery applications, we investigated their thermal and transport properties. We studied the influence of the symmetrical imide-type anions bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([TFSI]−) and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([FSI]−), side chain length and functionalization, as well as lithium salt content on the properties of the electrolytes. Many of the samples are liquid at ambient temperature, but their solidification temperatures show disparate behavior. The transport properties showed clear trends: the dynamics are accelerated for samples with the [FSI]− anion, shorter side chains, ether functionalization and lower amounts of lithium salts. Detailed insight was obtained from the diffusion coefficients of the different ions in the electrolytes, which revealed the formation of aggregates of lithium cations coordinated by anions. The ionic liquid electrolytes exhibit sufficient stability in NMC/Li half-cells at elevated temperatures with small current rates without the need of additional liquid electrolytes, although Li-plating was observed. Electrolytes containing [TFSI]− anions showed superior stability compared to those with [FSI]− anions in battery tests.
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21
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Fractional Walden rule for aprotic ionic liquids: Experimental verification over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Amara S, Zaidi W, Timperman L, Nikiforidis G, Anouti M. Amide-based deep eutectic solvents containing LiFSI and NaFSI salts as superionic electrolytes for supercapacitor applications. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:164708. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0048392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samia Amara
- Laboratoire PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Warda Zaidi
- Laboratoire PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Laure Timperman
- Laboratoire PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Mérièm Anouti
- Laboratoire PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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23
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Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Correlations and Their Impact on Transport in Polymer-Based Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Mariani A, Bonomo M, Gao X, Centrella B, Nucara A, Buscaino R, Barge A, Barbero N, Gontrani L, Passerini S. The unseen evidence of Reduced Ionicity: The elephant in (the) room temperature ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Walz MM, van der Spoel D. Microscopic origins of conductivity in molten salts unraveled by computer simulations. Commun Chem 2021; 4:9. [PMID: 36697545 PMCID: PMC9814786 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molten salts are crucial materials in energy applications, such as batteries, thermal energy storage systems or concentrated solar power plants. Still, the determination and interpretation of basic physico-chemical properties like ionic conductivity, mobilities and transference numbers cause debate. Here, we explore a method for determination of ionic electrical mobilities based on non-equilibrium computer simulations. Partial conductivities are then determined as a function of system composition and temperature from simulations of molten LiFαClβIγ (with α + β + γ = 1). High conductivity does not necessarily coincide with high Li+ mobility for molten LiFαClβIγ systems at a given temperature. In salt mixtures, the lighter anions on average drift along with Li+ towards the negative electrode when applying an electric field and only the heavier anions move towards the positive electrode. In conclusion, the microscopic origin of conductivity in molten salts is unraveled here based on accurate ionic electrical mobilities and an analysis of the local structure and kinetics of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Madeleine Walz
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David van der Spoel
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Watanabe H, Arai N, Kameda Y, Buchner R, Umebayashi Y. Effect of Brønsted Acidity on Ion Conduction in Fluorinated Acetic Acid and N-Methylimidazole Equimolar Mixtures as Pseudo-protic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11157-11164. [PMID: 33198463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To clarify proton conduction mechanism in protic ionic liquids (PILs) and pseudo-PILs (pPILs), equimolar mixtures of N-methylimidazole (C1Im) with fluorinated acetic acids were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Only the ionic species exist in the equimolar mixture of C1Im and HTFA (HTFA: trifluoroacetic acid). On the other hand, the equimolar mixture of C1Im and HDFA (HDFA: difluoroacetic acid) consists of both ionic and electrically neutral species. In particular, not only the electrostatic but also van der Waals interactions with the F atoms were observed in the liquid structures of both [C1hIm+][TFA-] and [C1hIm+][DFA-]. The concept for proton conduction mechanism that we have proposed in previous study was revisited; the proton conduction mechanism could be classified with two linear free energy relationship lines for proton exchange reaction and translation/rotation of proton carriers. Our results exhibit that the proton conduction mechanism changes from proton hopping to vehicle mechanism with increasing acidity of an acid HA in PILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Watanabe
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nana Arai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kameda
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Richard Buchner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Umebayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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28
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Electrical Conductivity and Viscosity in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures: Participation of Molecular Interactions and Nanodomains. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids4040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims to shed light on recent literature reports suggesting that ionic species are implicated in the electrical conductivity of 1-octanol and its mixtures with hydrocarbons. Other workers have questioned this interpretation, and herein, based on new experimentation and with reference to various literature studies, we consider that molecular interactions are more likely to be responsible. To investigate this, we have studied mixtures of 1-octanol and either silicone oil (SO) or n-dodecane as nonpolar components, using dielectric (in particular electrical conductivity) and viscometric measurements. With reference to the literature, the self-association of alcohols is known to create microheterogeneity in the neat liquids and in mixtures with nonpolar, low dielectric constant liquids, and it has previously been considered to be responsible for the particular solvent properties of alcohols. The present results suggest that the electrical conductivity of alkane/alcohol systems may have similar origins, with percolating pathways formed from octanol-rich nanodomains comprising polar regions containing hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups and nonpolar regions dominated by alkyl chains. The percolation threshold found for dodecane/octanol mixtures, in which interactions between the component molecules are found from viscosity measurements to be repulsive, agrees well with results from experimental and theoretical studies of disordered arrangements of packed spheres, and moreover, it is consistent with other published alkane/alcohol results. On the other hand, the situation is more complex for SO/octanol mixtures, in which interactions between the two components are attractive, based on viscosity data, and in which the phase separation of SO occurs at high octanol concentrations. Overall, we have concluded that electrical conductivity in octanol (and potentially all liquid alcohols) and its mixtures with nonpolar molecules, such as alkanes, is consistent with the presence of conducting networks comprising octanol-rich nanodomains formed by self-association, and not as a result of ionic conduction.
