1
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Wang W, de la Fuente Diez J, Delsuc N, Peng J, Spezia R, Vuilleumier R, Chen Y. Piezoelectric and microfluidic tuning of an infrared cavity for vibrational polariton studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2497-2505. [PMID: 38606494 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic system for vibrational polariton studies, which consists of two microfluidic chips: one for solution mixing and another for tuning an infrared cavity made of a pair of gold mirrors and a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) spacer. We show that the cavity of the system can be accurately tuned with either piezoelectric actuators or microflow-induced pressure to result in resonant coupling between a cavity mode and a variational mode of the solution molecules. Acrylonitrile solutions were chosen to prove the concept of vabriational strong coupling (VSC) of a CN stretching mode with light inside the cavity. We also show that the Rabi splitting energy is linearly proportional to the square root of molecular concentration, thereby proving the relevance and reliability of the system for VSC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jaime de la Fuente Diez
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Juan Peng
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Rodolphe Vuilleumier
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yong Chen
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
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2
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Lee I, Melton SR, Xu D, Delor M. Controlling Molecular Photoisomerization in Photonic Cavities through Polariton Funneling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9544-9553. [PMID: 38530932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling between photonic modes and molecular electronic excitations, creating hybrid light-matter states called polaritons, is an attractive avenue for controlling chemical reactions. Nevertheless, experimental demonstrations of polariton-modified chemical reactions remain sparse. Here, we demonstrate modified photoisomerization kinetics of merocyanine and diarylethene by coupling the reactant's optical transition with photonic microcavity modes. We leverage broadband Fourier-plane optical microscopy to noninvasively and rapidly monitor photoisomerization within microcavities, enabling systematic investigation of chemical kinetics for different cavity-exciton detunings and photoexcitation conditions. We demonstrate three distinct effects of cavity coupling: first, a renormalization of the photonic density of states, akin to a Purcell effect, leads to enhanced absorption and isomerization rates at certain wavelengths, notably red-shifting the onset of photoisomerization. This effect is present under both strong and weak light-matter couplings. Second, kinetic competition between polariton localization into reactive molecular states and cavity losses leads to a suppression of the photoisomerization yield. Finally, our key result is that in reaction mixtures with multiple reactant isomers, exhibiting partially overlapping optical transitions and distinct isomerization pathways, the cavity resonance can be tuned to funnel photoexcitations into specific reactant isomers. Thus, upon decoherence, polaritons localize into a chosen isomer, selectively triggering the latter's photoisomerization despite initially being delocalized across all isomers. This result suggests that careful tuning of the cavity resonance is a promising avenue to steer chemical reactions and enhance product selectivity in reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sarah R Melton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular Polaritons for Chemistry, Photonics and Quantum Technologies. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2512-2552. [PMID: 38416701 PMCID: PMC10941193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from the hybridization between molecular and photonic modes. These composite entities, bearing characteristics inherited from both constituents, exhibit modified energy levels and wave functions, thereby capturing the attention of chemists in the past decade. The potential to modify chemical reactions has spurred many investigations, alongside efforts to enhance and manipulate optical responses for photonic and quantum applications. This Review centers on the experimental advances in this burgeoning field. Commencing with an introduction of the fundamentals, including theoretical foundations and various cavity architectures, we discuss outcomes of polariton-modified chemical reactions. Furthermore, we navigate through the ongoing debates and uncertainties surrounding the underpinning mechanism of this innovative method of controlling chemistry. Emphasis is placed on gaining a comprehensive understanding of the energy dynamics of molecular polaritons, in particular, vibrational molecular polaritons─a pivotal facet in steering chemical reactions. Additionally, we discuss the unique capability of coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to dissect polariton and dark mode dynamics, offering insights into the critical components within the cavity that alter chemical reactions. We further expand to the potential utility of molecular polaritons in quantum applications as well as precise manipulation of molecular and photonic polarizations, notably in the context of chiral phenomena. This discussion aspires to ignite deeper curiosity and engagement in revealing the physics underpinning polariton-modified molecular properties, and a broad fascination with harnessing photonic environments to control chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries
of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San
Diego, California 92126, United States
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4
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Thomas PA, Tan WJ, Kravets VG, Grigorenko AN, Barnes WL. Non-Polaritonic Effects in Cavity-Modified Photochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309393. [PMID: 37997481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of molecules to vacuum fields is widely reported to lead to modified chemical properties such as reaction rates. However, some recent attempts to reproduce infrared strong coupling results have not been successful, suggesting that factors other than strong coupling may sometimes be involved. In the first vacuum-modified chemistry experiment, changes to a molecular photoisomerization process in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range are attributed to strong coupling of the molecules to visible light. Here, this process is re-examined, finding significant variations in photoisomerization rates consistent with the original work. However, there is no evidence that these changes need to be attributed to strong coupling. Instead, it is suggested that the photoisomerization rates involved are most strongly influenced by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the cavity. These results indicate that care must be taken to rule out non-polaritonic effects before invoking strong coupling to explain any changes of properties arising in cavity-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Wai Jue Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Vasyl G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - William L Barnes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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5
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Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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6