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Abstract
The extent to which cations and anions in ionic liquids (ILs) and ionic liquid solutions are dissociated is of both fundamental scientific interest and practical importance because ion dissociation has been shown to impact viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, solubility, chemical reactivity, and many other important chemical and physical properties. When mixed with solvents, ionic liquids provide the unique opportunity to investigate ion dissociation from infinite dilution in the solvent to a completely solvent-free state, even at ambient conditions. The most common way to estimate ion dissociation in ILs and IL solutions is by comparing the molar conductivity determined from ionic conductivity measurements such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) (which measure the movement of only the charged, i.e., dissociated, ions) with the molar conductivity calculated from ion diffusivities measured by pulse field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PFG-NMR, which gives movement of all of the ions). Because the NMR measurements are time-consuming, the number of ILs and IL solutions investigated by this method is relatively limited. We have shown that use of the Stokes-Einstein equation with estimates of the effective ion Stokes radii allows ion dissociation to be calculated from easily measured density, viscosity, and ionic conductivity data (ρ, η, λ), which is readily available in the literature for a much larger number of pure ILs and IL solutions. Therefore, in this review, we present values of ion dissociation for ILs and IL solutions (aqueous and nonaqueous) determined by both the traditional molar conductivity/PFG-NMR method and the ρ, η, λ method. We explore the effect of cation and anion alkyl chain length, structure, and interaction motifs of the cation and anion, temperature, and the strength of the solvent in IL solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Nordness
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joan F Brennecke
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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30
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Nilsson V, Bernin D, Brandell D, Edström K, Johansson P. Interactions and Transport in Highly Concentrated LiTFSI‐based Electrolytes. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1166-1176. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Nilsson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of Technology 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie 15 Rue Baudelocque 80039 Amiens Cedex France
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie 15 Rue Baudelocque 80039 Amiens Cedex France
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of Technology 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie 15 Rue Baudelocque 80039 Amiens Cedex France
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31
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Panić J, Tot A, Janković N, Drid P, Gadžurić S, Vraneš M. Physicochemical and structural properties of lidocaine-based ionic liquids with anti-inflammatory anions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14089-14098. [PMID: 35498488 PMCID: PMC9051649 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the density, viscosity and electrical conductivity at different temperatures, as well as the thermal stability and structural properties of previously reported ionic liquids based on active pharmaceutical ingredients. Lidocaine-based ionic liquids, with ibuprofen and salicylate as counterion, were prepared first. Their structures were confirmed by infrared, mass and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The Newtonian behaviour of lidocaine ibuprofenate was confirmed from viscosity measurement results, while it was impossible to determine for lidocaine salicylate. The interactions and structures of the studied ionic liquids were analyzed based on the measured density values, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and calculated values of thermal expansion coefficients and activation energy of viscous flow. From a theoretical aspect, DFT and MD calculations were performed. The obtained descriptors and radial distribution, as well as structural functions, were used to understand the structural organization of the synthesized ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Panić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Tot
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Nenad Janković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad Lovćenska 16 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Slobodan Gadžurić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Milan Vraneš
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
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32
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Harris KR. Comments on “preparation and transport properties of novel lithium ionic liquids [electrochim. Acta 50 (2004) 1–5]” and “ion transport properties of lithium ionic liquids and their ion gels. [Electrochim. acta 50 (2005) 3872–3877]”. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Fiates J, Zhang Y, Franco LFM, Maginn EJ, Doubek G. Impact of anion shape on Li+ solvation and on transport properties for lithium–air batteries: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15842-15852. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the influence of the anion shape over the solvation structure and transport properties over commonly employed Li–O2 electrolytes and discuss their implications for the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Fiates
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Campinas
- Campinas 13083-852
- Brazil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Luís F. M. Franco
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Campinas
- Campinas 13083-852
- Brazil
| | - Edward J. Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Gustavo Doubek
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Campinas
- Campinas 13083-852
- Brazil
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