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Cohn B, Filippov T, Ber E, Chuntonov L. Spontaneous Raman scattering from vibrational polaritons is obscured by reservoir states. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:104705. [PMID: 37694751 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling results from the interaction between optically allowed molecular vibrational excitations and the resonant mode of an infrared cavity. Strong coupling leads to the formation of hybrid states, known as vibrational polaritons, which are readily observed in transmission measurements and a manifold of the reservoir states. In contrast, Raman spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons is elusive and has recently been the focus of both theoretical and experimental investigations. Because Raman measurements are frequently performed with high-numerical aperture excitation/collection optics, the angular dispersion of the strongly coupled system must be carefully considered. Herein, we experimentally investigated vibrational polaritons involving dispersive collective lattice resonances of infrared antenna arrays. Despite clear indications of the strong coupling to vibrational excitations in the transmission spectrum; we found that Raman spectra do not bear signatures of the polaritonic transitions. Detailed measurements indicate that the disappearance of the Raman signal is not due to the polariton dispersion in our samples. On the other hand, the Tavis-Cummings-Holstein model that we employed to interpret our results suggests that the ratio of the Raman transition strengths between the reservoir and the polariton states scales according to the number of strongly coupled molecules. Because the vibrational transitions are relatively weak, the number of molecules required to achieve strong coupling conditions is about 109 per unit cell of the array of infrared antennas. Therefore, the scaling predicted by the Tavis-Cummings-Holstein model can explain the absence of the polariton signatures in spontaneous Raman scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Cohn
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Tikhon Filippov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Emanuel Ber
- Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The Helen Diller Quantum Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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7
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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8
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Ahn W, Triana JF, Recabal F, Herrera F, Simpkins BS. Modification of ground-state chemical reactivity via light-matter coherence in infrared cavities. Science 2023; 380:1165-1168. [PMID: 37319215 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade7147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reaction-rate modifications for chemical processes due to strong coupling between reactant molecular vibrations and the cavity vacuum have been reported; however, no currently accepted mechanisms explain these observations. In this work, reaction-rate constants were extracted from evolving cavity transmission spectra, revealing resonant suppression of the intracavity reaction rate for alcoholysis of phenyl isocyanate with cyclohexanol. We observed up to an 80% suppression of the rate by tuning cavity modes to be resonant with the reactant isocyanate (NCO) stretch, the product carbonyl (CO) stretch, and cooperative reactant-solvent modes (CH). These results were interpreted using an open quantum system model that predicted resonant modifications of the vibrational distribution of reactants from canonical statistics as a result of light-matter quantum coherences, suggesting links to explore between chemistry and quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmi Ahn
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Johan F Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Recabal
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics (MIRO), Concepción, Chile
| | - Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Xiong W. Molecular Vibrational Polariton Dynamics: What Can Polaritons Do? Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:776-786. [PMID: 36930582 PMCID: PMC10077590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWhen molecular vibrational modes strongly couple to virtual states of photonic modes, new molecular vibrational polariton states are formed, along with a large population of dark reservoir modes. The polaritons are much like the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals when atomic orbitals form molecular bonds, while the dark modes are like nonbonding orbitals. Because the polariton states are half-matter and half-light, whose energy is shifted from the parental states, polaritons are predicted to modify chemistry under thermally activated conditions, leading to an exciting and emerging field known as polariton chemistry that could potentially shift paradigms in chemistry. Despite several published results supporting this concept, the chemical physics and mechanism of polariton chemistry remain elusive. One reason for this challenge is that previous works cannot differentiate polaritons from dark modes. This limitation makes delineating the contributions to chemistry from polaritons and dark states difficult. However, this level of insight is critical for developing a solid mechanism for polariton chemistry to design and predict the outcome of strong coupling with any given reaction. My group addressed the challenge of differentiating the dynamics of polaritons and dark modes by ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. Specifically, (1) we found that polaritons can facilitate intra- and intermolecular vibrational energy transfer, opening a pathway to control vibrational energy flow in liquid-phase molecular systems, and (2) by studying a single-step isomerization event, we verified that indeed polaritons can modify chemical dynamics under strong coupling conditions, but in contrast, the dark modes behave like uncoupled molecules and do not change the dynamics. This finding confirmed the central concept of polariton chemistry: polaritons modify the potential energy landscape of reactions. The result also clarified the role of dark modes, which lays a critical foundation for designing cavities for future polariton chemistry. Aside from using 2D IR spectroscopy to study polariton chemistry, we also used the same technique to develop molecular polaritons into a potential quantum simulation platform. We demonstrated that polaritons have Rabi oscillations, and using a checkerboard cavity design, we showed that polaritons could have large nonlinearity across space. We further used the checkerboard polaritons to simulate coherence transfer and visualize it. A unidirectional coherence transfer was observed, indicating non-Hermitian dynamics. The highlighted efforts in this Account provide a solid understanding of the capability of polaritons for chemistry and quantum information science. I conclude this Account by discussing a few challenges for moving polariton chemistry toward being predictable and making the polariton quantum platform a complement to existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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10
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Schäfer C, Flick J, Ronca E, Narang P, Rubio A. Shining light on the microscopic resonant mechanism responsible for cavity-mediated chemical reactivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7817. [PMID: 36535939 PMCID: PMC9763331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction in cavity environments is emerging as a promising approach to control chemical reactions in a non-intrusive and efficient manner. The underlying mechanism that distinguishes between steering, accelerating, or decelerating a chemical reaction has, however, remained unclear, hampering progress in this frontier area of research. We leverage quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory to unveil the microscopic mechanism behind the experimentally observed reduced reaction rate under cavity induced resonant vibrational strong light-matter coupling. We observe multiple resonances and obtain the thus far theoretically elusive but experimentally critical resonant feature for a single strongly coupled molecule undergoing the reaction. While we describe only a single mode and do not explicitly account for collective coupling or intermolecular interactions, the qualitative agreement with experimental measurements suggests that our conclusions can be largely abstracted towards the experimental realization. Specifically, we find that the cavity mode acts as mediator between different vibrational modes. In effect, vibrational energy localized in single bonds that are critical for the reaction is redistributed differently which ultimately inhibits the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Flick
- grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Prineha Narang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA
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11
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Chen TT, Du M, Yang Z, Yuen-Zhou J, Xiong W. Cavity-enabled enhancement of ultrafast intramolecular vibrational redistribution over pseudorotation. Science 2022; 378:790-794. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular vibrations and microcavity photons yields a few polaritons (light-matter modes) and many dark modes (with negligible photonic character). Although VSC is reported to alter thermally activated chemical reactions, its mechanisms remain opaque. To elucidate this problem, we followed ultrafast dynamics of a simple unimolecular vibrational energy exchange in iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)
5
] under VSC, which showed two competing channels: pseudorotation and intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR). We found that under polariton excitation, energy exchange was overall accelerated, with IVR becoming faster and pseudorotation being slowed down. However, dark-mode excitation revealed unchanged dynamics compared with those outside of the cavity, with pseudorotation dominating. Thus, despite controversies around thermally activated VSC modified chemistry, our work shows that VSC can indeed alter chemistry through a nonequilibrium preparation of polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zimo Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Stemo G, Yamada H, Katsuki H, Yanagi H. Influence of Vibrational Strong Coupling on an Ordered Liquid Crystal. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9399-9407. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrek Stemo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hayata Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katsuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hisao Yanagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
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13
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Yamada H, Stemo G, Katsuki H, Yanagi H. Development of a Spacerless Flow-Cell Cavity for Vibrational Polaritons. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4689-4696. [PMID: 35723438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a spacerless flow-cell cavity for the observation of vibrational strong coupling and demonstrate its availability in two samples with a C≡N bond: a metal complex (aq) and an ionic liquid. It is shown that the cavity length can be tuned over a wide range to investigate coupling with different order Fabry-Pérot cavity modes without reassembling the cavity. In the ionic liquid, analyses based on the coupled harmonic oscillator model with multiple vibrational modes show that the Rabi splitting parameters and the square root of the integrated absorption intensity are proportional among the three neighboring vibrational modes. Our spacerless cell structure simplifies the comparison of the different vibrational strong coupling measurements, such as the mode order dependence and the coupling to different molecular vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayata Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Garrek Stemo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katsuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hisao Yanagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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14
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Fukushima T, Yoshimitsu S, Murakoshi K. Inherent Promotion of Ionic Conductivity via Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling of Water with the Vacuum Electromagnetic Field. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12177-12183. [PMID: 35737737 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding interactions among water molecules play a critical role in chemical reactivity, dynamic proton mobility, static dielectric behavior, and the thermodynamic properties of water. In this study, we demonstrate the modification of ionic conductivity of water through hybridization with a vacuum electromagnetic field by strongly coupling the O─H stretching mode of H2O to a Fabry-Perot cavity mode. The hybridization generates collective vibro-polaritonic states, thereby enhancing the proton conductivity by an order of magnitude at resonance. In addition, the dielectric constants increase at resonance in the coupled state. The findings presented herein reveal how a vacuum electromagnetic environment can be engineered to control the ground-state properties of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Soushi Yoshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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15
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Sun J, Vendrell O. Suppression and Enhancement of Thermal Chemical Rates in a Cavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4441-4446. [PMID: 35549344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The observed modification of thermal chemical rates in Fabry-Perot cavities remains a poorly understood effect theoretically. Recent breakthroughs explain some of the observations through the Grote-Hynes theory, where the cavity introduces friction with the reaction coordinate, thus reducing the transmission coefficient and the rate. The regime of rate enhancement, the observed sharp resonances at varying cavity frequencies, and the survival of these effects in the collective regime remain mostly unexplained. In this Letter, we consider the cis-trans isomerization of HONO atomistically using an ab initio potential energy surface. We evaluate the transmission coefficient using the reactive flux method and identify the conditions for rate acceleration. In the underdamped, low-friction regime of the reaction coordinate, the cavity coupling enhances the rate with increasing coupling strength until reaching the Kramers turnover point. Sharp resonances in this regime are related to cavity-enabled energy redistribution channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Bourgeois MR, Beutler EK, Khorasani S, Panek N, Masiello DJ. Nanometer-Scale Spatial and Spectral Mapping of Exciton Polaritons in Structured Plasmonic Cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:197401. [PMID: 35622035 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.197401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons (EPs) are ubiquitous light-matter excitations under intense investigation as test beds of fundamental physics and as components for all-optical computing. Owing to their unique attributes and facile experimental tunability, EPs potentially enable strong nonlinearities, condensation, and superfluidity at room temperature. However, the diffraction limit of light and the momentum content of fast electron probes preclude the characterization of EPs in nanoscale structured cavities exhibiting energy-momentum dispersion. Here we present fully relativistic analytical theory and companion numerical simulations showing that these limitations can be overcome to measure EPs in periodic nanophotonic cavities on their natural energy, momentum, and length scales via lattice electron energy gain spectroscopy. With the combined high momentum resolution of light and nanoscale spatial resolution of focused electron beams, lattice electron energy gain spectroscopy can expose deeply subwavelength EP features using currently available monochromated, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Siamak Khorasani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nicole Panek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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17
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Climent C, Casanova D, Feist J, Garcia-Vidal FJ. Not dark yet for strong light-matter coupling to accelerate singlet fission dynamics. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:100841. [PMID: 35620360 PMCID: PMC9022090 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are unique hybrid light-matter states that offer an alternative way to manipulate chemical processes. In this work, we show that singlet fission dynamics can be accelerated under strong light-matter coupling. For superexchange-mediated singlet fission, state mixing speeds up the dynamics in cavities when the lower polariton is close in energy to the multiexcitonic state. This effect is more pronounced in non-conventional singlet fission materials in which the energy gap between the bright singlet exciton and the multiexcitonic state is large ( > 0.1 eV). In this case, the dynamics is dominated by the polaritonic modes and not by the bare-molecule-like dark states, and, additionally, the resonant enhancement due to strong coupling is robust even for energetically broad molecular states. The present results provide a new strategy to expand the range of suitable materials for efficient singlet fission by making use of strong light-matter coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Climent
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Connexis, 138632, Singapore
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18
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Multimode polariton effects on molecular energy transport and spectral fluctuations. Commun Chem 2022; 5:48. [PMID: 36697846 PMCID: PMC9814737 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential paradigm breaking capability of microcavities to control chemical processes, the extent to which photonic devices change properties of molecular materials is still unclear, in part due to challenges in modeling hybrid light-matter excitations delocalized over many length scales. We overcome these challenges for a photonic wire under strong coupling with a molecular ensemble. Our simulations provide a detailed picture of the effect of photonic wires on spectral and transport properties of a disordered molecular material. We find stronger changes to the probed molecular observables when the cavity is redshifted relative to the molecules and energetic disorder is weak. These trends are expected to hold also in higher-dimensional cavities, but are not captured with theories that only include a single cavity-mode. Therefore, our results raise important issues for future experiments and model building focused on unraveling new ways to manipulate chemistry with optical cavities.
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19
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Pannir-Sivajothi S, Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Martínez-Martínez LA, Sinha S, Yuen-Zhou J. Driving chemical reactions with polariton condensates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1645. [PMID: 35347131 PMCID: PMC8960839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When molecular transitions strongly couple to photon modes, they form hybrid light-matter modes called polaritons. Collective vibrational strong coupling is a promising avenue for control of chemistry, but this can be deterred by the large number of quasi-degenerate dark modes. The macroscopic occupation of a single polariton mode by excitations, as observed in Bose-Einstein condensation, offers promise for overcoming this issue. Here we theoretically investigate the effect of vibrational polariton condensation on the kinetics of electron transfer processes. Compared with excitation with infrared laser sources, the vibrational polariton condensate changes the reaction yield significantly at room temperature due to additional channels with reduced activation barriers resulting from the large accumulation of energy in the lower polariton, and the many modes available for energy redistribution during the reaction. Our results offer tantalizing opportunities to use condensates for driving chemical reactions, kinetically bypassing usual constraints of fast intramolecular vibrational redistribution in condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Luis A Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shubham Sinha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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20
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Cohn B, Sufrin S, Chuntonov L. Ultrafast vibrational excitation transfer on resonant antenna lattices revealed by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:121101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-quality lattice resonances in arrays of infrared antennas operating in an open-cavity regime form polariton states by means of strong coupling to molecular vibrations. We studied polaritons formed by carbonyl stretching modes of (poly)methyl methacrylate on resonant antenna arrays using femtosecond 2DIR spectroscopy. At a normal incidence of excitation light, doubly degenerate antenna-lattice resonances (ALRs) form two polariton states: a lower polariton and an upper polariton. At an off-normal incidence geometry of 2DIR experiments, the ALR degeneracy is lifted and, consequently, the polariton energies are split. We spectrally resolved and tracked the time-dependent evolution of a cross-peak signal associated with the excitation of reservoir states and the unidirectional transfer of the excess energy to lower polaritons. Bi-exponential decay of the cross-peak suggests that a reversible energy exchange between the bright and dark lower polaritons occurs with a characteristic transfer time of ∼200 fs. The cross-peak signal further decays within ∼800 fs, which is consistent with the relaxation time of the carbonyl stretching vibration and with the dephasing time of the ALR. An increase in the excitation pulse intensity leads to saturation of the cross-peak amplitude and a modification of the relaxation dynamics. Using quantum-mechanical modeling, we found that the kinetic scheme that captures all the experimental observations implies that only the bright lower polariton accepts the energy from the reservoir, suggesting that transfer occurs via a mechanism involving dipole–dipole interaction. An efficient reservoir-to-polariton transfer can play an important role in developing novel room-temperature quantum optical devices in the mid-infrared wavelength region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Cohn
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shmuel Sufrin
- Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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21
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Du M, Yuen-Zhou J. Catalysis by Dark States in Vibropolaritonic Chemistry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:096001. [PMID: 35302824 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.096001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Collective strong coupling between a disordered ensemble of N localized molecular vibrations and a resonant optical cavity mode gives rise to two polariton and N-1≫2 dark modes. Thus, experimental changes in thermally activated reaction kinetics due to polariton formation appear entropically unlikely and remain a puzzle. Here we show that the overlooked dark modes, while parked at the same energy as bare molecular vibrations, are robustly delocalized across ∼2-3 molecules, yielding enhanced channels of vibrational cooling, concomitantly catalyzing a chemical reaction. As an illustration, we theoretically show an ≈50% increase in an electron transfer rate due to enhanced product stabilization. The reported effects can arise when the homogeneous linewidths of the dark modes are smaller than their energy spacings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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22
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Sandeep K, Joseph K, Gautier J, Nagarajan K, Sujith M, Thomas KG, Ebbesen TW. Manipulating the Self-Assembly of Phenyleneethynylenes under Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1209-1214. [PMID: 35089035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and physical properties of molecules and materials are known to be modified significantly under vibrational strong coupling (VSC). To gain insight into the effects of VSC on π-π interactions involved in molecular self-assembly, themselves sensitive to vacuum electromagnetic field fluctuations, the aggregation of two structural isomers (linear and V-shaped) of phenyleneethynylene under cooperative coupling was investigated. By coupling the aromatic C═C stretching band, the assembly of one of the molecules results in the formation of spheres as opposed to flakes under normal conditions. As a consequence, the electronic absorption and emission spectra of the self-assembled structures are also modified significantly. The VSC-induced changes depend not only on the type of vibration that is coupled but also on the symmetry of the phenyleneethynylene isomer. These results confirm that VSC can be used to drive molecular assemblies to new structural minima and thereby provide a new tool for supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulangara Sandeep
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kripa Joseph
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Gautier
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kalaivanan Nagarajan
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Meleppatt Sujith
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Vithura 695 551, India
| | - K George Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Vithura 695 551, India
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Dunkelberger AD, Simpkins BS, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC. Vibration-Cavity Polariton Chemistry and Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:429-451. [PMID: 35081324 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082620-014627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons result from light-matter coupling between optical resonances and molecular electronic or vibrational transitions. When the coupling is strong enough, new hybridized states with mixed photon-material character are observed spectroscopically, with resonances shifted above and below the uncoupled frequency. These new modes have unique optical properties and can be exploited to promote or inhibit physical and chemical processes. One remarkable result is that vibrational strong coupling to cavities can alter reaction rates and product branching ratios with no optical excitation whatsoever. In this work we review the ability of vibration-cavity polaritons to modify chemical and physical processes including chemical reactivity, as well as steady-state and transient spectroscopy. We discuss the larger context of these works and highlight their most important contributions and implications. Our goal is to provide insight for systematically manipulating molecular polaritons in photonic and chemical applications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Vurgaftman I, Simpkins BS, Dunkelberger AD, Owrutsky JC. Comparative analysis of polaritons in bulk, dielectric slabs, and planar cavities with implications for cavity-modified reactivity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:034110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vurgaftman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
| | - Blake S. Simpkins
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
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25
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Wiesehan GD, Xiong W. Negligible rate enhancement from reported cooperative vibrational strong coupling catalysis. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:241103. [PMID: 34972384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of an attempt to reproduce a reported cavity catalysis of the ester hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl acetate due to vibrational strong coupling. While we achieved the same light-matter coupling strength and detuning, we did not observe the reported ten-fold increase in the reaction rate constant. Furthermore, no obvious detuning dependence was observed. The inconsistency with the reported literature suggests that cavity catalysis is sensitive to experimental details beyond the onset of vibrational strong coupling. This indicates that other important factors are involved and have been overlooked so far. We find that more investigation into the limits, key factors, and mechanisms to reliably actualize cavity modified reactions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret D Wiesehan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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26
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Li TE, Cui B, Subotnik JE, Nitzan A. Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light-Matter Coupling. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 73:43-71. [PMID: 34871038 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-042621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical manifestations of strong light-matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light-matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light-matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Bingyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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27
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Duan R, Mastron JN, Song Y, Kubarych KJ. Isolating Polaritonic 2D-IR Transmission Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11406-11414. [PMID: 34788535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between vibrational transitions in molecules within a resonant optical microcavity leads to the formation of collective, delocalized vibrational polaritons. There are many potential applications of "polaritonic chemistry", ranging from modified chemical reactivity to quantum information processing. One challenge in obtaining the polaritonic response is removing a background contribution due to the uncoupled molecules that generate an ordinary 2D-IR spectrum whose amplitude is filtered by the polariton transmission spectrum. We show that most features in 2D-IR spectra of vibrational polaritons can be explained by a linear superposition of this background signal and the true polariton response. Through a straightforward correction procedure, in which the filtered bare-molecule 2D-IR spectrum is subtracted from the measured cavity response, we recover the polaritonic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph N Mastron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 430 Church Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yin Song
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 430 Church Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin J Kubarych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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28
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Baraclough M, Hooper IR, Barnes WL. Metamaterial Analogues of Strongly Coupled Molecular Ensembles. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2997-3003. [PMID: 34692899 PMCID: PMC8532157 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polariton modes due to the strong coupling of light and matter has led to exciting developments in physics, chemistry, and materials science. The potential to modify the properties of molecular materials by strongly coupling molecules to a confined light field is so far-reaching and so attractive that a new field known as "polaritonic chemistry" is now emerging. However, the molecular scale of the materials involved makes probing strong coupling at the individual resonator level extremely challenging. Here, we offer a complementary approach based upon metamaterials, an approach that enables us to use cm-scale structures, thereby opening a new way to explore strong coupling phenomena. As proof-of-principle, we show that metamolecules placed inside a radio frequency cavity may exhibit strong coupling and show that near-field radio frequency techniques allow us, for the first time, to probe the response of individual metamolecules under strong coupling conditions.
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29
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Nagarajan K, Thomas A, Ebbesen TW. Chemistry under Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16877-16889. [PMID: 34609858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the possibility of manipulating chemistry and material properties using hybrid light-matter states has stimulated considerable interest. Hybrid light-matter states can be generated by placing molecules in an optical cavity that is resonant with a molecular transition. Importantly, the hybridization occurs even in the dark because the coupling process involves the zero-point fluctuations of the optical mode (a.k.a. vacuum field) and the molecular transition. In other words, unlike photochemistry, no real photon is required to induce this strong coupling phenomenon. Strong coupling in general, but vibrational strong coupling (VSC) in particular, offers exciting possibilities for molecular and, more generally, material science. Not only is it a new tool to control chemical reactivity, but it also gives insight into which vibrations are involved in a reaction. This Perspective gives the underlying fundamentals of light-matter strong coupling, including a mini-tutorial on the practical issues to achieve VSC. Recent advancements in "vibro-polaritonic chemistry" and related topics are presented along with the challenges for this exciting new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivanan Nagarajan
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anoop Thomas
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Yang PY, Cao J. Quantum Effects in Chemical Reactions under Polaritonic Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9531-9538. [PMID: 34569800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic field in an optical cavity can dramatically modify and even control chemical reactivity via vibrational strong coupling (VSC). Since the typical vibration and cavity frequencies are considerably larger than thermal energy, it is essential to adopt a quantum description of cavity-catalyzed adiabatic chemical reactions. Using quantum transition state theory (TST), we examine the coherent nature of adiabatic reactions in cavities and derive the cavity-induced changes in eigenfrequencies, zero-point energy, and quantum tunneling. The resulting quantum TST calculation allows us to explain and predict the resonance effect (i.e., maximal kinetic modification via tuning the cavity frequency), collective effect (i.e., linear scaling with the molecular density), and selectivity (i.e., cavity-induced control of the branching ratio). The TST calculation is further supported by perturbative analysis of polariton normal modes, which not only provides physical insights to cavity-catalyzed chemical reactions but also presents a general approach to treat other VSC phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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31
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Joseph K, Kushida S, Smarsly E, Ihiawakrim D, Thomas A, Paravicini‐Bagliani GL, Nagarajan K, Vergauwe R, Devaux E, Ersen O, Bunz UHF, Ebbesen TW. Supramolecular Assembly of Conjugated Polymers under Vibrational Strong Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Joseph
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Soh Kushida
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8577 Japan
| | - Emanuel Smarsly
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg INF 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dris Ihiawakrim
- University of Strasbourg CNRS, IPCMS 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Anoop Thomas
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
- Present address: Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru 560012 Bengaluru India
| | | | - Kalaivanan Nagarajan
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Robrecht Vergauwe
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Eloise Devaux
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- University of Strasbourg CNRS, IPCMS 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg INF 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas W. Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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32
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Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular vibrational polariton: Its dynamics and potentials in novel chemistry and quantum technology. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:050901. [PMID: 34364350 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular vibrational polaritons, a hybridized quasiparticle formed by the strong coupling between molecular vibrational modes and photon cavity modes, have attracted tremendous attention in the chemical physics community due to their peculiar influence on chemical reactions. At the same time, the half-photon half-matter characteristics of polaritons make them suitable to possess properties from both sides and lead to new features that are useful for photonic and quantum technology applications. To eventually use polaritons for chemical and quantum applications, it is critical to understand their dynamics. Due to the intrinsic time scale of cavity modes and molecular vibrational modes in condensed phases, polaritons can experience dynamics on ultrafast time scales, e.g., relaxation from polaritons to dark modes. Thus, ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy becomes an ideal tool to investigate such dynamics. In this Perspective, we give an overview of recent ultrafast spectroscopic works by our group and others in the field. These recent works show that molecular vibrational polaritons can have distinct dynamics from its pure molecular counterparts, such as intermolecular vibrational energy transfer and hot vibrational dynamics. We then discuss some current challenges and future opportunities, such as the possible use of ultrafast vibrational dynamics, to understand cavity-modified reactions and routes to develop molecular vibrational polaritons as new room temperature quantum platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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33
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Joseph K, Kushida S, Smarsly E, Ihiawakrim D, Thomas A, Paravicini-Bagliani GL, Nagarajan K, Vergauwe R, Devaux E, Ersen O, Bunz UHF, Ebbesen TW. Supramolecular Assembly of Conjugated Polymers under Vibrational Strong Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19665-19670. [PMID: 34255910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling plays a significant role in influencing chemical reactions and tuning material properties by modifying the energy landscapes of the systems. Here we study the effect of vibrational strong coupling (VSC) on supramolecular organization. For this purpose, a rigid-rod conjugated polymer known to form gels was strongly coupled together with its solvent in a microfluidic IR Fabry-Perot cavity. Absorption and fluorescence studies indicate a large modification of the self-assembly under such cooperative VSC. Electron microscopy confirms that in this case, the supramolecular morphology is totally different from that observed in the absence of strong coupling. In addition, the self-assembly kinetics are altered and depend on the solvent vibration under VSC. The results are compared to kinetic isotope effects on the self-assembly to help clarify the role of different parameters under strong coupling. These findings indicate that VSC is a valuable new tool for controlling supramolecular assemblies with broad implications for the molecular and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Joseph
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Soh Kushida
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Emanuel Smarsly
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dris Ihiawakrim
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anoop Thomas
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Present address: Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Kalaivanan Nagarajan
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robrecht Vergauwe
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloise Devaux
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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34
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Garcia-Vidal FJ, Ciuti C, Ebbesen TW. Manipulating matter by strong coupling to vacuum fields. Science 2021; 373:373/6551/eabd0336. [PMID: 34244383 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in the ability of hybrid light-matter states to control the properties of matter and chemical reactivity. Such hybrid states can be generated by simply placing a material in the spatially confined electromagnetic field of an optical resonator, such as that provided by two parallel mirrors. This occurs even in the dark because it is electromagnetic fluctuations of the cavity (the vacuum field) that strongly couple with the material. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the mere presence of these hybrid states can enhance properties such as transport, magnetism, and superconductivity and modify (bio)chemical reactivity. This emerging field is highly multidisciplinary, and much of its potential has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. .,Donostia International Physics Center, E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cristiano Ciuti
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR7162, 75013 Paris, France.
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35
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Imperatore MV, Asbury JB, Giebink NC. Reproducibility of cavity-enhanced chemical reaction rates in the vibrational strong coupling regime. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:191103. [PMID: 34240900 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most exciting and debated aspects of polariton chemistry is the possibility that chemical reactions can be catalyzed by vibrational strong coupling (VSC) with confined optical modes in the absence of external illumination. Here, we report an attempt to reproduce the enhanced rate of cyanate ion hydrolysis reported by Hiura et al. [chemRxiv:7234721 (2019)] when the collective OH stretching vibrations of water (which is both the solvent and a reactant) are strongly coupled to a Fabry-Pérot cavity mode. Using a piezo-tunable microcavity, we reproduce the reported vacuum Rabi splitting but fail to observe any change in the reaction rate as the cavity thickness is tuned in and out of the strong coupling regime during a given experiment. These findings suggest that there are subtleties involved in successfully realizing VSC-catalyzed reaction kinetics and therefore motivate a broader effort within the community to validate the claims of polariton chemistry in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario V Imperatore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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36
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Brawley ZT, Storm SD, Contreras Mora DA, Pelton M, Sheldon M. Angle-independent plasmonic substrates for multi-mode vibrational strong coupling with molecular thin films. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104305. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0039195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Brawley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - S. David Storm
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | | | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Sheldon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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37
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Haugland TS, Schäfer C, Ronca E, Rubio A, Koch H. Intermolecular interactions in optical cavities: An ab initio QED study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094113. [PMID: 33685159 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular bonds are weak compared to covalent bonds, but they are strong enough to influence the properties of large molecular systems. In this work, we investigate how strong light-matter coupling inside an optical cavity can modify intermolecular forces and illustrate the varying necessity of correlation in their description. The electromagnetic field inside the cavity can modulate the ground state properties of weakly bound complexes. Tuning the field polarization and cavity frequency, the interactions can be stabilized or destabilized, and electron densities, dipole moments, and polarizabilities can be altered. We demonstrate that electron-photon correlation is fundamental to describe intermolecular interactions in strong light-matter coupling. This work proposes optical cavities as a novel tool to manipulate and control ground state properties, solvent effects, and intermolecular interactions for molecules and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor S Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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38
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Du M, Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Yuen-Zhou J. Nonequilibrium effects of cavity leakage and vibrational dissipation in thermally activated polariton chemistry. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084108. [PMID: 33639750 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vibrational strong coupling (VSC), molecular vibrations strongly interact with the modes of an optical cavity to form hybrid light-matter states known as vibrational polaritons. Experiments show that the kinetics of thermally activated chemical reactions can be modified by VSC. Transition-state theory, which assumes that internal thermalization is fast compared to reactive transitions, has been unable to explain the observed findings. Here, we carry out kinetic simulations to understand how dissipative processes, namely, those introduced by VSC to the chemical system, affect reactions where internal thermalization and reactive transitions occur on similar timescales. Using the Marcus-Levich-Jortner type of electron transfer as a model reaction, we show that such dissipation can change reactivity by accelerating internal thermalization, thereby suppressing nonequilibrium effects that occur in the reaction outside the cavity. This phenomenon is attributed mainly to cavity decay (i.e., photon leakage), but a supporting role is played by the relaxation between polaritons and dark states. When nonequilibrium effects are already suppressed in the bare reaction (the reactive species are essentially at internal thermal equilibrium throughout the reaction), we find that reactivity does not change significantly under VSC. Connections are made between our results and experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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39
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Sau A, Nagarajan K, Patrahau B, Lethuillier-Karl L, Vergauwe RMA, Thomas A, Moran J, Genet C, Ebbesen TW. Modifying Woodward-Hoffmann Stereoselectivity Under Vibrational Strong Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5712-5717. [PMID: 33305864 PMCID: PMC7986062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) has recently been shown to change the rate and chemoselectivity of ground‐state chemical reactions via the formation of light–matter hybrid polaritonic states. However, the observation that vibrational‐mode symmetry has a large influence on charge‐transfer reactions under VSC suggests that symmetry considerations could be used to control other types of chemical selectivity through VSC. Here, we show that VSC influences the stereoselectivity of the thermal electrocyclic ring opening of a cyclobutene derivative, a reaction which follows the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The direction of the change in stereoselectivity depends on the vibrational mode that is coupled, as do changes in rate and reaction thermodynamics. These results on pericyclic reactions confirm that symmetry plays a key role in chemistry under VSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sau
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Bianca Patrahau
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Anoop Thomas
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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40
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Sau A, Nagarajan K, Patrahau B, Lethuillier‐Karl L, Vergauwe RMA, Thomas A, Moran J, Genet C, Ebbesen TW. Modifying Woodward–Hoffmann Stereoselectivity Under Vibrational Strong Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sau
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 67000 Strasbourg France
| | | | - Bianca Patrahau
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 67000 Strasbourg France
| | | | | | - Anoop Thomas
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS & icFRC 67000 Strasbourg France
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41
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Takele WM, Piatkowski L, Wackenhut F, Gawinkowski S, Meixner AJ, Waluk J. Scouting for strong light-matter coupling signatures in Raman spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16837-16846. [PMID: 34323915 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong coupling between vibrational transitions and a vacuum field of a cavity mode leads to the formation of vibrational polaritons. These hybrid light-matter states have been widely explored because of their potential to control chemical reactivity. However, the possibility of altering Raman scattering through the formation of vibrational polaritons has been rarely reported. Here, we present the Raman scattering properties of different molecules under vibrational strong coupling conditions. The polariton states are clearly observed in the IR transmission spectra of the coupled system for benzonitrile and methyl salicylate in liquid phase and for polyvinyl acetate in a solid polymer film. However, none of the studied systems exhibits a signature of the polariton states in the Raman spectra. For the solid polymer film, we have used cavities with different layer structures to investigate the influence of vibrational strong coupling on the Raman spectra. The only scenario where alterations of the Raman spectra are observed is for a thin Ag layer being in direct contact with the polymer film. This shows that, even though the system is in the vibrational strong coupling regime, changes in the Raman spectra do not necessarily result from the strong coupling, but are caused by the surface enhancement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassie Mersha Takele
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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42
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Chemistry in Quantum Cavities: Exact Results, the Impact of Thermal Velocities, and Modified Dissociation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7525-7530. [PMID: 32805122 PMCID: PMC7503860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years tremendous progress in the field of light-matter interactions has unveiled that strong coupling to the modes of an optical cavity can alter chemistry even at room temperature. Despite these impressive advances, many fundamental questions of chemistry in cavities remain unanswered. This is also due to a lack of exact results that can be used to validate and benchmark approximate approaches. In this work we provide such reference calculations from exact diagonalization of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in the long-wavelength limit with an effective cavity mode. This allows us to investigate the reliability of the ubiquitous Jaynes-Cummings model not only for electronic but also for the case of ro-vibrational transitions. We demonstrate how the commonly ignored thermal velocity of charged molecular systems can influence chemical properties while leaving the spectra invariant. Furthermore, we show the emergence of new bound polaritonic states beyond the dissociation energy limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Universidad del Pais
Vasco, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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43
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Hirai K, Hutchison JA, Uji-I H. Recent Progress in Vibropolaritonic Chemistry. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1981-1988. [PMID: 32869494 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational polaritonic chemistry is emerging as an exciting new sub-field of chemistry, one in which strong interactions with optical cavity vacuum fields are another degree of freedom alongside temperature, solvent, catalyst, and so on to modify thermochemical reactivity. The field stands at a fascinating juncture with experimental works on a variety of organic reactions continuing to blossom, just as many theoretical works appear which diverge significantly in their predictions compared to experiments. The outlook for the field is no doubt an exciting one as it seeks to unify the observed novel optical cavity-induced chemical phenomena with satisfying accompanying physical theory. In this minireview we highlight experimental works on vibrational polaritonic chemistry that have appeared most recently, focusing on the chemistry of the rate-limiting steps to provide mechanistic insight. We hope this review will encourage synthetic chemists to enter the field and we discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead as polaritonic chemistry grows into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - James A Hutchison
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Masson Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
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44
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Abstract
The main result is that the long-range phase coherence of the polariton states formed by strong coupling between a photon mode in a cavity and an ensemble of molecules leads to exceptionally low entropy of the upper and lower polariton states, starkly contrasting with the dark states. That result means that spectroscopy does not correctly order the free energy of the excited states because there is a significant entropic contribution to the free energy, which turns out to comparable to the electronic energy gap between the lower polariton state and the dark-state manifold. The reordered states, according to their free energy, is important to predict the potential of polariton states for reactivity, to predict spontaneous photophysical dynamics, or to understand their decoherence. The entropic contribution adds to the polariton electronic gap, rendering states surprisingly more reactive than anticipated from the input excitation energy. This apparently "additional" reactivity, evident from the thermodynamics, suggests how the low entropy of highly coherent states can be exploited as a resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Courtney A DelPo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bryan Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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